CATHARE CODE FOR GAS-COOLED REACTORS · CATHARE CODE FOR GAS-COOLED REACTORS ... – Reactor safety...
Transcript of CATHARE CODE FOR GAS-COOLED REACTORS · CATHARE CODE FOR GAS-COOLED REACTORS ... – Reactor safety...
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
CATHARE CODE FOR GAS-COOLED REACTORS
F. Bentivoglio, G. Geffraye, T. Germain, A. Messié, N. Tauveron
CEA, DEN/DER
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
• 4 partners : EDF, AREVA-NP, IRSN, CEA – Developed by CEA since 1979
• Main applications of the code : – Reactor safety analysis (Western PWR and WWER, BWR, RBMK, Fusion
reactor, advanced safety systems, GCR…)
– Plant operation procedures & accident management
– Basis for reactor simulators (training and safety analysis)
– R&D
• CATHARE release: – Release of improved versions every two/three years
– additional modules, improved set of physical models…
– User documentation
V2.5_1 released end of 2005
V2.5_2 to be released end of 2008
• International : – CATHARE is delivered in 15 countries
CATHARE project
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
2-fluid 6-equation model
the physical models describe the behavior from one phase liquid (water) to one-phase gas (vapor or non condensable gas)
3 equations per phase : energy, mass, momentum
6 principal variables : P, Hl, Hg, , vl, vg
+ Xi (i=1, 4) non condensable mass fraction in gas phase (with related transport equations)
Rmk: In single phase gas flow, the 3 liquid equations are conditioned
so that:
= max =1-10-6, Tl=Tsat, Vl=Vg
Main features
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
• Space
– Finite volumes (mass, energy) and finite differences (momentum)
discretization
– First order upwind scheme for convective terms (under option: 2nd
order scheme for enthalpy equation)
• Time
– Fully implicit (0 et 1D) discretization
– Implicit wall conduction ( + implicit coupling with hydraulic)
Non linear system solved by the Newton-Raphson
iterative method
Numerical features
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
• A modular structure : Use a set of objects to represent any kind of hydraulic circuit
• Types of objects : – Main modules
– Sub Modules multi-layer wall, point neutronics (core), fuel pin thermo-mechanics,
exchangers…
– Gadgets connected to one point (scalar or vector)
TEE, source, sink, accumulator, break, valves, pump...
Modeling
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
OD turbomachinery module (circulator axial and radial
type, turbine, shaft, generator)
Neutron kinetics feedback model specific to the GCR
(Doppler effect, He density effect,...)
Option “single-phase” flow
Physical correlations (gas properties, gas mixture,
specific components correlations (HX)…)
38mm
Steal
th
Air + Hélium
inside the
containment
1 2 . 24
K m W th
Text =
40°C
Break
Axial (1) Axial (2)
Adapted for all the different concepts of Gas-Cooled Reactors (GCR) with specific features integrated as independent options in the standard version of CATHARE
CATHARE for gas cooled reactors
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Recuperator
Inter Cooler
Turbo machinery
Electric Heater
Pre Cooler
Validation on experimental data: 3 steps
•Validation on Component Tests (recuperator,
turbomachinery…)
=> HEDYT, HECO… (France)
•Validation on System Tests Facility to take into account all the
dynamic interactions during transient situations, including
regulations
EVO II (Helium turbine plant, Germany),
EVOI (Air turbine plant, Germany)
PBMM (Pebble Bed Micro Model, South Africa)
HEFUS-3 (Eight-loop Helium test facility, Italy) in progress
Code to code benchmarks EVO II
PBMM
•Validation on Separate Effect Tests to get the adequate heat
transfer and pressure drop coefficients for all the flow conditions (in
the core and heat exchangers)
=> ESTHAIR , ESTHEL (France)
