Catalog of Enemy Ordnance Material 1945 (Part 3 of 3)

ARTILLERY AMMUNITION

8 cm (81 mm) HE MORTAR [NAVAL]

WEAPONS:8 cm Model 3 Mortar [Naval] .......................... P. 122.1

PROJECTILE:Caliber-81 mmKind-Mortar ShellType-HEWeight (without Fuze)-6.99 lbs.Color-Black with red and green nose

Bands-NoneCharge:

Weight-Approximately 1.12 lbs.Kind-Picric acid and Dinitronaphthalene (Tridite)

FUZE:Naval Mortar Fuze

REMARKS-The model number of this projectile and that of the fuzehave not been determined.

JAPANESE

8 cm (88 mm) MODEL 100 HE POINTED AAWEAPONS:

8 cm Model 99 AA Gun ...............................

PROJECTILE:Caliber-88 mmKind-ShellType-HEWeight (with Fuze)-19.9 lbs.Color-Black

Bands-One yellowCharge:

Weight-1.98 lbs.Kind-T.N.T. has been found

Tracer-None

FUZE:Model 100 Mechanical Time Nose Fuze

OFFICE CHIEF 8 OF ORDNANCE328 1 May, 1945 RESTRICTED


9 cm (90 mm) MODEL 94 HE MORTARWEAPONS:

9 cm Model 949 cm Model 97

Light Infantry Mortar .................... .P. 124Mortar ................................. P. 125

PROJECTILE:Caliber-90 mmKind-Mortar ShellType-HEWeight (with Fuze-without Propelling Charge)-11.6 lbs.Color-Black

Bands-One yellow or one yellow and one whiteCharge:


FUZE:Model 93 Mortar Fuze

JAPANESE

9 cm (90 mm) HE MORTAR SEMI-STEELWEAPONS:

9 cm Model 94 Light Infantry Mortar .................... P. 1249 cm Model 97 Mortar ................................. P. 125

PROJECTILE:Caliber-90 mmKind-Mortar ShellType-HEWeight-Color-Black

Bands--One green or one yellow and one greenCharge:

Weight-Kind-


OFFICE CHIEF 6 OF ORDNANCE 1 May, 1945 329RESTRICTED


10 cm (105 mm) MODEL 91 HE POINTEDWEAPONS:

10 cm Model 91 Howitzer ............................... P. 11410 cm Model 92 Gun .................................. P. 11510 cm Model 14 Gun ............................ ...10 cm Model 38 Gun .................................



Weight-5.55 lbs.Kind-Mixture of Ammonium Nitrate, Guanidine Nitrate, Cyclo-

nite, or TNTTracer-None

FUZES:Model 88 Instantaneous (Howitzer-Mortar Type) Nose FuzeModel 88 Short Delay (Howitzer-Mortar Type) Nose FuzeModel 88 Instantaneous (Gun Type) Nose FuzeModel 88 Short Delay (Gun Type) Nose Fuze

REMARKS-Captured documents indicate that the howitzer type fuzeis used when this projectile is fired from a howitzer and that a guntype fuze is used when this projectile is fired from a gun.

JAPANESE

10 cm (105 mm) MODEL 91 HEWEAPONS:

10 cm Model 91 Howitzer ............................. P. 11410 cm Model 92 Gun ................................... P. 11510 cm Model 14 Gun ................................10 cm Model 38 Gun ................................



Weight-5 lbs.Kind-T.N.T. has been found

FUZES:Model 88 Instantaneous (Howitzer-Mortar Type) Nose FuzeModel 88 Short Delay (Howitzer-Mortar Type) Nose FuzeModel 88 Instantaneous (Gun Type) Nose FuzeModel 88 Short Delay (Gun Type) Nose Fuze

REMARKS-Captured documents indicate that the howitzer type fuzeis used when this projectile is fired from a howitzer and that agun type fuze is used when this projectile is fired from a gun.

OFFICE CHIEF 6 OF ORDNANCE330 1 May, 1945 RESTRICTED

ARTILLERY AMMUNITION JAPANESE

7.20

14.17

3.83

.37

1.97

805 ....... ... ... _

53.

dt 9 - 641 "16

I

10

Ali. ,'. '7Y NSN IN 1N('HFS

12 cm (120 mm) HE AA [NAVAL]WEAPONS:

12 cm Model 11 AA Gun [Naval] ........................

PROJECTILE:

Caliber-120 mmKind-ShellType-HEWeight-(with Fuze)-45.5 lbs.Color-Maroon Body with green nose

Bands-NoneCharge:

Weight-3.7 lbs.Kind-Trinitroanisole

Tracer-None

FUZE:

Navy Model 91 Mechanical Time Nose Fuze

REMARKS--The model number of the projectile has not been deter-mined. There are three known modifications of the Model 91 Fuze,giving four fuses, called Model 91, each varying only slightly fromthe others.

12 cm (120 mm) HE [NAVAL]WEAPONS:

12 cm Low Angle Gun [Naval] ..........................

PROJECTILE:

Caliber-120 mmKind-ShellType--SHEWeight (without Fuze)-45.37 lbs.Color-Maroon body with green nose


Weight-3.92 lbs.Kind--4Picric acid has been found

Tracer-None

FUZES:

Navy Model 88 Nose FuseNavy Model 5 Nose Fuse

REMARKS--When the Navy Model 5 Nose Fuse is used an adapter(brass) is necessary.The Model number of the projectile and that of the gun from whichfired have not been determined.

OFFICE CHIEF 6 OF ORDNANCE

f8P.<NANrFWEPT A ^.

331RESTRICTED 1 May, 1945


12 cm (120 mm) HE [NAVAL] 12.7 cm (127 mm) HE AA [NAVAL]WEAPONS:


PROJECTILE:Caliber-120 mmKind-ShellType-HE (Base Fuzed)Weight (with Fuze)-45.12 lbs.Color-Maroon body with red and green nose


Weight-4.6 lbs.Kind-Picric acid

Tracer-None

FUZE:Model 3rd Year Base Fuze

REMARKS--The model number of the projectile and that of the gunfrom which fired have not been determined.

WEAPONS:12.7 cm AA Gun [Naval] ...............

PROJECTILE:Caliber-127 mm.Kind-ShellType-HEWeight (with Fuze)-Color-Maroon body

Bands-NoneCharge:

Weight-4.15 lbs.Kind-Picric acid

Tracer-None

-50.8 lbs.with green nose

FUZE:Navy Model 91 Mechanical Time Nose F.uze

REMARKS -The model number of the projectile and that of the gunhave not been determined.There are three known modifications of the Model 91 fuze givingfour fuzes called Model 91, each varying only slightly from theothers.

OFFICE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE332 1 May, 1945 RESTRICTED


14 cm (140 mm) HE [NAVAL]

WEAPONS:14 cm Low Angle Gun [Naval] ..........................

PROJECTILE:Caliber-140 mmKind-ShellType-HEWeight-Color-Maroon body with green nose

Bands-NoneCharge:

Weight-Kind-

Tracer-None

FUZE:Navy Model 88 Nose Fuze

REMARKS-The model number of the projectile and that of the gunfrom which fired have not been determined.

14 cm (140 mm) HE [NAVAL]WEAPONS:


PROJECTILE:Caliber-140 mmKind-ShellType-HE (Base Fuzed)Weight (with Fuze)-84 lbs.Color-Maroon body with red and green nose

Bands-NoneCharge:

Weight-Kind-Picric Acid

Tracer-None

FUZE:Navy Base Detonating Fuze

REMARKS-The model number of the projectile, that of the gun, andthat of the fuze have not been determined.

OFFICE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE 1 Ma, 1945 333RESTRICTED


3.75

3.05

507

8B mDSPER INCH

15 THDS.rPER INCH

!9 THDS.iPER INCH

I 20242.92

JAPANESE

OI1DHANC pp AE. rS f.

14 cm (140 mm) HE-CAPPED CNAVAL]WEAPONS:


PROJECTILE:

Caliber-140 mmKind-ShellType-HE (Base Fuzed)Weight-Color-Maroon and green


Weight-Kind

Tracer-None.

FUZE:Navy Base Detonating Fuze

REMARKS-The model number of the projectile, that of the gun fromwhich fired, and that of the fuze have not been determined.

15 cm (150 mm) MODEL 92 HE

WEAPONS:

15 cm Model 4 Howitzer ............................... P. 11615 cm Model 38 Howitzer............................

PROJECTILE:

Caliber-150 mmKind-ShellType-HEWeight (with Fuze)-79.5 lbs.Color-Black



Tracer-None

FUZES:

Model 88 Instantaneous (Howitzer.Mortar Type) Nose FuzeModel 88 Short Delay (Howitzer-Mortar Type) Nose Fuze

REMARKS-It is not known definitely but it is expected that thisprojectile can be fired from the 15 cm Model 96 Howitzer.

OFFICE CHIEF 6 OF ORDNANCE

kit DfMErJljl(

334 1 May, 1945 RESTRICTED


15 cm (150 mm) MODEL 13 SMOKE (WP)WEAPONS:

15 cm Model 4 Howitzer ............................... P. 11615 cm Model 38 Howitzer ...............................

PROJECTILE:Caliber-150 mmKind-ShellType-SmokeWeight (with Fuze)-73.9 lbs.Color-Black


9.9 lbs. of white phosphorus2.4 lbs. of Picric Acid

Tracer-None

FUZES:Model 88 Instantaneous (Howitzer-Mortar Type) Nose FuzeModel 88 Short Delay (Howitzer-Mortar Type) Nose Fuze

REMARKS-The white phosphorus is inclosed in a brass can. Thepicric acid burster is in the nose.It is not known definitely but it is expected that this projectile canbe fired from the 15 cm Model 96 Howitzer.

RESTRICTED OFFICE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE

JAPANESE

15 cm (150 mm) MODEL 96 HE MORTARWEAPONS:

15 cm Model 96 Medium Mortar ..........................

PROJECTILE:Caliber-150 mmKind-Mortar ShellType-HEWeight (with Fuze)-56.6 lbs.Color-Black


Weight-13 lbs.Kind-T.N.T. has been found


REMARKS-The Model 96 is called a medium mortar although it is150 mm.

1 May, 1945 335


20 cm (203.2 mm) ROCKETWEAPONS:

Trough Type Launcher .................................. P. 352

PROJECTILE:Caliber-203.2 mmKind-RocketType-HEWeight (with Fuze)-195 lbs.Color-MaroonCharge:

Weight-34.4 lbs.Kind-Trinitroanisole

Propellent-18.6 lbs. of double base powder

FUZE:Point Detonating Nose Fuze

REMARKS-The model number of the rocket and that of the fuze havenot been determined.The rocket is spin stabilized by inclined nozzles in the base. Thecase for the HE head is the same as the projectile body on 20 cmNaval HE Shell and may have a rotating band seat although thereis no rotating band. Rockets have been found both with and withoutthe seat.

336 1 May, 1945 OFFICE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE

JAPANESE

RESTRICTED

PROJECTILE P. D. FUZES

Type 93 Small Instantaneous Nose Fuze

USE: 20 mm and 37 mm guns. Superseded by Type 100 SmallInstantaneous Fuze.

OPERATION: The striker is held away from the primer by aspring-loaded forked detent which moves out by centrifugal

TYPE 93SMALL force. A pivoted shutter, which blocks the flash channel is also

INSTANTANEOUSNOSE FUZE forced aside by centrifugal force.

JAPANESE

Type 100 Small Instantaneous Nose Fuze

USE: 20 mm and 37 mm guns. Supersedes Type 93 SmallInstantaneous Fuze.

OPERATION: Arms by centrifugal force similar to Type 93Small Instantaneous Fuze, except that it doesn't have acentrifugal shutter.

