Causes of Increasing Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in U.S. Lakes
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Causes of Increasing Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in U.S. Lakes
U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
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PAHs are increasing in urban lakes
Van Metre et al., Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005
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What are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)?
Benzo(a)pyrene
PyreneNaphthalene
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In 1975, 11% urban
Lake in the Hills, near Chicago
In 2000, 78% urban
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Lake in the Hills, IL
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Population and PAH in lake sediment
Population
PAHs
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City of Austin measures PAH concentrations greater than 1,500 mg/kg
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What could be the source?
• Fresh asphalt 1.5• Weathered asphalt 3• Fresh motor oil 4• Brake particles 16• Road dust 24• Tire-wear particles 86• Diesel engine emissions 102• Gasoline engine emissions 370• Used motor oil 440
1,500 mg/kg in creek sediment
Pavement Sealcoat
Asphalt-based
50
Coal-tar-based
100,000
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Coal-tar sealcoatCoal-tar sealcoat
Used motor oilUsed motor oil
=
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Mahler et al., Env. Sci. Technol., 2005
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5.2<13
2.1
3,000
570
3,2003,400
3,200
1,3000
Sealed Parking Lots (mg/kg)
Unsealed Parking Lots
Asphalt Coal tar 8.5<8.6
0.83
54
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2147 30
Asphalt Coal tar
Van Metre et al., Environ. Sci. Technol., 2009
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What’s causing upward trends in PAHs?
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Environmental forensics: PAH “fingerprints”
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CT dust
Lake Anne
12 PAHs
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0.25Gas vehicle
Lake Anne
12 PAHs
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Lake Anne
12 PAHs
Fra
ctio
nPAH fingerprints and Lake Anne sediment
r=0.60
r=0.68
r=0.94
burning
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Lake Anne, Reston, Virginia
Date sediment deposited
1970 1980 1990 2000
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Lake Anne, Reston, Virginia
Date sediment deposited
1970 1980 1990 2000
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Lake Anne, Reston, Virginia
Date sediment deposited
1970 1980 1990 2000
PA
H c
once
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kg)
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Lake Anne, Reston, Virginia
Date sediment deposited
1970 1980 1990 2000
PA
H c
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kg)
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Lake Anne, Reston, Virginia
Date sediment deposited
1970 1980 1990 2000
PA
H c
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Total PAH
Wood burning
VehiclesCoal burning
Coal-tar sealcoat
Sources of PAHs to Sediment in Lake Anne Reston, VA
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PAH sources to U.S. urban lakes
Coal-tar-based sealcoat
Probable effects concentration
Van Metre and Mahler, Sci. Total Environ., 2010
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Without coal-tar-based sealcoat, the urban PAH baseline is low
Probable effects concentration
Five lakes with the lowest PAH
contribution from coal-tar sealcoat
Five lakes with the highest PAH
contribution from coal-tar sealcoat
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Biological effects
Bommarito et al., 2010, EcotoxicologyBommarito et al., 2010, ChemosphereBryer et al., 2009, Environ. Poll.Bryer et al., 2006, EcotoxicologyScoggins et al., 2006, J. NABS
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Photos from Jupiter Images and Corbis Images, Inc.
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23 ground-floor apartments
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5.15.1
9.09.0
129129
4,7604,760
Median total PAH [mg/kg]
n=12 n=11
Mahler et al., 2010, Environ. Sci. Technol.
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PAHs are increasing in urban lakes nationally
High PAH concentrations? Use is extensive? Particles are mobile?
PAHs in house dust are elevated where coal-tar-based
sealcoat is used
Coal-tar-based sealcoat is the largest contributor of PAHs to
urban lakes
√√√
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USGS publications on sealcoat and PAHs in peer-reviewed journals
Van Metre, P. C.; Mahler, B. J., 2010, Contribution of PAHs from Coal-Tar Pavement Sealcoat and Other Sources to 40 U.S. Lakes. Sci. Total Environ., v. 409, 334-344.
Mahler, B. J.; Van Metre, P. C.; Wilson, J. T.; Musgrove, M.; Burbank, T. L.; Ennis, T.; Bashara, T. J., 2010, Coal-tar-based parking lot sealcoat: An unrecognized source of PAH to settled house dust. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 44, 894-900.
Yang, Y., Van Metre, P.C., Mahler, B.J., Wilson, J.T., Ligouis, B., Razzaque, M.M., Schaeffer, D.J., and Werth, C.J., 2010, Influence of coal-tar sealcoat and other carbonaceous materials on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon loading in an urban watershed. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 44, p. 1217-1223.
Van Metre, P. C.; Mahler, B. J.; Wilson, J., 2009, PAHs underfoot: Contaminated dust from sealcoated pavements. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 43, 20-25.
Van Metre, P.C., and Mahler, B.J., 2005, Trends in Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Lake Sediments Across the United States, 1970-2001. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 39, p. 5567-5574.
Mahler, B. J.; Van Metre, P. C.; Bashara, T. J.; Wilson, J. T.; Johns, D. A., 2005, Parking lot sealcoat: An unrecognized source of urban PAHs. Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 39, 5560-5566.
http://tx.usgs.gov/coring/allthingssealcoat.html
Barbara Mahler, [email protected](512) 927-3566
Peter Van Metre, [email protected](512) 927-3506
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How do some sources compare?Milligrams of PAH in:
• One storm on a CT sealed driveway 56 mg (Mahler et al., 2005)
• One storm on a CT sealed driveway 174 mg (Watts et al., 2011)
• Driving 12,000 miles (tail pipe) 56 mg (Bergvall and Westerholm, 2009)
• Driving 23,000 miles (tire wear) 56 mg (Aatmeeyata, 2010)
• One storm on an unsealed driveway 0.86 mg (Mahler et al., 2005)