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Validation of CATHARE for GCR : natural convection flows
1st step: comparison with analytic calculation
T3= 170 °C
P3 = 9.75 bar
1
2
3
T1= 44.47 °C
P1 = 9.5 bar
T2= 50 °C
P2 = 10 bar
Qe = 18.6 Kg/s
Qa = 4.1 Kg/s
Coeur
495 kW518 kW
22.6 kW
T3= 170 °C
P3 = 9.75 bar
1
2
3
T1= 44.47 °C
P1 = 9.5 bar
T2= 50 °C
P2 = 10 bar
Qe = 18.6 Kg/s
Qa = 4.1 Kg/s
Coeur
495 kW518 kW
22.6 kW
T3= 170 °C
P3 = 9.75 bar
1
2
3
T1= 44.47 °C
P1 = 9.5 bar
T2= 50 °C
P2 = 10 bar
Qe = 18.6 Kg/s
Qa = 4.1 Kg/s
Coeur
495 kW518 kW
22.6 kW
T3= 170 °C
P3 = 9.75 bar
1
2
3
T1= 44.47 °C
P1 = 9.5 bar
T2= 50 °C
P2 = 10 bar
Qe = 18.6 Kg/s
Qa = 4.1 Kg/s
Coeur
495 kW518 kW
22.6 kW
2nd step : code / code benchmark :
The ETDR benchmark
3rd step : Comparison with experimental data :
The SALSA facility
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Hydraulic SUB-MODULES
Source, Sink, Break without or with sonic flow
Relief, Safety, Control and Check valves and flow limiter with chocked flow
OD pump with predictions of the pump cavitation
Heat Source and Sink
0D accumulator
Point kinetics
Turbo-machines (Gas cooled reactor)
…
Thermal SUB-MODULES Radial Heat Conduction
Multi-layer Wall
Heat exchanger
Fuel Rod
Fuel Thermo-mechanics
Cladding deformation
Cladding Rupture
Cladding Oxidation
…
A Modular Code : able to model SET, IET & all reactor type
Modeling
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
A Modular Code : able to model Separate Effect Tests, Integral Effect Tests & all reactor type
1D Module (or pipe)
with or without Tees
OD Module (or volume)
3D Module (for the whole pressure vessel)
Pipe flow Annular flow Rod bundle flow
Modeling
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Objectives of ESTHAIR program
Steps
•Step 1 : air tests (Reynolds similarity)
•Step 2 : specific helium tests (ESTHEL)
if clad temperature margins are to low (respect to safety criteria)
ESTHAIR program aims at producing estimations of pressure drop and heat exchange coefficients for the various ETDR assembly concepts
The first test section ESTHAIR 1 deals with fuel rod assembly using a wire wrap spacer system to maintain the rods in the triangular arrangement
Main characteristics
Drod:16 mm ; H = 1.65 m
p/d = 1.24
Rod heating power:0 to 2 kW
Operating conditions
300<Re<5 104 , Umax: 50 m/sec
To=218°C (dr/r)*=1 (inlet-outlet)
To=127°C (dr/r)*=1
(outlet boundary layer)
Reynolds similarity (Re scale =1) same relative variations of physical
properties as in the prototype
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
ESTHAIR outcomes
The first test section (fuel rod assembly using a wire wrap spacer system) has allowed to give recommendations on friction and heat transfer coefficients for design studies
Friction : REHME correlation
Heat transfer : BAXI or Mac ELIGOT correlations
Under progress
Introduction of ESTHAIR correlations in CATHARE
Validation of TRIO-U
New test section representing a portion of a typical ETDR plate assembly
0.0050
0.0100
0.0150
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Re (dh assembly)
ES
TH
AIR
fri
cti
on f
acto
r
f ESTHAIR unheatedtests
f ESTHAIR heatedtests 1st series
f ESTHAIR heatedtests 2nd series
f Blasius
f Laminar
f REHME
f BAXI
Nominal condition
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Validation on EVO – Oberhausen II
It’s unique opportunity to validate CATHARE
on a large-scale helium Brayton cycle.
Validation calculations performed for
four nominal states corresponding to:
• the design specification established in
1972 (Bammert & Deuster, 1974)
• the normal operating conditions of the real
installation between 1974 and 1988
(Bammert et al., 1983), completed with two
partial load conditions
Validation calculations performed for 2
transients : loss of load and load following.