Type 88 Instantaneous Nose Fuze (Gun and Howitzer Types)

USE: 47 mm, 70 mm, 75 mm, 105 mm, 150 mm guns andhowitzers. Interchangeable with Type 88 Short Delay NoseFuze.

OPERATION: The striker is held off the primer by four safetyblocks surrounded by a ferrule and the arming collar. The arm-ing collar moves down on setback and is held down by thestirrup spring. Centrifugal force causes the blocks to movefrom under the striker against the ferrule. The howitzer typefuze has weaker stirrup springs and ferrule due to weakersetback force and centrifugal force.

Type 88 Short Delay Nose Fuze (Gun and Howitzer Types)

USE: 57 mm, 70 mm, 75 mm, 105 mm, and 150 mm guns andhowitzers. Interchangeable with Type 88 Instantaneous Fuze.

OPERATION: Similar to the Type 88 Instantaneous Fuze. Thegun type fuze has a movable primer carrier and striker.

OFFICE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE 1 Augu

TYPE 100SMALL

INSTANTANEOUSNOSE FUZE

TYPE 88SHORT DELAYNOSE FUZE

(FOR GUN AND HOWITZER TYPES)

st, 1945 337

TYPE 88INSTANTANEOUS

NOSE FUZE(FOR GUN AND HOWITZER TYPES)

RESTRICTED

MORTAR PROJECTILE FUZES

Type 88 Small Instantaneous Fuze

USE: 50 mm and 70 mm rifled mortars.

OPERATION: Arms due to setback and centrifugal forceTYPE 88SMALL INSTANTANEOUS FUZE similar to the Type 88 Instantaneous Gun Fuze.

Type 89 Small Time Fuze

USE: 50 mm mortar and 70 mm mortar and howitzer.

OPERATION: Setback forces movable striker onto primerfiring black powder delay train in one fixed and one movablering.

Type 93 Instantaneous-Short Delay Fuze

USE: 70 mm, 81 mm, 90 mm, and 150 mmmortars.

OPERATION: On impact the striker hous-ing, which holds a fixed striker, is forcedin shearing a shear wire and at the sametime the movable primer moves forwardagainst the creep spring onto the firingpin. Choice of instantaneous or shortdelay is made by inserting or removing adelay pellet below the primer.

TYPE 93INSTANTANEOUS-SHORT DELAY FUZE

Type 100 Instantaneous-Short Delay Fuze

USE: 81 mm and probably 70 mm, 90 mm, and 150 mm mortars.

OPERATION: Functions in the same manner as the Type 93Instantaneous-Short Delay Fuze. The delay element is not re-movable, but is mounted in a cylindrical tube, which has aflash hole running through it with the delay pellet 90° removed.The fuze may be set for instantaneous or short delay, withoutdisassembling the fuze, by turning the setting screw.

338 1 August, 1945 OFFICE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE

JAPANESE N

TYPE 89SMALL TIME FUZE

TYPE 100INSTANTANEOUS-SHORT

DELAY FUZE

RESTRICTED

JAPANESEANTIAIRCRAFT FUZES

TYPE 93SMALL POWDER TIME FUZE

Type 93 Small Powder Time FuzeUSE: Has not been determined.

OPERATION: On setback, the striker moves against a springhitting the primer. The resulting flash ignites a variable powderdelay train which, in turn, sets off the detonator. No impactfeature is incorporated in this fuze. The time ring is graduatedfrom 0-10 and is thought to represent 1,000 yards, i. e., 0-10,000yards.

Type 10th Year Time FuzeUSE: Reported to be used in ole H. E.projectile for 75 mm antiaircraft gun andin target projectiles for 75 mm and 105 mmguns.

OPERATION: On setback the movableprimer overcomes the resistance of thearming collar and strikes the fixed firingpin thus starting the time rings. There arethree time rings, two being movable. Theflash from the time ring sets off the blackpowder magazine in the base of the fuze.No impact feature is incorporated.

Type 89 Long-Pointed FuzeUSE: 75 mm antiaircraft guns and is re-ported to be used in 105 mm antiaircraftguns.

OPERATION: On setback a movableprimer overcomes a spring and strikes thefixed firing pin igniting a delay train,which in turn actuates an auxiliary fuzebelow. No impact feature is incorporated.

Type 100 Combination Impact-Mechanical Time FuzeUSE: Japanese 9 cm (88 mm) antiaircraft gun reported to beused in 105 mm antiaircraft gun.

OPERATION: Time-Setback causes a starting plunger to dis-engage a locking disc on the clock and a setback pin frees theescape wheel allowing the clock mechanism to function. Theclockwork mechanism is like that used in the D-2(a) bombfuze. Centrifugal force moves a brass safety disc from underthe shoulder of the spring-loaded firing pin and at the set time0-50 seconds the firing pin is released to fire a primer.Impact-The impact feature consists of a separate fixed firinpin and a movable primer carrier which is held in the unfiredposition by two centrifugal detents. Centrifugal force causesthe detents to move out, freeing the primer carrier which isheld off of the firing pin by a creep spring. On impact, theprimer-carrier moves against the creep spring onto the firingpin firing the primer.

OFFICE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE 1 AugORDNANCEE u1 t 194g33

TYPE 100COMBINATION IMPACT-

MECHANICALTIME FUZE

TYPE 10TH YEARTIME FUZE

TYPE 89LONG-POINTED FUZE

ust, 1945 339RESTRICTED

ANTIAIRCRAFT FUZES JAPANESE

Type 2 Combination Powder Time and Impact Fuze

USE: Undetermined.

OPERATION: Time-Setback causes the time striker to over-come its spring and set off the primer and powder time ring,which ignites a black powder magazine at the end of the settime up to 44 seconds.----

Impact-A separate small impact unit screws into the nose of )

the time fuze body. Centrifugal force causes a spring-loadeddetent to move from under the striker, which is forced into the a n (primer on impact. The flash from the primer passes downthrough two flash channels to ignite the black powder magazinein the base.

TYPE 2COMBINATION POWDER

TIME ANDIMPACT FUZE

COMBINATION TIME AND IMPACT NOSE FUZES

° Type 3rd Year Combination Time and Impact Fuze

o Type 5th Year Combination Time and Impact Fuze

USE: Type 3rd year-75 mm shrapnel and old 75 mm H. E.projectiles.

/2 /3 /4 /5 is 17 8 19 20 Type 5th year-75 mm shrapnel. Reported to be used in 75///iII/iliiitil I\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ mm incendiary; 105 mm shrapnel and incendiary projectiles;

c and 150 mm shrapnel and illuminating projectiles.

OPERATION: These two fuzes are identical in operation, dif-fering only in the maximum time settings which are:

TYPE 3RD YEAR Type 3rd year-maximum 22 sec.COMBINATION TIME AND IMPACT FUZE year-maximum

- Type 5th year-maximum 36.6 sec.

S7 + The Type 3rd year has two time rings, one being movable.

SThe Type 5th year has three time rings with two being movable.Time-On setback a movable primer, held in the unfired posi-

Sp tion by a stirrup spring, strikes a fixed firing pin and ignites apowder delay train.

Impact-The impact feature of these fuzes is separate, consist-/ 2 334 / I \\\ ing of a fixed firing pin and a movable primrer carrier held in

the unfired position by a centrifugal detent. An anti-creep

© spring separates the primer and firing pin. After firing, cen-____ < trifugal force moves the detent out, freeing the primer carrier,

and on impact it moves forward against the creep spring ontothe firing pin functioning the fuze instantaneously.

TYPE 5TH YEARCOMBINATION TIME AND IMPACT FUZE

340 1 August, 1945 OFFICE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE RESTRICTED

BASE FUZES JAPANESE

Type 94 Small Delay Base Fuze

USE: 37 mm A. P. projectiles for tank and antitank guns.

OPERATION: This is a simple setback arming, inertia firingfuze. As the projectile is fired, setback causes an inertia collarto break a shear wire and move back, wedging itself on thestriker, thus arming the fuze. On impact, the inertia collar andstriker overcome a creep spring and the striker, impinges theprimer which in turn ignites a delay train and detonator.

TYPE 94SMALL DELAY BASE FUZE

Type--Small Mk. 2 Base Fuze

USE: A. P. projectiles for 47 mm antitank gun. ' -/

OPERATION: This fuze has no arming features. The movableprimer carrier is separated by a spring from the fixed firing pin, SMALL MK. 2 BASE FUZEwhich is threaded into the forward part of the booster. Onimpact, the pimer moves down onto the firing pin and theprimer flash passes through a small hole beside the firing pininto the delay.

Type 92 Small Short Delay Base Fuze

USE: A. P. projectiles for 57 mm tank guns.

OPERATION: Centrifugal force causes two spring-loaded de-tents to move out from notches in the striker which is separatedfrom the primer by a creep spring. On impact, the striker moves

o against the spring onto the primer.TYPE 92 SMALL SHORT

DELAY BASE FUZE

Medium Mk. 1 Base Fuze

USE: A. P. projectile for 75 mm gun.

OPERATION: The movable primer carrier is held by twospring-loaded detents. These are moved out by centrifugalforce and, on impact, the primer carrier overcomes the creepspring and moves onto the striker. The flash of the primerpasses through two holes beside the firing pin into the delayelement.

MEDIUM MK. 1 BASE FUZE

Type 95 Small Base Fuze

USE: Reported to be used in A. P. projectiles for the 70 mmtank gun and all 75 mm and 105 mm guns.

OPERATION: The striker is held by two spring-loaded detents

o which are moved out by centrifugal force. On impact, theTYPE 95 SMALL BASE FUZE striker overcomes the creep spring and moves onto the primer.

RESTRICTED OFFICE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE 1 August, 1945 341

TABULATION OF JAPANESE ROCKETS

6.8 cm 12 cm Incendiary 60 kg Type 97 No. 6 60 kg Type 97 No. 6 250 kg. Bomb BodyPossibly a Line Shrapnel Rocket 20 cm (202 mm) 20 cm (210 mm) Bomb W/Rocket Bomb W/Rocket W/ Permanently 45 cm

Throwing Device (Navy) Army * Navy ** Motor (Small) Motor (Large) Attch. Rocket Motor Rocket

Total Weight (Ibs) 51 200 to 205 198 Bomb only-124 91.9 Motor 616 w/o Propell.* * 1,514124 Bomb

Overall Length (ins.) 10.5 286 38/4 or 41 approx. 33-Motor 40%5/ Motor 118 671/237

Filling WP Pellets TNT TNA Hexanite & TNA Hexanite & TNA TNA-HND Picric Acid

Weight of Filling (lbs.) 35.7 38.5 50 50 212

Maximum Range (yds.) 2000-3000 3,250 yds. Field 1,970 Field 1,094-1,314 2,000 estimate 11,000 (7,500 2,000 Field TestControlled by Test * * * *Test battle observation)Aerial BurstTime Fuze

How Stabilized Not Known Spin Spin Spin Fin Fin Fin Spin

Weapons From WhichFired

Triple RailGuides onRevolving

Carriage Mountedon Tripod

Wooden Troughwith Metal

Bracket

Type 4Launcher

(Looks like aMortar)

Wooden RailType Single

& Triple

2-WheeledCarriage w/61/2'

Barrel andSplit Trails

Metal Trough(7'-6" long) on

Fixed Bipod

Type 10 Launcher Wooden W/2 Rail("V" Shaped Trough) Trough

Type 3Rocket Launcher

Truck MountedLauncher Reportedbut not Recovered

"V" Shaped Trough22.9' Long

Wooden Launcherw/ Solid Wood

Wheels and TropghCrude & Expendable

* Four modifications of motor encountered in SWPA to 1 April, 1945.

* * No propellant recovered to date 23 March, 1945.* * * The Japanese mention three classes of these rockets under trial, all differing in weight.