Proposed as benchmark test cases in the
frame of the European project RAPHAEL
Gear Box
Burner
HP
Turbine LP
Turbine
LPC
Recuperator
Precooler
Intercooler
HPC
Oberhausen II, operated by the German utility EnergieVersorgung Oberhausen (EVO), is
a 50 MW(e) direct-cycle helium turbine plant
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Validation on EVO – Oberhausen II
Turbo-machinery rotation speed
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
Ro
tati
on
sp
eed
(ra
d/s
)
Cathare calculation
Publication
Heater mass flow rate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
Ma
ss
flo
w r
ate
(k
g/s
)
CATHARE calculation
Publication
Low Pressure turbine outlet temperature
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
CATHARE: Recuperator inletCATHARE Turbine OutletPublication : Recuperator inletPublication : Turbine Outlet
Loss of load transient :
High and Low pressure turbines pressures
5.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.5E+06
2.0E+06
2.5E+06
3.0E+06
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
Pre
ssu
re (
bar)
CATHARE THP inlet
CATHARE TBP outlet
Publication THP inlet
Publication TBP outlet
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Validation on EVO – Oberhausen II
Mass Flow Rate in primary loop
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Time(s)
Mas
s F
low
Rat
e (k
g/s
)
E.V.O Data
CathareCalculation
Load following transient :
HP Turbine Outlet Pressure
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Time (s)
Pre
ssu
re (b
ar)
E.V.O Data
CathareCalculation
“Validation of CATHARE code for gas cooled reactors: comparison with E.V.O experimental data on OBERHAUSEN II
favility”, Fabrice Bentivoglio, Nicolas Tauveron. Proceedings of ICAPP ’06 Reno, NV USA, June 4-8, 2006
Paper 6182
“Validation of the CATHARE2 code against Oberhausen II data”, Fabrice Bentivoglio, Nicolas Tauveron, Nuclear
Technology, October 2008.
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Validation on EVO – Oberhausen I
Oberhausen I, operated by the German utility EnergieVersorgung Oberhausen (EVO), is
a 13 MW(e) direct-cycle air turbine plant
Validation calculations are performed for 2 nominal states and 4 transients: a loss
of electrical load without turbo-machine trip (13 to 0 MWe), two trip house load (from two
nominal states : 9.9 to 5.7 MWe and 7.4 to 3.1 MWe) and an opening and closure of the
by-pass valve.
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Validation on EVO – Oberhausen I
Turbo-machine speed
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
0 5 10 15 20 25Time (s)
Ro
tati
on
Sp
eed
(rd
/min
) E.V.O Data
CATHARE Calculation
Mass flow rate over turbo-machine bypass line
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 5 10 15 20 25Time (s)
Mas
s f
low
ra
te (
kg
/s)
E.V.O Data
CATHARE Calculation
Loss of electrical load without turbo-machine trip :
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Validation on EVO – Oberhausen I
Mass flow rate over turbo-machine bypass line
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (s)
Mass f
low
rate
(k
g/s
)
CATHARE Calculation
E.V.O Data
“Validation of the CATHARE code against experimental data from Brayton cycle plants”, F. Bentivoglio, G. Geffraye,
Proceedings HTR2006: 3rd International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology, October 1-4, 2006,
Johannesburg, South Africa. Paper C00000228.
“Validation of the CATHARE2 code against experimental data from Brayton cycle plants”, Fabrice Bentivoglio, Nicolas
Tauveron, Geneviève Geffraye, Hervé Gentner. Nuclear Engineering and Design (NED), October 2008.
Electrical Power available on the shaft
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (s)
Ele
ctr
ica
l p
ow
er
(MW
)
CATHARE Calculation
E.V.O Data
Opening and closure of the by-pass valve:
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Validation on PBMM
The Pebble Bed Micro Model (PBMM) is a full functional model of the Power
Conversion Unit of the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor, new type of high
temperature gas-cooled nuclear power plant currently under development in
South Africa
PBMM aims to demonstrate the ability of system codes to accurately predict
the dynamic behavior of the system.