* * * * Other field tests resulted in 2,600-2,800 yard ranges.

ROCKET LAUNCHER AND ROCKET MOTOR MODEL 10 JAPANESE

ROCKET MOTORED BOMB LAUNCHER

This is a device designed to propel the 60 kg. (132 lbs.)aircraft bomb out of an inclined trough.

The launcher is constructed of wood and metal with legsmade of iron pipe. The rear is attached by a pin to a base platewith six wedge cut ground pins. The launcher channel is a rightangle trough about twenty feet long with a motor and bombpositioner made of 1'/-inch pierced sheet metal. This is "V"shaped, (The motor and bomb positioner is not shown in theschematic sketch above.) slightly over four feet long, andhinged at three points on the lower right side of the launcher.Elevation is controlled by cables run from the base plate to thelegs, and between the legs.

The rocket motor resembles a blunt, short-bodied bomb. Thepropellant container is a cylinder with a cap welded on the frontand a tail assembly and venturi tube secured on the rear. Thepropellant which weighs 12.94 pounds consists of three cylin-drical sticks tied in a yellow silk bag. It is ignited by an igniterpad and an igniter fuze in the forward part of the motor by meansof wires leading to a small hand blasting machine. When fired themotor propels'the bomb from the launcher and then drops off.

Ranges up to 1,300 yards are claimed by the Japanese for this

device, but it is felt that little, if any, accuracy may be expected.It is evidently designed to deliver fire on beachheads and other

similar wide targets at fairly short ranges.

SPECIFICATIONS

LAUNCHER

Length of launcher (overall) ............ 19 ft., 10 ins.

Width at leg shoes .......................... 8 ft., 5.5 ins.

Height at 30° range setting .......................... 11 ft.

Length of leg ................ ............ 12 ft., 4 ins.

Diameter of leg .......................................... 1.75 ins.

Width outside of trough at base .............. 10 ins.

Width outside of trough at front ................ 7.5 ins.

Width inside of trough at base ................ 8.5 ins.

Width inside of trough at front .................. 6 ins.

Length of cable from baseplate

to leg ............................................... 20 ft., 3 ins.

ROCKET MOTOR

Length of motor and bomb positioner

(overall) ............................................. 4 ft., 3

Length of motor (overall) .......................... 33

Length of propellant cylinder .................. 11.5

Diameter of propellant cylinder (outside).. 7.44

Diameter of venturi tube (outside) ........... 1.5

Length of tail fin ..................................... 11.75

Width of tail fin .................................... 3.625

Width of tail, fin to fin .......................... 11.875

ins.

ins.

ins.

ins.

ins.

ins.

ins.

ins.

1 April, 1945 351OFFICE CHIEF 6 OF ORDNANCERESTRICTED

20 cm ROCKET PROJECTILE AND LAUNCHER JAPANESE

A.4

4 ,:

MOTOR ASE PLATE

This ground-launched rocket is fired from a trough shapedlauncher approximately 7 feet long, which weighs approximately175 pounds. The Japanese claim a range of 1,800 meters (1,970yds.) at 50° elevation. The rocket is spin-stabilized, rotatingin a clockwise direction. The complete round, without fuze, isapproximately 41 inches long and weighs 198.3 pounds.

The projectile has a straight body and an ogival nose. It isfitted with a centrifugally armed point detonating fuze. In additionto this standard fuze, the Type 91 Time, Type 100 Combination, andType 88 P. D. fuzes will also fit the fuze pocket. However, it isnot known whether the rocket will produce sufficient setback toarm these fuzes. The explosive charge, Type 91 (trinitroanisol),is cast directly into the lacquered interior of the case. The baseplate which screws into the projectile body is also threadedto take the motor.

The motor body, a straight cylinder, is closed at the rear by abase plate to which a grid is attached. A perforated cup fits againstthe motor closing plate at the forward end. Seven sticks of pro-pellant (nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose, NaC1, and centralite) fitsecurely into the combustion chamber between the perforated cupand the grid. Six sticks form a circle around an identical centralstick; all have only a single axial perforation.

The motor base plate of hardened steel has six offset nozzlesand a central threaded opening for a percussion type primer.Ignition is mechanical and from the forward end. A black silkpowder bag lashed to the perforated cup forms the ignition charge.

SPECIFICATIONS

PROJECTILE

Weight of projectile without

fuze .................................... 49.9 kg.-110 lbs.

Weight of high explosive

filling .................................... 17.5 kg.- 38.6 lbs.

Overall length of projectile without

fuze .................................. 588.0 mm- 23.14 ins.

Minimum diameter of orifices....15.0 mm-.591 ins.

Angular cant of nozzles ................................. .. 25°

Diameter of body........ 210.5 mm (approx. 8.30 ins.)

Wall thickness .................... 12.0 mm-.472 in.

MOTOR

Overall length of motor body..460 mm-18.11 ins.

Weight with propellant .............. 40.0 kg.-88 lbs.

Weight of propellant ................ 8.3 kg.-18.3 lbs.

Weight of black powder ignition

charge ............................ 50.6 grams-1.77 ozs.

Wall thickness ............................ 10.0 mm-.39 in.

Length of propellant sticks.. 290.0 mm-11.41 ins.

Diameter of propellant sticks.. 58.0 mm-2.28 ins.

Diameter of perforation .............. 11.0 mm-.43 in.

Weight of propellant sticks (each-varies slightly) .................. 1.162 kg.-2.56 lbs.

OFFICE CHIEF ) OF ORDNANCE

W

352 1 April, 1945 RESTRICTED

IAPANLS

)RDNAN(

MARKING

KEY CHARACTERS

for Essential Japanese Ordnance Materiel

TABLE CHARACTER ORDNANCE

Tanks1* Trucks

CarsVehicles

Sha

BulletGrenade

2 Shell (w. #12)Bomb (w. #18)Rocket

Dan

CannonHowitzerMortar

H5

ExplosivesAmmunition

Yaku

5 Type

Shiki .

6 YearMonth

Nen Getsu

Gasoline7 ~Fuel Oils

Lubricating Oils

Yu

PrimerShell Case

8 Bangalore TorpedoGrenade LauncherComplete Round

To'

9 (o) Unit or9 (Organization

He) Gun

Mines10 Torpedo (Aerial)

Rai


MG

11 RiflePistolCarbine

J _ _

12 Artillery Shell(W. #2)

Ryi

!i~iI ~Mark Number and13~ Data on Bombs

Go'

1 Metric Terms14 (Weight & Dimension)

Sanchi Miri

15 Aircraft

Ki

16 Metals

Tetsu

Fuze17 Cap

Train

Kan

18 Airplane Bomb(w. #2)

Baku

19 Factory

Sho

20 n Arsenal

Sho

RESTRICTED

Translation of

JAPANESE ORDNANCE

MARKINGS

AUGUST, 1945

A. S. F.

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

RESTRICTED

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Table of Contents

PAGE

SECTION ONE-Introduction

General Discussion of Japanese Characters........................................... 1

Unusual Methods of Japanese Markings....................................................... 5

SECTION TWO-Instructions for Translating Japanese Markings

Different Japanese Calendar Systems......................................................... 8

Japanese Characters for Type and Modification............................................ 9

Explanation of the Key Characters and Their Use....................................... 10

Key Characters for Essential Japanese Ordnance Materiel.......................... 11

Method of Using the Key Character Tables in Translation............................ 12

Tables of Basic Key Characters for Japanese Ordnance................................ 17

SECTION THREE-Practical Reading and Translation of Japanese Characters

Japanese Markings Copied from a Tag Within an Ammunition Box.......... 72

Japanese Markings on an Airplane Bomb.................................................... 73

Japanese Markings on a Heavy Gun.................................................... 74

Japanese Markings Used to Indicate Arsenals.......................... ............. 75

Japanese Ballistic Terms ............................. .................. .............. 76

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Complete identification of Japanese materiel often necessi-tates translation into English of the ideographs and phoneticalphabet characters stamped on equipment or printed onaccompanying tags, boxes or pamphlets. Because of their in-ability to read Japanese, many persons responsible for inspec-tion of captured ordnance items are unable quickly andaccurately to identify unfamiliar materiel.

This book has been prepared as a practical guide to thetranslation of Japanese ordnance nomenclature. Its successfuluse does not require a prior knowledge of Japanese but de-pends only upon the application of simple principles that canbe learned within a few hours. It explains how the recognitionof twenty key ideographs, in conjunction with tables in thetext, will enable the reader to translate markings that describeJapanese ordnance.

SECTION ONE

INTRODUCTION

General Discussion of Japanese Characters

KANJI

Until a phonetic alphabet was invented between 774 aid 835 A.D. the Japanese dependedentirely upon ideographs or picture-characters for written expression of their thoughts. Eventoday ideographs remain the principal medium for written Japanese, although the phoneticcharacters have considerable subsidiary use. Since-most of the words in the language are rep-resented by an individual character, several thousand ideographs have to be memorized forfacility in reading or writing. Most of these characters were adopted from the Chinese in thethird century A.D., this Chinese origin being indicated by their name, "Kanji," which means"Chinese characters." During the long period that has elapsed since their adoption, theChinese sounds for the ideographs have been modified until the present Japanese equivalentsare quite different from the original Chinese.

Japanese sentences do not follow normal English structure. While each noun and itsdescriptive adjectives are represented by a separate ideograph, the position of the noun doesnot correspond to that in English. Japanese ordnance inscriptions usually have an easily recog-nized noun character at or near the first part of the sentence. In translating, this permits iden-tification of the noun ideograph to serve as a key to the meaning of the combined characters,as is shown in the section of this book entitled "Explanation of the Key Characters and TheirUse." The way in which ideographs are combined to designate a term or item is apparentfrom the combination of the three characters for picric acid in which the ideographs foryellow, color, and powder are employed.

K Yellow

f Shoku Color

Yaku Powder

PICRIC ACID

Because the number of word sounds in Japanese are limited, a single sound may havevarious meanings according to the context of" the sentence in which it is used. In writtenJapanese each of these meanings is clearly denoted by a distinctive ideograph. For instance,there are numerous meanings of the word "Sha," each represented by a different ideograph,some of which are illustrated below.

Sha Sha

In Japanese ordnance terms, only the "Sha" character on the extreme left of this groupof six selected pictures of the sound "Sha" is of value. This particular representation of "Sha"indicates a vehicle and, when so used, is always at the end of the group of characters; forexample, "jinrikisha" (a two-wheeled cart), and "sensha" (a battle tank).

CART TANK

S Jin (Man) Sen (Battle)

j Riki (Moves) Sha (Wagon)

S Sha (Wagon)

This form of "Sha" appears in the nomenclature of all Japanese vehicular ordnance

items, where it is the terminal sound or ideograph. This "Sha" is the root word for all Japanese

vehicles, and is one of 20 key characters in the table of key ordnance characters which will be

explained in detail later in this outline.

KANA

The Japanese realized the disadvantages and limitations of their ideograph system in its

inability to represent the constantly increasing number of foreign words being absorbed into

the language. This problem was solved by use of the phonetic alphabet called "Kana."

Unlike Kanji, which cannot express the correct sound or proper construction of words, the

Sha

JAPANESE ]KANA ALPHABET

jJka

ga

E,1p7aI

LIIILYIa

gki

mi

1:4f

Sshi

Lilill

'ku

'mu

bau

tu

7 ju

buL tsEz1

e

LTzebe

LuLu

he

LXIIEZZ

E0

ALI1

Lu0

LIII

eighty Kana characters represent the basic syllables of the language. Since its characters rep-

resent sounds and not letters, Kana may be more accurately considered a syllabary than an

alphabet. Because of its phonetic nature Kana can be used for foreign words after they have

been reduced to Japanese syllables as closely as possible imitative of the sounds in the originalwords.

Kana is designed around the five vowels, A, I, U, E, 0, and the fifteen consonants, K, G,M, N, H, P, B, T, D, F, R, S, W, Y, Z. The working plan of this table is simple. For exam-

ple, the consonant K produces five separate syllable sounds when added singly to each one of

the five vowels. These are KA, KI, KU, KE, and KO. There is a separate alphabet mark, or

Kana character, for not only each of the five vowels, but also for each of the seventy-five two-

'letter sounds, making a total of eighty individual Japanese Kana characters in the basic table.

The pronunciation of the vowel sounds is slightly different from the English pronuncia-

tion: thus A, I, U, E, 0, are pronounced ah, ee, oo, ay, oh, in Japanese. These pronunciation

sounds remain the same when they are converted into the two-letter syllables of the Kana

Table.

The table of Kana characters appears on Page 3. These Kana characters are used not only

for Japanese ordnance items but also for Japanese medical and chemical warfare terms. Exam-

ples of the use of Kana are set forth below. Note again that the Kana characters represent

syllables.

When the Japanese want to convert a new English word such as "aneroid" into their

printed language they use the Kana system of basic sounds. This can only be done after the

English word is separated into a grouping of sounds closest to those in the Kana alphabet. To

the Japanese, "aneroid" sounds like the following: ah/nay/ro/ee/do. All these sounds appearin the Kana Table, and can be written by using the Kana characters. The following are exam-ples of the method of changing three words, Aneroid, Magnesium, and Browning, into thewritten Kana language:

- ANEROID

A Ne Ro I Do

ah nay ro ee do

S MAGNESIUM

Ma . Gu Ne Shiyu Mu

SBROWNING

Bu Ra U Ni En* Gu

*A special character, en or an, generally ending a word.

Since the Kana characters are easier to write than Kanji numerals, Japanese often useKana to list ordnance items; hence it is common to find a vertical list of items headed by aKana symbol instead of a number (when used as first, second, third, etc.). On artillery am-munition items, as boosters and fuzes, Kana characters such as "To" are stamped into themetal, or painted thereon. These are important identification marks, discussed later in thispublication.

Unusual Methods of Japanese Marking

There are four main types of material on which Japanese character markings describingordnance items are placed. These are: (1) wooden shipping-cases, (2) metal parts of ord-nance items, (3) cardboard tags, tied to the item by string or pasted on metal inner-cases, (4)descriptive booklets, which either accompany the item within the wooden shipping case or areobtained among captured records found with the equipment.

(1) On wooden shipping cases,the Japanese generally describe the mitem by characters painted acrossone or more sides of the woodenbox, as illustrated:

The first step in translating such an inscription is to determine the order in which the

Japanese characters are written. They may start either from left to right or from right to left.

The direction in which they are to be read can be found by noting the location of the charac-

ter for Type ("Shiki") which invariably appears in inscriptions for all ordnance items. In the

illustration, it is the third ideograph from the right. By memorizing the Japanese numerals

from one to ten, shown in Table No. 5 of Section Two, it is easy to recognize their ideographs,which in Japanese always precede the character for "Type." In the illustration Japanese

numerals for "88" are the first two on the extreme right followed by the ideograph for "Shiki"

(Type). Thus the direction of placing the characters on this shipping box is from right to left.

When right to left order has been followed in marking, it is suggested (for simplicity in

translation) that the characters be copied on paper as usual, but placed in the opposite direc-

tion from that found, as follows:

(2) Japanese mark metal parts of ordnance items with both Kanji and Kana characters.

The polished brass surface of an artillery shell cartridge-case lends itself readily to the paint-

Hachi Hachi Shiki Tan En Ki Shin Kan

88 Type Short-Delay Fuze

*Key Characters

ing of the more intricate Kanji characters for marking purposes. These are to prevent mistakeswhen several types of shells resemble each other, although intended for different weapons.The markings here generally indicate the type of gun that is to fire this ammunition. Thefollowing illustration is arranged, not for the purpose of translation of the markings, but toshow their position.

Kana characters are simple in design and make good dies for stampingJapanese metal parts, or for quickly painting an abbreviated arsenal mark. Theflexibility of Kana characters in describing various ordnance items is evidentin the use of one of the plainest and most widely employed Kana characters,"To."

When "To" is painted on thebody of an artillery shell, justabove the rotating band, it indi-cates that the shell was manu-factured at the "Tokyo ArmyBranch Ordnance Depot." Thisis illustrated by the view of aJapanese 150 mm howitzershell. 1

However, when the Japanese mark their machine gun ammunition for airplanes, although

they use the same character, "To," to mark the bottom of the cartridge case, it indicates an

entirely different place of manufacture. In this case "To" refers to the Toyokawa Navy Yard.

As an interesting sidelight on this abbreviated system of marking, the sound of the character

"To" is the sound of the first part of the word Toyokawa. Likewise the "A" of the Kana

alphabet is used to indicate the Asahi Plant, while "Yo" is used to mark the products of the

Yokosuka Navy Yard in airplane machine gun ammunition.

(3) When the Japanese place characters on pasteboard tags or on paper labels attached

to ordnance items, they use Kanji.

A sample of such a marking copied from a label glued to the cardboard shipping con-

tainer for a shell is shown in Section Three of this text. This inscription demonstrates that

when the Japanese print ordnance terms on paper they arrange the characters in a long, verti-

cal line reading from top to bottom. The reproduction of characters on this label is accom-panied by their actual translation, using the system of selecting the key characters and subse-quently referring to the tables in which they are located, as explained in Section Two.

(4) After study of this booklet it will be possible toUf7 translate the general descriptive matter in pamphlets

n accompanying Japanese ordnance items. It is cautionedhere that the Japanese put such general descriptions onwhat we would call the back page of our books. Hold-ing the Japanese book in a normal position it is neces-sary to turn to the final page- and look for key char-acters.

For example, illustrated here are two sections from-- p the descriptive page of a captured Japanese booklet on

SJapanese artillery shells. These are shown not for the

' | purpose of translation, but merely to illustrate where tolook for them in the book, and to repeat the caution thatthe characters are to be read along a vertical line from

top to bottom.The heavy-type column to the left is the name: "Ar-

tillery Ammunition," while that to the right is the date,"May 1938."

SECTION TWO

INSTRUCTIONS FOR TRANSLATING JAPANESE MARKINGS

Different Japanese Calendar Systems

The Japanese designate types of ordnance materiel, such as mortars, howitzers, rifles,guns, etc., with a descriptive term indicating the year the item was officially adopted. Formarking high explosives, a date on the label of the package or outside of the shipping boxindicates the date of manufacture. It is common for the Japanese to make liberal use of calen-dar dates, but it must be remembered that four different systems are employed.

BASIC JAPANESE CALENDAR

One system employs the basic Japanese calendaryears, represented either by four digits, as in the year2598, or by its reduced form 98 derived by dropping thefirst two digits as is done when our year 1945 is abbre-viated to '45. The Japanese Kanji ideograph "Shiki,"always employed with the abbreviated date numerals, isshown with the numeral characters for nine and eight.

As an example of a date in a decade preceding that shown, the year 1921 is the equiva-lent of the Japanese calendar year 2581, and any Japanese models produced in that year wouldbe called their "Type 81."

REIGN OF EMPEROR OR ERA

The Japanese also indicate the date in terms of the year ofthe reign of a Japanese emperor, each reign being known as an era.Any ordnance materiel produced within one of these periods mightbe marked as "Showa Era, 18 Year" (our year 1943), as explainedlater.

There have been three different eras representing the reignsof individual Japanese emperors within the past seventy-sevenyears. The reign of the present emperor, begun in 1926, is referredto as the "Showa Era," meaning the bright period, or the goldenera. It is designated by the characters shown at right.

Sho Wa

Bright Era

Ku Hachi Shiki

9 8 Type

Development of modern Japanese ordnance has occurred only in the three most recenteras.

Era 2 covers the Meiji Era from 1868 to 1912.Era 3 covers the Taisho Era from 1912 to 1926.Era 4 covers the Showa Era from 1926 to the present time.Although Eras 2, 3 and 4 are designated by different ideographs, they employ the same

general principle in relation to indicating a date marking. The basis for each is to (a) namethe era during which the item was designed or manufactured, and (b) give the particularyear of this era to which the date applies.

Conversion of a date within any Japanese era to one in our calendar can be accomplishedby adding the given Japanese year to the English date for the year preceding the beginning ofthe era. For example, the English equivalent of the 20th year of the Showa Era can be foundby adding 20 to 1925, which gives our year 1945.

Table No. 6 describes the Kanji characters used by the Japanese to indicate the MeijiTaisho, and Showa Eras.

Japanese Characters for Type and Modification

TYPE

The Japanese always use dates or numerals with a character which refers to dates in classi-fying their ordnance items. Only one character is used to indicate the type classification. Thischaracter is "Shiki." It appears on artillery shells, bombs, small arms, guns, howitzers, fuzes,etc., but always in association with numerals of one or two digits. These numerals are abbre-viations for dates in the Japanese calendar.

The following are some common markings used by the Japanese on their ordnance itemsto express Type and Type Numbers:

Ni Shiki Cha Katsu Saku Yaku

2 Type Brown Bursting Powder

(Year) 1942 TNT Bursting Charge

Ju Ichi Nen Shiki Kai Gan Ho

11th Year Type Sea Coast Gun

MODIFICATIONS

The Japanese describe modifications of ordnance items in the following manner:

Ichi Shiki

1 Type

1941

Modification 1

^rm.

Baka Dan

Airplane Bomb

Modification 2

In marking bombs, the Japanese use, in addition to these characters, three extra charac-ters to indicate "mark," "weight," and "design number." These are discussed in Table No. 13.

Note: It is common to find the ideograph for modification with a numeral placed togethernear the base of the shell. The meaning is "The new improved type No. 2."

Explanation of the Key Characters and Their Use

On page 11 and on the inside of the cover appears a table of key ordnance charac-ters. Each key character is a base or root word which the Japanese use in designating ordnancemateriel. Next to each key character, the Japanese write additional characters which modifythe root word to indicate the full description of the particular item, as "Sen Sha" (tank) or"Chu Sen Sha" (medium tank). Also in this section are tables of key characters that list thosecharacters which normally accompany the key ideograph, modify it, and in combination withit give the name of a specific Japanese ordnance item. Except in rare instances, the key char-acter is always the last character in a related group of sounds or written characters, but notethat in following this rule the direction of writing must first be ascertained.

One key character, such as "Sha" (a vehicle) is the terminal root word for four classesof ordnance items in the vehicular family, namely: Tanks, Trucks, Cars and Tractors.

The particular type of vehicle referred to by "Sha" can be ascertained by using the tableto identify the characters that precede the key ideograph.

Table No. 2 has a key character of "Dan," and includes such items as Bullets and Gren-ades. Note that this key character, "Dan," is added to another key character, "Ryu," to forma double key character group. From this combination is derived a new table (Table No. 12)to indicate Artillery Shells and Rockets.

Likewise the key character "Dan" just described is joined with a second key character"Baku," to form, another double-character group, giving us Table No. 18 on Airplane Bombs.

KEY CHARACTERS

for Essential Japanese Ordnance Materiel


TanksTrucksCarsVehicles

Sha

BulletGrenade

2 iShell (w. #12)Bomb (w. #18)Rocket

Dan

GunCannon3 HowitzerMortar

Ho'

ExplosivesAmmunition

Yaku

5 Type

Shiki

6 1113 YearMonth

Nen Getsu

Gasoline7 5 Fuel Oils

Lubricating Oils

Yu

PrimerShell, Case

8 f Bangalore TorpedoGrenade LauncherComplete Round

To

_ (Unit or9 (or)1 ±~* Organization

Hei Gun

Mines1t Torpedo (Aerial)

Rai

These are the only tables which are made up from double key characters. The materiel towhich the other tables relate appears on top of each table.