HPT
ELCPT
LPT
HSIC
PC
LPC
HPC
SBS
ELHX
V34
V33
PTCV
GBP
SIV
SBSIV
SBSOV
RXRX
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13 14
16
15
• Based on a Brayton recuperative cycle
• Working fluid: nitrogen
• Use of three separate shafts: High
Pressure Compressor/Turbine, Low Pressure
Compressor/Turbine, Power
Turbine/Generator
• Flow rate, primary circuit ~ 0.4-0.5kg/s
• Maximum cycle temperature: 700 ˚C.
• Maximum cycle pressure: 900 kPa.
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Validation on PBMM
• 2 steady states (2 different levels of pressure)
• Several transients
– Load rejection
– Load following (mass injection/extraction)
– Start-up
• Comparison code/code
in particular with FLOWNEX a dynamic systems CFD simulation code developed by South Africa, extensively used for the SA PBMR project
• Comparison to experiment
Significant differences between experiment and calculations for steady states
Overall the two codes agree well.
The Pebble Bed Micro Model is currently subject to an international benchmark for simulation
codes in the CRP5 program, under the auspices of the IAEA.
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Load Following transient results
95
100
105
110
115
120
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time [s]
Pre
ssure
[kP
a]
FNX CAT
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time [s]
Po
wer
[kW
]
.
20
25
30
35
40
45
Sp
ee
d [
Rpm
x10
00
]
Power (CAT) Power (FNX) Speed (CAT) Speed (FNX)
LPC suction pressure
P drops from 120kPa to 106kPa
when injection stops
Power turbine power and speed
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Benchmarks code/code
TRACE (PSI), RELAP (ENEA,NRI,ANL,CIRTEN,INL,NNC), FLOWNEX (SA, GERMANY), MANTA (AREVA), SPECTRA (NRG), TRAC/AAA (PSI),…
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
150 200 250 300 350
Time [s]
ma
ss
flo
w [
kg
/s]
TRACE
CATHARE
GFR 2400MWth, LOCA mass flow through the break
Code / code benchmarks
Loss of load: Core temperatures
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time (s)
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
Core inlet (Manta)
Core inlet (Cathare)
Core outlet (Manta)
Core outlet (Cathare)
VHTR ANTARES, LOCA core inlet and outlet temperature
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Analytical approach
W > 0
W < 0
m
Thot
Tcold H 3
0 ..².².²..2
.².
r HgCpS
kWT
3
0
3
1
..².²..2
.
r HgS
kCp
Wm
Natural convection flow in a circuit with
Boussinesq approximation ( ) : T rr 0
Assuming that helium is a perfect gas
and that the total mass of helium in the circuit is constant :
3
3
2
0
3
1
0
.².²..2
.².
HgCpS
kWTT
r33
1
0
3
1
3
2
0
.²..2
.
HgS
kCpT
Wm
r
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Analytical approach
m
m
W = 500000 W W = 1000000W W = 2000000 W W = 3000000 W
ΔT analytic 119 °C 190 °C 302 °C 396 °C
ΔT Cathare 114°C 181 °C 292 °C 388°C
analytic 0.81 kg.s-1 1.01 kg.s-1 1.27 kg.s-1 1.46 kg.s-1
Cathare 0.845 kg.s-1 1.06 kg.s-1 1.32 kg.s-1 1.5 kg.s-1
m
m
W = 500000 W W = 1000000W
Calcul
CATHARE
Approche
analytique
Calcul
CATHARE
Approche
analytique
ΔT , T0 = 1000°C 187°C 196°C 300 °C 313°C
ΔT , T0 = 500°C 114°C 119°C 181 °C 190°C
, T0 = 1000°C 0.52 kg.s-1 0.49 kg.s-1 0.64 kg.s-1 0.61 kg.s-1
, T0 = 500°C 0.845 kg.s-1 0.81 kg.s-1 1.06 kg.s-1 1.01 kg.s-1
Comparison between CATHARE and analytical results:
Maximum difference between CATHARE and analytical results :
5% for mass flow rate and 2% for temperature
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
ETDR benchmark
CORE
Water
(y)
PRIMARY
CIRCUIT
DHR LOOP
×3
SECONDARY
CIRCUIT
(c)
(b) (i)
(h)
(g)
(f)
(e) (a)
(d)
(k)
(j)
(w)
(v)
(u)
(t)
(s)
(x)
He
He
Water
Water
He
International benchmark coordinated by the
European GCFR project
6 Thermal-hydraulics code used: Relap5,
TRAC/AAA, Cathare, SIM-ADS, MANTA and
SPECTRA.