Method of Using the Key Character Tables in Translation

1. Become thoroughly familiar with each key character, and with the characters fornumerals from 1 to 10.

2. Ascertain the direction in which the particular writing to be translated has beenwritten; i. e., from left to right, right to left, or top to bottom. Page 13 of this outline explainsthe method.

3. Select all the key characters in the writing.

4. Mark off the characters accompanying each key character. This may be done by draw-ing rectangles around each related group of characters (key characters plus accompanyingmodifying characters).

Note: Where the writing to be translated involves a considerable number of characters(i. e., more than 50), it is recommended that the writing be treated piecemeal in groups ofthree or four characters, selecting a key character from a group and translating that groupbefore proceeding to the next group.

Sha Sen Sha

Vehicle Battle Wagon

Wagon TANK

Chu Sen Sha

Medium Battle Wagon

MEDIUM TANK

The three characters "Chu," "Sen," and "Sha" that compose the word for medium tank,are shown above as the Japanese would write them from left to right on a wooden crating forthe vehicle. The key character "Sha" is placed last, to the right of the modifying characters"Chu" and "Sen." When the Japanese mark ordnance items they do so without punctuation.That is one reason why it is necessary to memorize the twenty key characters used in ordnance.

The following example is employed to show the method used in building up "Ju" (mean-ing a small gun), into the compound group of characters, "Ken Ju" (meaning a pistol) andthen "Ji Do Ju" (meaning an automatic rifle).

i7 Ken JR fi D Ju

Small Gun Hand Operated Small Gun Self- Acting Small Gun

PISTOL AUTOMATIC RIFLE

Up to now only one key character with its adjective ideographs has been described. Theillustration below shows the ideographs for "automatic rifle" by a new key character, "Shiki,"plus its descriptive adjective ideographs. Note that there are no periods, commas, or openspaces.

Ku Hachi Shiki Ji D6 J]i

9 8 Type Self- Acting Small Gun

TYPE 98 AUTOMATIC . RIFLE

The direction in which the Japanese wrote these characters must be determined. Thefinding of "Shiki" (Type), the character third from the left, is the first step. It is always pre-ceded by numerals. Since the numerals for 9 and 8 are to the left of "Shiki" the writing planis from left to right.

Since it is a key character, the last character of the line (bearing in mind the direction ofthe writing of the group) is selected. It is "Ju," a key character for small arms, as is shown inTable No. 11.

Taking "Ju" and its two preceding characters (the Japanese usually write in groups oftwo, three, or four characters when describing ordnance), turn to Table No. 11. There themeanings of the three picture characters are found to be automatic rifle. Similarly, it is foundthat "Ku Hachi Shiki" means Type 98.

Elsewhere in this publication are illustrated actual markings found on a captured Japa-nese ammunition box, an airplane bomb, and a heavy gun. The names of the Japanese char-acters are given in each case, the key characters being set off from the long string of modify-ing characters by placing a cross-line just below the key character. The partial translation andthe full translation are given with each example.

Note that if the Japanese write from left to right, the cross-line follows the key characterand is to the right of it. If the Japanese write from right to left, then the cross-line followsthe key character but is to the left of it.

When .the Japanese string of characters proceeds from top to bottom, as illustrated in Sec-tion Three (page 72), the cross-line is beneath the key character. In the case mentioned therewere 43 Japanese characters appearing in one consecutive vertical line which has been dividedinto four columns for convenience in printing.

The following illustration is employed to show how several vertical columns of Japanesecharacters may be broken down into the key characters for translation purposes. It has beentaken from a Japanese book on Japanese artillery shells. The only additions to it have beenthe placing of the letters A, B, C, D, and E for reference purposes and the drawing of a line

beneath each key character to illustrate the method followed in determining key characters andthe preceding characters which are used to describe them.

Roughly, the method is to go to the foot of each vertical line for the first key characterand strike a line under it.

The best plan, to avoid confusion in locating the next key character, is to work in groupsof but two or three characters at a time. When the Japanese write in vertical columns, theSreading starts at the top right hand corner. Here the column marked A is the first to be read.Start at the foot of the column for the first key character. It is "Yaku," found in Table No. 4.

The next question is, how many characters relate to "Yaku"? Table No. 4 shows that inthis particular case only "Yaku" and its adjoining character "Dan" are in the table and meanAmmunition (General). The third character from the bottom is next found to be a keycharacter "Ho."

In questioning how many characters are to be included with "Ho," look through TableNo. 3. Here it is to be noted that "Ho" and "Po," denoted by the same ideograph, are inter-

changeable when referring to artillery pieces and mortars, depending upon the type of weapon.In this particular case the key character is "Po" and the two characters next to "Po" in theJapanese text are included with the key character in line 5 of the table to form the Japaneseword "Ryu Dam Po," meaning Howitzer.

The next key character "Sanchi," meaning centimeter, makes translation easy. With it isthe numeral "Ju" (ten) to complete the term 10 CM. It is quite evident that the next char-acter "Shiki" is a key character and it is preceded by the numeral characters "Ku" (nine) and"Ichi" (one), given in Table No. 5. The translation of this phrase is thus "Type 91."

By this same method the ideographs in Column B are identified and translated into "Model91 Streamlined Shell." Column C is translated as "Fuze." Column D'has two sections, anupper and a lower section, the first of which is translated as "Projectile," or "Shell Body,"while the lower section means "Explosive Charge, TNT."

TABLES OF BASIC KEY CHARACTERS

FOR JAPANESE ORDNANCE

TANK

gII !jf4LIGHT TANK

Kei Sen Sha

Light Battle Wagon ______________

MEDIUM TANKCha Sen Sha

Medium Battle Wagon

HEAVY TANK

Heavy Battle Wagon ______ ________

MOTOR CAR

MOTOR TRUCKJi DI a Sha

Self Moving Freight Wagon

(Continued on next page)

Sha

Wagon

Sen

Battle

Do

MovingSelf

Sha

Wagon

7B

TANKS

TRUCKSVEHICLES

Sha

Vehicle

--- -- --- - --

Track

Ka

Freight

Sha

Wagon

Sha

Vehicle

CATERPILLARTRUCK

MOTOR CYCLEJi Do Ji Ten Sha

Self-Moving Self-Cycling Vehicle

Sokut

Side

Sha

Vehicle

SIDE CAR

i 4 -- I S- S

Shi K

Command

Sha

Vehicle

COMMAND CAR

RECONNAISSANCE

Ji Do Tei Sha

Self-Moving Scout Vehicle

Armor-Plated

ARMORED CAR


lItKi

Cycled

- -

i

So Ko>

Do

~4~~'~' .i'K ~TANKS

/4 VEHICLES

Sh4;

t 4i ARMOREDS6 KS Hei Sha TROCA

Armor-Plated. Troop Vehicle

Dan Yaku

Ammunition

Ken

Traction

Sha

Wagon

Sha

Vehicle

AMMUNITIONWAGON

TRACTOR

Y I I

Ken

Tractioned

Sha4

Conveyance

ARTILLERYTRACTOR

~J,~ #J CTRPLA

ur ~ U WTRACTOR

Mu Gen Ki Do Ken In Sha

Endless. Cycle Tractioned Vehicle

Sen

Battle

Sha

Wagon

TANKDESTROYER

AMPHIBIAN

RiuSui iu Ryo Yo Sen Sha TNSea and Land Dojbie-Use Baftle Wagon

Ka LJo

(An) Artillery Gun

Hakai

To Destroy

I

Sen

Cone-shaped

Dan

Bullet

POINTED BULLET

RIFLE BULLETSbo Iii Dan

Small Gun Bullet

TRACER BULLETEi Kan Dan

Tracer Bullet

!~S1LLIGHTEi Ko Dan TRACER BULLET

Trace Light Bullet

IW En

Trace Smoke

Dan

Bullet

SMOKETRACER BULLET

EXPLOSIVE

Baku Retsu Ju Dan BLE

Explosive-Burst Rifle-Bullet


i 3 l BULLETSGRENADES

BOMBS (TABLE 18)D SHELLS (TABLE 12)

Dan ROCKETS

INCENDIARYSh 1 Yo Sho , I DanBUL

Incendiary (Used by) Small Arms (Bullet)

Ko Zai

Hard Timber (Wood)

Dan

Bullet

HARD WOODBULLET

S DUM-DUM BULLETDa Mu Da Mu Dan

Dum Dum Bullet

Armor Rifle

Dan

I I_-I-Bullet

Dan ShiDan Sh

ARMOR PIERCINGBULLET

SHRAPNEL BULLET

GRENADE

Grenade __ __


Ha Ko Ju

Pierce

--- I --

q BULLETS7- GRENADES

BOMBS (TABLE 18)SHELLS (TABLE 12)

ROCKETSDan

| HAND GRENADEShu Ryu Dan

Hand (Thrown) Shell

Iii

Rifle-

Yo

(Use)

Teki Dan

Grenade

RIFLE GRENADE

PHOSPHORUSGRENADE

Rin Zai Teki Dan

Phosphorus Filled (Dose) Grenade

Shaku

Intense

Nestu

Heat (Red Hot)

Teki Dan

Grenade

THERMITE GRENADE

3 1 STANDARD ROCKET

Fun Shin Tsu J Dan (PROJECTILE)(of the 20 cm type)

Spitting Out (as it Advances) Known (as) Regular Shell

A ROCKET STANDARD PROJECTILE

--- ' -----

- --- '-- -- ---

Note: Ho and Po interchangeable

Note: Field is "Yagai"

Hei

Low

SamSam

MOUNTAIN GUN

Mountain Gun

Field (Abbrev.)U--I- -

Sha

Trajectory

iiTGun

Gun

FIELD GUN

CANNON

15 CM CANNONJ Go Sanchi Ka Non Ho

15 Centimeter Cannon Gun

Note: Calvary is "Kiho"

Ut t

Ry7

(Common)

Dam

Shell Gun

HOWITZER

P HL CAVALRY GUNKi H

Cavalry (Abbrev.) Gun


Ho

- ---

-rMounfaln

Gun

I

Po'

Po

j / L4 GUN5UE.. CANNON

7/' HOWITZER

M R

A

calibre than Ju)

b Ii~INAVAL GUNKai Gun H

Sea Branch Gun

~-ijf1~L~SIEGE GUNShu 1, H

Defenders Man-the-Gun

IiIf COAST DEFENSEGUNKai Gan H

Sea Coast Gun

SMOOTH-BOREGUN

Kak Ko3 H

Smooth-Bore Gun

AUTOMATIC GUNft ______

Self-Acting Gun

QUICK-FIRINGGUN

Soku Sha H

Rapid-Fire Gun


l~1 GUN/5

CANNONFB

HOWITZERHo MORTAR

Gune (larger

DUAL- PURPOSE GUN(HIGH-ANGLE GUN)

Ka Kaku H

High-Angle Gun

Tai

Unit

Is

Tai

Unit

Gun

BATTALION(INFANTRY) GUN

I I

Ii~Gun

REGIMENTALGUN

INFANTRY CANNONHei Sha Ho Hei Ho"

Low-Trajectory Infantry Gun

KyIi

MORTAR

Mortar

RIFLED MORTARJhz Sen Ky7 ______

Rifling Mortar


Dal

Large-Size

'p IRen

A Multi-Sized

Ho

/ GUN~ ~ // ~'CANNON

~ HOWITZER".,:.. MORTAR

Gun (larger

i1~ _ _ _ _LIGHT

Kei Haku -Geki Ho TRENCH MORTAR

Light Close-Quarters (Attack) Gun

Geki

Close-Quarters (Attack)

Ho He)4 4

Infantry

Gun

Ii~iHa

Gun

HEAVYTRENCH MORTAR

INFANTRY MORTAR(81 mm)

ANTIAIRCRAFT

Tai Ku Ko Sha Ho GUN

Anti Aircraft High Angle (Elevation) Gun

Sen Sha

Tank

IioGun

ANTITANKGUN

K. ANTIAI RCRAFT

Ko Sh Ki Kn Ho MACHINE CANNON

High Angle (Elevation) Machine-Firing Large-Size Gun (Cannon)__________________

Ji7 Haku.4 t

Heavy

Kyoku

High-Angle

Sha

Fire

Tai

Anti

GUNCANNON

Ho MORTARRGun (largera~re tMan Ju)

~ ANTIAIRCRAFTMOBILE GUN

I Do KJ Sha H

Mobile High-Angle (Elevation) Gun

I4 1iir Feb ANTIAI RCRAFTFIXED GUN

Ko Tei Ko Sha Ho

Fixed High-Angle (Elevation) Gun

Large-Sized Gun (Cannon)

Heavy

IiTjHo

Gun

Ho

Ho

Gun

"POM-POM" GUNMACHINE CANNON

LONG-RANGEFIELD GUN

TRACTOR DRAWNARTILLERY

FORTRESSHEAVY ARTILLERY

ROCKET GUNFun Shin Dan Ho

Spitting Out-(as it)-Advances Shell Gun

Rocket Gun

Ki Kan

Machine-Firing

Cho

Long

n____JiSha Tei

Range

Sha

Vehicle

Do

Self-Powered

Ken

With Traction (Carrying a)

Yo Sgai

Fortress

Saku

(Abbrev.) Explosive Burst

So Yaku

Yaku

Powder

PROPELLANT CHARGE

" PRIMING POWDER(IGNITER)

Ten Ka Yaku

Ignition Powder

Den K

Booster

Yaku

Powder

BOOSTER CHARGE

L IS lA-GRADE, 40 GRAM,B l O A BOOSTER CHARGE

Ko Shu Shi Rei Ga Den Ka Yaku

A Grade 4 0 Gram Booster Powder

Note: Explosion Burst is: "Sakurotsu"(Example, shrapnel)

EXPLOSIVEBURSTING CHARGE

TTV I ~ I I ABURSTING CHARGECha Katsu Saku Yaku

TNT (Bursting) Powder

AMMUNITION(GENERAL)

Ammunition


Dan Yaku

EXPLOSIVES

Yaku

Powder

6 HOLLOW CHARGEAMMUNITION

Sen K Ryue Dan Saku Yaku~z

Used to Perforate Armor Plate Explosive Shell Bursting Powder

ti.Z h WS sAMMUNITON FOR15 GM ICANONR

Ji Go Sanchi Ka Non Dan Yaku

1 5 Centimeter Cannon Ammunition

M4 EnMu En

Smokeless

SMOKELESS POWDER

I I 4

Dai Ryt YaDai Ryu Yaku

Large Grain Powder

Yaku

Powder

LARGE-GRAINEDPOWDER

FINE-GRAINEDPOWDER

Small Grain Powder

BROWN (COLORED)POWDER

Kas Shoku Yaku GUN POWDER

Brown Color Powder

BLACK (COLORED)6b% tPOWDER

Koku Shoku Yaku GUN POWDER

Black Color Powder


Ka

Gun

,,

Sh?

IltKa

Nitro

Yaku

Powder

NITRO-POWDER

f MEDIUM SIZE| >l ^i ; SQUARE FLAKE

Chu Ho Kei Ryui Yaku POWDER

Medium (Size) Square Flake Powder

Tai Jo

Band-Shaped

Ka

Gun

Yaku

Powder

STRIP POWDER

i,- p

NOTE: To indicate the more modern varieties of military high explosives, the Japanesehave selected arbitrary symbols or characters which are used as a sort of code. There are noknown English equivalents for these symbols, and therefore no English words were placedunder the characters as has been done in other tables in this outline.

(Continued on next

> ^ 4f CYCLONITE

SI ! (CH2)3 (N. NO2)3 (EQUIVALENT TO RDXOR HEXYL)

Sho U Yaku

SSr HTNTS| C6H2CH 3 (N02)3 (TRINITROTOLUOL)

Cha Katsu Yaku

Brown Powder

* NITROGUANIDINE CYCLONITE

E! i IS THE CHEMICAL ("GUNIGIN," TR) NITROGUANIDINC. NHN. NH.NH2NITROGUANIDINEAC. NHNO 2 NH.NH2 AMMONIUM NITRATE

An Ga Yaku

I

page)

~ '~' ~EXPLOSIVES

/~ jat

C6H-2 (N0 2)4 NCH3 TETRYL

PETN't C(CH 2 0N02)4 (PENTAERYTHRITE

TETRANITRATE)

Ak;iy .'f NH4 0104 CnH~n-2 AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE5[[~SE: CYCLONITE (MIXTURE)

" H2N.C (NH) NH2HNO3 CYCLONITE

COH2 (0C H5) (N02)3 TRINITROP'HENETOL

HeiA

r

NeiYak

'Iii. (Nx SEE: NT AMTOLUO

5- KI POTASSIUM CLRTEn To Yaku

14C C6H2 (N02)3 OH PICRIC ACIDKo Shoku YakuL

Yellow Color Powder

SEE: PICRIC ACID AND TNT TNTI AI

(Continued on next page.

32

~'«'~ '< ~ /EXPLOSIVES

,j -~SEE: BOTH COMPOUNDS PICRIC ACID

SEE: PICRIC ACID PARCAFI

jjjj Jj C10oH6 (N02)2 DINITRONAPHTALENE- NH4NO. NH4 NO3

C~oHNOCHEDDITEJIL - KCIO8 (NITRONAPHTALENE

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE)

p HgC N:O:FULMINATE OF MERCURY~3J3HgC22O2(DETONATOR)

Kai K

HgC2N2O2 FULMINATE OF MERCURYKCIO3s POTASSIUM CHLORATE

Sb2S3 ANTIMONY SULFIDEBaku Fun

Pb(N3)2LEAD AZIDEPb(N 3 )2(DETONATOR)

Chik Ka En

TYPE 99

JLJ)LKujuku Shiki

99 MODEL

TYPE 1

Ichi Shiki

ONE MODEL

11th Year TYPE

±-~1.

Ju ichi Nen Shiki

11th Year MODEL

JAPANESE NUMERALS

0 Q Rei

1 - ~ Ichi

2 - ~ Ni

3 - ~ San

4 [7LShi

5 G

6 L Roku

7 - Hichi

8 A Hachi

9 1tKu

10 ti11 Ji ichi

12 t iii Ju n

13 tu Jsan

17 tf -1t Ju shicki

18 t Iii hachi

19 t I ftki

20 t - Ni j

30 tSan j

40 IL L t Shi ju

50jj -h' Go ji

100 Hyaku

1000 Sen

10,000 71Man

100,000 75Jzu man

1,0001000 75 Haku man

ERASTIME PERIODS DURINGTIME PERIODS DURING NAMES CALENDAR DATES OF ERASREIGN OF THREE RECENT EMPERORS NAMES CALENDAR DATES OF ERAS

IiJ j MEIJI ERA 1868 TO 1912 INCLUSIVE

Mei Ji

kE TAISHO ERA 1912 TO 1926 INCLUSIVE

Tai Sbo

UJ 1i SHOWA ERA 1926 TO PRESENT TIME

ShA Wa

There Are Three Ditferent Dates for the Following:

h 10th YEAR

JI Nen

10th Year

10th YearMEIJI ERA

186710

Mei Ji Ju Nen

Meiji (Era) 10th Year 1877

Tai Sho Ju Nen

Taisbo (Era) 10th Year 1

10th YearSHOWA ERA

192510

Sho Wa Ju Nen 1

Showa (Era) 10th Year 1935

The first month of

is January and the

the Japanese year

twelfth month is

December, the same as in our calen-

dar system.

Month

Getsu

t OCTOBER

Ju Getsu

10th Month

REFERENCE THESE ARE USED IN PRINTED TEXT FOR ABBRE-LINE ENGLISH TRANSLATION

NUMBER VIATIONS ON CANS OR DRUMS. SEE PAGE 38.

1 GASOLINE (KANJI)Ki Hatsu Yu

Volatile Oil

2 GASOLINE (KANA)

Ga So Rin

3 IB i ~Ud ORDINARY GASOLINEPu Tsu Ki Hatsu Yu

Ordinary Volatile Oil

4 4j l SPECIAL GASOLINEToku Shu Ki Hatsu Yu

Special Volatile Oil

GASOLINE FROM5 l"CRACKING PROCESS"

Bun Ryu Ki Hatsu Yu (FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION)

Distilled Volatile Oil

6 7kLJI AVIATION GASOLINEKa Ku Ki Ki Hatsu Yu

Aviation Volatile Oil


'411 GASOLINEUBFUEL O ILS

Oil

REFERENCE THESE ARE USED IN PRINTED TEXT FOR ABBRE-NMER VIATIONS ON CANS OR DRUMS. SEE PAGE 38. ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Jiji 4 f4 ;[j jj ADDING TETRA-ETHYL-LEAD)Gen Rjo Ku Hatsu Yu

Raw Material Volatile Oil

8 I KEROSENE

9' " LUBRICATING OIL

________ Lubricating Oil

10i' i LIGHT10 LUBRICATING OIL

Light Lubricating Oil

i HEAVY11 LUBRICATING OIL

Katsu Yu-

___________Heavy Lubricating Oil

12 9\ 2 1 41 PARAFFIN OIL

Pa Ra Pin Oil


~ItIIGASOLINE15.11LUBRICATING OILS

FUEL OILS

Oil

REFERENCE THESE ARE USED IN PRINTED TEXT FOR ABBRE-NMER VIATIONS ON CANS OR DRUMS. SEE PAGE 38. ENGLISH TRANSLATION

13 INTERNAL (ENGINE) OILNai Eu YuInternal Oil

14 EXTERNAL (GEAR) OIL

.Extfernal Oil

15 1% b i#I4Ii { FUEL OILNen Ry~ Yu

Fuel Oil

16 gY. I)II)I 71 (I CASTOR OILHi Ma Shi YU

Castor-Bean Oil

17 1IJr1EI MINERAL OILK5 YU

Mineral Oil


GASOLINELUBRICATING OILS

FUEL OILSYu

OIil

ABBREVIATED JAPANESE MARKINGS USED ONGAS AND OIL DRUMS

2 K or 2

1 No. 2 Gasoline

Note: Abbreviation "KI" is derived fromKIHATSUYU (Gasoline)

FU KI or I

3Note: Abbreviation FUTSU (Ordinary)

TT 91 G4

Toku

Special 91-Octane Gasoline

BUN 80 or 80 CG

5Abbreviation: BUNRYU (Distilled)

90-Octane Cracked-Gasoline

KU 90 KI or A 90 G

6

Abbreviation: KOKUKI (Aviation)90-Octane Aviation Gasoline

KU 87 GEN KI or G 87 B

7 -

Abbreviation: GENRYO and KOKUKI87-Octane Aviation Base-Gasoline

ABBREVIATED JAPANESE MARKINGS USED ONGAS AND OIL DRUMS

1 SE KI or P

8Abbreviation: SEKI YU (Kerosene)

No. 1 Kerosene

KEI YU or K

10Abbreviation: KEIKATSU YU

Light Oil

1 JU

11Abbreviation: JUKATSU

No. 1 Heavy Oil

13 ichi Nai

Abbreviation: NAI BUNo. 1 Internal Oil

14 ichi Gai

Abbreviation: GAIBUNo. 1 External Oil

*Numbers correspond to those in preceding table.(Key Character "Yu")

PRIMERBaku To

Explosive Tube

Yaku

Powder Tube Case

SHELL CASE

CARTRIDGE: CASE. PRIMER

Yaku Kyo Baku To

Cartridge Case Explosive Tube

Ha Kai

Demolition Tube

BANGALORETORPEDO

BANGALORETORPEDO

Baku Yaku To

Explosive-Powder Tube

p GRENADEDISCHARGER

Teki Dan T3

Grenade Tube


TO

To

SHELL CASE7 43-J BANGALORE TORPEDO

9 .GRENADE DISCHARGER

ToI COMPLETE ROUNDTube

(Shaped Container)A

As' fl COMPLETEROUND

Dan Yaks T3Artillery Shell (Complete) Tube

[ItiJ COMPLETE ROUNDHE SHELLRyfl Dan Dan Yakue TJ

High Explosive Artillery Shell (Complete) k Tube

xgF

xpoive41

Troops

INFANTRY

ORDANCE

Zo Hei

Manufacture (Arms) for Troops- m 1I I IJ I I I r I I '

Troops

Troops- I -*

ENGINEERS

CAVALRY

ARTILLERY

___ iLIGHT ARTILLERY

Kei Ho Hei

Light Gun Troops


iIi,Ho

HieHe;

Walking

Hei

Constructionmimi - I

HeiKi

Horse

;HeiHei

Troops

Ho

Gun

-SERVICE

/DIVISION

Hei

Troo ps

HEAVY ARTILLERY

Heavy Gun Troops

FIELD ARTILLERYYa Sen Ho Hei

Field Warfare Gun Troops.. .... p . ..