9 organism involved : AREVA (France), CEA
(France), NRG (Netherlands), TUD (Netherlands),
AMEC-NNC (UK), INL (USA), CIRTEN (Italy), JRC
IE EURATOM and PSI (Switzerland).
Transient studied : LOFA with Decay Heat Removal
loops in natural convection.
« A GFR benchmark comparison of transient analysis codebased on the ETDR concept », E.Bubelis, D.Castelliti,
P.Coddington, I.Dor, C.Fouillet, E.De Geus, T.D.Marshall, W.Van.Rooijen, M.Schikorr, R.Stainsby. Proceeding of ICAPP
2007, Nice, France, May 13-18, 2007. Paper 7340.
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
ETDR benchmark
The results submitted by the participants,
on one hand, showed that all the codes
gave consistent results for all stages of the
benchmark but, on the other hand,
revealed some differences in the behaviour
of some reactor parameters during the
transient.
The differences in the results mainly resulted from:
• Modelling of the vessel wall heat structures and other
additional heat structures representing the piping;
• Different vessel pressure drop and flow resistance in the DHR
helium and water loops; also the use or not of a fuel channel
gagging scheme to obtain a uniform core exit temperature in the
fuel channels;
• Different helium inventory in the primary and DHR loops;
• Different heat transfer correlations used for the main and DHR
heat exchangers, as well as different core (rod bundle) heat
transfer correlations; .
1st Phase, blind calculations :
2nd Phase,
With an harmonization of the
relevant parameters
Results in better agreement
First Technical Meeting of INPRO Collaborative Project on
“Performance Assessment of Passive Gaseous Provisions – PGAP”
16-17 June, 2008, Cadarache, France
Objectives of SALSA program
Main objectives of SALSA for ETDR
1rst basis for system effect validation of CATHARE calculations
T3= 170 °C
P3 = 9.75 bar
1
2
3
T1= 44.47 °C
P1 = 9.5 bar
T2= 50 °C
P2 = 10 bar
Qe = 18.6 Kg/s
Qa = 4.1 Kg/s
Coeur
495 kW518 kW
22.6 kW
T3= 170 °C
P3 = 9.75 bar
1
2
3
T1= 44.47 °C
P1 = 9.5 bar
T2= 50 °C
P2 = 10 bar
Qe = 18.6 Kg/s
Qa = 4.1 Kg/s
Coeur
495 kW518 kW
22.6 kW
T3= 170 °C
P3 = 9.75 bar
1
2
3
T1= 44.47 °C
P1 = 9.5 bar
T2= 50 °C
P2 = 10 bar
Qe = 18.6 Kg/s
Qa = 4.1 Kg/s
Coeur
495 kW518 kW
22.6 kW
T3= 170 °C
P3 = 9.75 bar
1
2
3
T1= 44.47 °C
P1 = 9.5 bar
T2= 50 °C
P2 = 10 bar
Qe = 18.6 Kg/s
Qa = 4.1 Kg/s
Coeur
495 kW518 kW
22.6 kW
Global approach for the similarity analysis The flow regimes, the heat transfert modes, the characteristic times of the reactor should be respected The geometry of a SALSA component may differ from the reactor one if the previous criteria are respected
Transitoire LOFA - Critère débit
Evolution du débit cœur - comparaison SALSA - REDT
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
tadim
Qa
dim
Qad_salsa
Qad_redt
LOFA, Comparaison SALSA/REDT by CATHARE
Core mass flow rate
Design in progress tests in 2010
Evaluation of the representativity of SALSA Comparison SALSA/reactor behavior seen by CATHARE