Gan

Coast Gun

Hei

Troops

COAST ARTILLERY

MECHANICALLY-DRAWNARTILLERY

Ji Do Sha Ken In Ho Hei

Self-Moving Vehicle Tractioned Gun Troops

Ju D

Self-Moving

b

Horse (drawn)

Ho Hei

Gun

H5

Gun

Troops

Hei

Troops

SELF-PROPELLEDARTILLERY

HORSE-DRAWNARTILLERY


Kai

Sea

ANTIAI RCRAFTARTILLERY

K A Sha H T Hei

High Angle Gun Troops

Shi Dan

Division

H$ Hei

Gun Troops

DIVISIONALARTILLERY

ARMY AIRSERVICE

Riku Gun Ko Ki Hei

Land Unit Air Troopsm m I I

iKa GakuKa Gakue

Chemistry

'F'SMe

Small

U1Sen Hei

Warfare Troops

CHEMICAL WARFARESERVICE

I:1 I' I---- -

Fire

Ka Hei

Troop (Branch)

SMALL ARMS


0IN4,16

SERVICE// ,//1/ DIVISION

Hei'

% Troops

_ _ ARMYRiku Gun

Land Unit

1

NAVYKai Gun

Sea Unit

AIR FORCESKu Gun

Air UnitJ_______________

~JL ARMY AND NAVYUNITS

Gun

Unit

LANDMINE

Ji Rai

Land Mine

Sui Rai

Water Mine

WATERMINE

m CONTACTLAND-MINE

Shoku Hatsu Ji Rai

Contact Land Mine

Sha Ji Rai

Land Mine

ANTITANK

MINE

If' TRIP-WIREMINE

Tes Sen Kei Tei Rai

Iron Wire Tripping Purpose Mine

Ji Raifi Rai

Land Mine

CLOCK-WORKMINE


Sen

Tank

1 aJi Hatsu

Self-Acting

-

VuhFuruT *

Baku Rai

MINEDEMOLITION

________________Explosive Mine

FLOATINGMINE

Fu Yu Sui Rai

Floating, Wafer Mine

Ku Rai

TORPEDO(Aerial)

Air Mine 1 ___

II I

Ki Kan

Machine Gun

MACHINEGUN

LIGHTMACHINE GUN

Kei Ki Kan Ju

Light Machine Gun

Ki Kan

Machine Gun

HEAVYMACHINE GUN

FIXEDMACHINE GUN

Ko Tei Ki Kan J

Fixed Machine Gun

AFLEXIBLEMACHINE GUN

Ja Nan Ki Kan Ji

Flexible Machine Gun

t ANTIAIRCRAFTh El ® MACHINE GUN

Ko Sha Ki Kan Ju

High-Angle Machine Gun


Heavy

- ~- -- -- ----- - ~--- -

5~tt~

Aft

MACHINE GUNAUTOMATIC RIFLE

PISTOL

Dimesiu RIFLE

Gun (Smaller

~than "Ho")

- I U

Sho

SmallGunJ

Gun

RIFLE

AUTOMATICRIFLE

Ji Do J

Self-Acting Gun

PISTOLKen J

Hand-Operated Gun

CARBINEKi ]u

Horse (Cavalry) Gun

i ARTILLERYA SHELL

Ryu Dan

(Type used for Artillery) H.E. Shell

SPECIAL4 SHELL

Toku Shu Ho Dan

Special Gun-Shell

COMMON

]in Jo Ryu Dan

Common High Explosive Shell

Shi Sei

Experimental

Dan

Shell

EXPERIMENTALSHELL

e q 4 1 e LARGE CALIBER

Dai Ko Kei Ho Dan

Large Caliber Gun-Shell

KUwyPA

Ryu Dan________________________________________________________________________ a

Hiqh Explosive Shell

HIGH-EXPLOSIVESHELL


f ,7 ii ARTILLERY j

SHELL

/

Ryu Dan

Ei K5

Tracer (with) Light

Ry R Dan

Ryi Dan

HE Shell

pI i

HE SHELL WITHLIGHT-TRACER

TYPE 92nHESHELLO(for Infantry)Ku Ni Shiki Ho Ryi Dan

9 2 Type Infantry HE Shell

Sen

Come to a Sharp Point

9 fg

Gas

Dan

Shell4___ _ U _,

Dan

Shell

LONG-POINTED(Streamlined) SHELL

GAS SHELL

HI ~HOLLOW CHARGE7~f~h BSHELL

Sen Ko Ryu Dan

Pierce Through Armor Plate Shell

Sb ~ I

Incendiary

Dan

Dan

Shell

INCENDIARYSHELL


-

--

~-----------

A"Abb

5Is ARTILLERYS SHELL

Ryu Dan

r l 111 ,STAR SHELL(Illuminating)

Sho Mei Dan

Brilliant Glare Shell

Hatsu

Emit

En

Smoke

Dan

Shell

SMOKE SHELL

4 r _H "ANTIAIRCRAFT, , - ' POINTED SHELL

Ko Sha Sen Ei Dan

High-Angle (Fire) Pointed Shell- | i_- F

Tek is anabbreviation of

Tekkyo (Remove)

Ff1Pierce Armor-plate

Ryu Dan

HE Shell

ARMOR-PIERCINGHE SHELL

-e F~h U I'

Remove, Destroy Armor-plate

Dan

Shell

AP STEEL SHELL(AP Shot)

ml 4 9

Armor-piercing

qIngB3

Cap

Dan

Shell

AP SHELL WITHHARDENED CAP


Ha

Tek

S~ ARTILLERYN" SHELL

Ryu Dan/ I~

- ' SEMI-STEEL1 1|SHELLKo Sei Sen Ryu Dan

Semi Steel ShellII

Rya Dan

ShellV I I

Tetsu

Chilled Steel

DanDan

Shell

DRAWN-STEELSHELL

CHILLED STEEL(AP) SHELL

Sa F J j PROJECTILEHo Tj Y Ka Non Dan Gan FOR

un____ PDfCANNON USEGun-Turret Use Cannon Projectile

SThis is an exception to the general rule

that key characters are terminal characters.

SanSan

Case

Yoku

Wings

Dan

Shell

Dan

Shell

SHRAPNEL

(Finned Shell)MORTAR SHELL


Tan Ko

Forge Steel

Ken

Ryu

High-explosive

Yu

Possessing

>' ~ ~'/ ARTILLERY/I/ SHELL

/7uDa

Rifle

Netsu1* t

Heat (Red hot)

Ryi Dan

Grenade

RIFLEGRENADE

f 4,

Teki Dan

Grenade

THERMITEGRENADE

POTATO-MASHER TYPEHAND-GRENADE

E Tsuki Shu Ryu Dan

Stick-Hand Hand Grenade

Dan

Solid Ammunition

BALLAMMUNITION

PROJECTILEDan Gan

Shell Body (Form) ________________

* This is an exception to the general rule that key characters

are terminal characters.

4

Shaku

Intense

jitsu

Ereitp

TABLE No. 13PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION

JAPANESE AIRPLANE BOMBS AND THEIR MARKINGS

SLAND BOMB1 (Thin-cased HE-GP Bomb)

Riku J . Baku Dan Demoliion Blast

Land-Use Bomb

ORDINARY BOMB2 (Heavy-cased HE-GP Bomb)

Tsu Jo Baku Dan Demolition SAP

General Purpose Bomb

3 SPECIAL PURPOSE3 1BOMB

Toku Shu Baku Dan 14 Types (Mark No. Series)

Special Kind Bomb

Group 3, or Special Purpose Bombs, is by far the most important, being composed of adiversified list ranging from chemical bombs to rocket and incendiary bombs. Although thereare 26 types of Special Purpose Bombs listed with mark numbers in Japanese ordnance cata-logs, there are but 14 known types in actual use and some of these are advanced only to theexperimental stage.

While the Japanese characters "Baku Dan" (airplane bomb) appear on all aerial bombs,or their shipping cases, the characters for "mark" number appear only on Special PurposeBombs, and just preceding "Baku Dan." Look first for the character "mark" and its number.If "mark" is present, then the number following it describes the type (through reference toTable No. 13).

When the ideograph for ."mark" is absent, look for "Baku Dan." The characters preced-ing it will describe whether it is a Land Bomb or an Ordinary (General Purpose) Bomb.These are set forth in Table No. 18.

f MARK-2Go Ni

Mark 2

BOMBBaku Dan

Airplane Bomb

On "Special Series" bombs a number follows this character to indicate the type as follows:

Type of Bomb

.Gas, chemical. Antisubmarine. Incendiary.. Rocket.. Armor-Piercing. Magnesium Incendiary and

Oil Incendiary. Unknown

.Unclassified

Mark No.

14 ..............

15.............

16.............

17 .............

18.............

19 .............

20 .............

21.............

22.............

23........ ....

24 .............

25 .............

26 .............

Type of Bomb

. Unclassified

. Cluster, Airdrome

.. Stick Cluster

. .Long-delay

. Parachute

. Parachute Cluster

. Above Ground


S Meaning is:MARK (Number)

Go

Mark No.

1 .....2 .....

3 .....

4.....

5 .....

6 . ....

7 .....

8 .....

9.....

10.....

11 ....

12 .....

13.....

The Japanese have several common weights for airplane bombs.

Kg.; 250 Kg.; 700 Kg.; 800 Kg.

Examples: 30 Kg.; 60

The preceding character indicates the weight of the bomb. In the example illustrated,

Roku Ban means number 6. Multiply the 6 by 10, and the result is the weight of the bomb in

kilograms. (60 kg.)

Note: The Japanese characters on this page are related to markings

found only on JAPANESE AIRPLAN E BOMB3S.

NUMBER 6

Roku Ban

Meaning is:DESIGN NUMBER

(so-and-so)

Kata

Meaning is:MODEL

(so-and-so)

Shiki

A METRIC

//TABLES

San chi7

Sanchi

CENTIMETER

MILLIMETER

Mi Ri

~ GRAMt (15.432 grains)

Guramu

~ 1 SECOND

Byo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

AKILOGRAM(2.2 lbs.)

Kilo

1. K. 205 = 1.205 Kg.

1 LITER(1.7607 pints)

Rittoru

i F 1 DECALITER

(2.2008 gallons)Deka Rittoru

Pondo

1 POUND(120.96 momme)


Miri

~'I %"~ ~4 METRICFm' J~j~ TABLES

Sanchi

_V iAIRCRAFTK5 Ku Ki

Flying (in) Air Machine 1

Riku Gun Ki

Land Branch (Flying) Machine

7I NAVYI PLANE

Kai Gun Ki

Sea Branch (Flying) Machine

" LAND- -PLANE

Riki Jo Ki

Land Best (Use) (Flying) Machine

Sui

Sea

±,5

Best (Use) (Flying) Machine

SEAPLANE

TORPEDO1 I lAIRPLANE

Rai Geki Ki

Water Mine 2 Attack 3 (Flying) Machine


s5_ Ka

Armor Plated

- I Y I

Hi Ko

Flight (Flying) Machine

ARMOREDAIRCRAFT

BOMBINGAIRPLANE

Bomb 4 Attack (Flying) Machine

BOMB

Baku Geki Sho Jun Ki

Bomb 4 Attack 3 Sighting Device (For a) (Flying) Machine

FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 15Abbreviations reference

Ni MACHINEKi Kai

Machine

ATTACK

Ko Geki

TORPEDOAerial

Kio Rai

Air Mine

BOMBBaku ADan RPLANEBaku Dan

Tetsu

Iron

IRON

b STEELKJ Tetsu

Steel

~L~1"JBRASS

Yellow Copper ____________

~n COPPER

_________ Copper ___________

R &'J BRONZESei D

Bluish Copper ______ ______

Namari

I Led

LEAD


11 1 ALLOYGo Kin

Compound Metal

Chu Tetsu

Cast Iron

CAST IRON

CHROMIUMSTEEL

Ku Ro Ma Ko Tetsu

Chromium Steel

SKo is an-abbreviation of KoTetsu (steel)

Ko Sei SenSEMI-STEEL

Steel with Steel-type pig-iron

Tan Ko

Forged Steel

DRAWN STEEL

*

CHILLEDSTEEL

Ken Tetsu

Chilled Steel


Chu'

Cast Steel

CAST STEEL

*

Sf ALLOY STEEL

GO Kin Ko

Compound Metal Steel. .. . .

*

Ke

Steel

Bau

Plate

STEEL PLATE

ZINC

A En

Lead

* Ko is an abbreviation of KoTetsu (steel)

Ko

Jt~II n3I~SNOSE FUZEDan TXShin Kan

Projectile Head Communicating Tube (Fuze) _____________

Dan

Projectile

Tei

Base

Shin Kan

Fuze

BASE FUZE

Iris TIME FUZEEi Ka Shin Kan

Slow-moving Fire Fuze

Chaku Hatsu

Arrival - Departure

Fuku D

Double-Motion

jfa"Shin Kan

Fuze

Shin K an

Fuze-I-, I I

Shu

Instant4

Matsu Shin Kan

Depart (Fire) lnstantaneous Fuze

PERCUSSIONFUZE

COMBINATIONFUZE

(Time and Percussion)

INSTANTANEOUSFUZE

SHORT-DELAY- finFUZE

Ta hKi Shin Kan

Short-time Late-Period Fuze

(Cotinued on next page).

i

MEM'K

FUZE

POWDER TRAIN

A Pipe or

h -~U I

5*~'z

Without

Shin

Fuze

Kan

UNFUZED

FO~ I+rii I BOMB FUZEBaku. Dan Shin Kan

Airplane Bomb Fuze

_ __ _ FUZE

~ DETONATING

Baku Retsu Shin Kan

Explosive (Force) Fuze

4 POWDER' TRAIN(of a Fuze)

Ka Do Shin Klan

Fire-Road (Powder Train) Fuze

1F I~jTIME TRAINK~lL (of a Fuze)

Yaku Ban Shin Kan

Powder-Block Fuze

Rai

Detonating

Kan

Tube (Cap)

PERCUSSIONCAP

(of a Cartridge)

PRIMER CAPBak Kan

Explosive Tube (Cap) _____________

1

__± R LAND BOMBRiku Jo Baku Dan

For (Land) Use (the) Best Explosive Shell

LKEL41* I GENERAL

PURPOSE (HE)

Tsu Jo Baku Dan (Ordinary) BOMB

Known as Regular (Standard) Bomb

SPECIALPURPOSE

Toku Shu Baku Dan BOMB

Special Kind (of) Bomb

19 _ INCENDIARY

Sho I Yo Baku Dan (Airplane)

Incendiary- Use Bomb

Rin

Phosphorus

Baku Dan

Bomb

PHOSPHORUSBOMB

bk 45~ LIQUID FLAMEA ' WP-- BOMB

Ka En Baku Dan

Fire-Flame Bomb


-- I -

1120RM2

$% ,1! AIRPLANE. IBOMBS

Baku Dan

Explosive Shell (Bomb)

Sai

(Into) Smallest Pieces

p

hJ~~Baku

Bomb

Dan

FRAGMENTATION'BOMB

- I I I - -

Ga Su

Gas

hJ~~Baku Dan

Bomb

GAS BOMB

DEMOLITIONBOMB

Baku Ha Yo Baku Dan

Explosive Demoltion Use Bomb

Ha

Pierce

Ke3

Armor

PU

Baku

Bomb

Dan

ARMOR-PIERCINGBOMB

* ~ Ji~i DUMMY BOMB

Gi Baku Dan

Abbrev. for Gi Sei (Dummy) Bomb

Ha Kai

Demolition

Gi Sei

Dummy

Sei

Made in

U- L S- -

Z5

Work

Sho

Plant

FACTORY

im' h SMALL ARMSFACTORY

Sho Jo Sei Zo Sho

Small Rifle Made in Work Plant

MP~VV B EfBPOWDER

FACTORYKa Yaku Sei Zo Sho

Fire (Gun) Powder (Made in) Manufacturing Plant

KJ Sho

Work Shop

U

ARSENALWORKSHOP

ARMY-~ ARSENAL

Riku Gun K3 Sho

Land Branch Work Shop ___________

Manufacture (Arms for) Troops Shop

ARSENAL

1 4 THE NAVALARSENAL

Kure Kai Gun KJ Sho AT KUREKure Naval Arsenal

Zo Hei Sho

SECTION THREE

PRACTICAL READING AND TRANSLATION OF

JAPANESE CHARACTERS

JAPANESE W MAAN AMMUNITION BOX

Start at left top corner and read down.

Ni

Shiki

Ei

TYPE 2

Table 5

LIGHTTRACER

Ku

Ki

rn

TAG WITHIN

AIRCRAFT

Table 15

20 MM

IYaku

IIaSho

Wa

AHachi

Nen

ii

GIiGetsu

i!1Sei FACTORY

i Table 19Sho

Note: The Japanese characters on this page were copied direct from tags within ammuni-

tion boxes that had been captured in the Philippines.

iy i f (P i. r y

Ko

AP

Ha SHELL

K~i

Table 2Dan

Dan AMMO.

~ Table 4Yaku

COMPLETEROUNDTable 8

TT,

111JKan

a

Dan

Metric Table 14

POM-POMGUN

Table 3

To

TOKYO

Kyo

Riku ARMY

Table 10Gun

Zo

ARSENAL

He:

Aqu

Sho

l 1

AMMUNITION

SHOWA

18th YEAR

1943

Table 6

NOVEMBER

Table 7

Table 20

Table 4

JAPANESE MARKINGS ON AN AIRPLANE BOMB

* * Indicates KEY CHARACTERS that appear on bombs.(Reference to Table 13)

LA TYPE 1 ... (1941)MODEL 1

MODIFICATIN 1Ichi Shiki Ichi Kata Kai Ichi

(No.) One Type (No.) One Model Modification (No.) One

L1ASS'IFIED

t IWDJAPANESE MARKINGS ON A

Japanese 150 mm Howitzer

HEAVY GUN

Inscriptions on Weapon

After transposing characters, left to right.

Ku Roku Shiki Ju Go Sanchi Ryu Dan Po

TYPE 96 15 CENTIMETER HOWITZER

Sho Wa Ju Go Nen 0 Saka Ke Sho

SHOWA 15th YEAR (1940) OSAKA ARSENAL

'.I r

JAPANESE MARKINGS USED TO INDICATE ARSENALS

The following are the markings found on ordnance items, such as Cannon and Artillery

Shells, and represent Japanese Arsenals.

SYMBOL JAPANESE ARSENAL OR MANUFACTURING PLANT

9 ? Kokura Arsenal

Tokyo Arsenal

G p Gas and Electric Co.

Nagoya Arsenal

3 1Heijo Arsenal

Osaka Arsenal

~ Chiyoda Arsenal

I South Arsenal

Tokyo Explosives Factory

75

/;JAPANESE Lti SA TERMS

Dan Do

Dan Do Gaku

TRAJECTORY

BALLISTICS

MINIMUMI~ + RANGESai Sha Sha Tei

MAXIMUMRANGE

Sai Dai Sha T ei

MUZZLEVELOCITY

Sho Soku

ANGLE OF~ 1 u I~JELEVATION

Sha Kaku

DEGREES OF

__ _ _ __ _ _ Gy3 Do

~iJ~ METERS'I..,PER SECOND

Mei Toru Mai By3 _______________

u u,

JAPANESE BALLIS(Continued)

TERMS

TIME OF FLIGHTKei Ka Ji Kan

HIGH VELOCITY

KJ Soku Do

LOW VELOCITY

Tei Soku Do

STRIKINGVELOCITY

Mei Chuz7 Soku Do

Hai Ka Ku

AZIMUTH

I I

Sho fun

LAYING(of a gun)

Ii ~ DIAMETEROF BOREKei Kei

LENGTHOF BORE

KJ Cho

<~i~ 7

OF JAPANESE ORDNANCE ITEMS

SUBJECT TABLE NUMBER

Aircraft................................... 15

Airplane Bombs..........................13, 18

Ammunition .............................. 4

Arsenal.............2

Artillery Shells ........................... 12

Automatic Rifle........................... 11

Bangalore Torpedo....................... 8

Bombs.....................................13, 18

Bullets ...................................... 2

Cannon ..................................... 3

Caps (Fuze).............................. 17

Carbine ...................................... 1Cars.................. ........... .. 1

Complete Round........................... 8Explosives................... 4

Factory...................................... 19Fuel Oils.................................. 7

Fuzes ................. ................ r..... 17

Gasolines....................

Grenades .....................

Grenade Launcher ....................... 8Guns......................................... 3

Hand Grenades ........................... 2

Hollow Charge.......................... 4, 12

Howitzers...................3

Lubricating Oils. ......................... 7

SUBJECT TABLE NUMBER

Machine Guns .................... ......... 11

Mark Number (Bombs)................ 13

Metals... ...... ............................. 16

Metric Terms............................. 14

Mines ................ .......... 10

Model (Type) ........................... 5Month...................................... .6Mortars.................................... 3

Oils... ..................................... 7

Organization. .................... ..... 9

Pistol ....................................... 11

Powder Trains........................... 17

Primers .. ,.................

Rifles...........:............................ 11

Rocket ...................................... 2

Service Branch..................

Shells ....................................... 12

Shell Case ................................. 8

Tanks........................................ 1

Torpedo (Air) ........................... 10

Tractor..................................... 11

Trains (Explosive)....................... .17

Trucks...................................... 1

Vehicles...................................... 1

Year................................... 6

a ; i kY78 1 .

ilk 1.6

1

R X A

5Um~_~2

NOTES

Ail1 Y

.tom

is

Vv-

Catalog of Enemy Ordnance Material 1945 (Part 3 of 3)

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Transcript of Catalog of Enemy Ordnance Material 1945 (Part 3 of 3)