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Transcript of cast iron pipes

REPORT ON CAST IRON PIPES BRASS PIPES & COPPER PIPES

Submitted By: Adnan Irshad Kirti Pandey B.Arch III Yr. Sfs

CONTENTSS.No1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

ContentsIntro. Of Pipes

Page No.

Introduction Of Cast Iron ... .1 Laying Detection Of Cracks Joints.. Features Types Of Fittings Different Diam. Of Pipes And Wall Thickness Example Advantage And Disadvantage.......... Brass Pipes11 Threading Bending Features.. Types Of Fittings. Common Sections Of Brass Advantages And Disadvantage. Weight Of Brass Pipe In Kg/Mt Copper Pipes.18 Fin Tubes. Copper Nickel Tube. Copper Pvc Tubes Types Of Cooper Used Copper Fittings. Advantages And Disad Wt. Of Copper Pipe In Kg/Mt.. Conclusion.25 Bibliography.26.

INTRODUCTION OF CAST IRONManufactured by reheating pig iron (in a cupola) and blending it with other material of known composition. Alternate layers of pig iron (with or without scrap steel) and coke are charged into furnace. Limestone is added to flux the ash from the coke. Heat necessary for the smelting is supplied by the combustion of coke and air supplied by the blast. Cupola function to purify iron and produce a more uniform product. When sufficient metal is accumulated at the bottom of the furnace, it is tapped. Composed primarily of iron, carbon and silicon. Shaped by being cast in a mold It has the greatest amount of carbon. Basically, the amount and form of carbon could affect the strength, hardness, brittleness and stiffness of cast iron. Adding carbon to iron increases its hardness and strength but lowers the ductility. Cast iron has high compressive strength but its tensile strength is low. There are 2 types of cast iron that is: a) Gray Cast Iron b) White Cast Iron

INTRODUCTION OF PIPECast Iron pipes and fittings are being made in this country for more than a century. The productio capacity exceeds more than 3,00,000 tons per annum. Due to its strength and corrosion resistance , C.I pipes can be used in soils and for water of slightly aggressive character. They are well suited for pressure mains and laterals where tapping are made for house connections. It is preferable to have coating inside and outside of the pipe. Vertically cast iron pipes shall conform to IS 1537 -1976. The pipes are manufactured by vertical casting in sand moulds. The metal used for the manufacture of this pipe is not less than grade 15. The pipes shall be stripped with all precautions necessary to avoid wrapping or shrinking defects . The pipes shall be such that they could be cut, drilled or machined. Cast Iron flanged pipe and fittings are usually cast in the larger diameters. Smaller sizes have loose flanges screwed on the ends of double spigot spun pipe. Centrifugally cast iron pipes are available in diameters from 800mm to 900 mm inclusive and are covered with protective coatings. Pipes are supplied in 3.7 m to 5.5 meters lengths and a variety of joints is available including socket and spigot and flanged joints.

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The pipes have been classified as LA,A and B according to their thicknesses. Class LA pipes have been taken as the basis for evolving the series of pipes.y y

Class A allows a 10% increase in thickness over Class LA. Class B allows a 20% increase in thickness over Class LA.

Layingy

Before laying the pipes, the detailed map of the area showing the alignment sluicevalves scour valvesm, air valves and fire hydrants along with the existing intercepting sewers, telephone and electric cables and gas pipes will have to be studied. Care should be taken to avoid damage to the existing sewer, telephone and electric cables and gas pipes.

Detection of Cracks in Pipesy y

The pipe and fittings shall be inspected for defects and be rung with a light hammer, preferably while suspended, to detect cracks. Smearing the outside with chalk dust helps the location of cracks. If doubt persists further confirmation may be obtained by pouring a little kerosene on the inside of the pipe at the suspected spot. If a crack is present the kerosene seeps through and shows on the outer surface. Any pipe found unsuitable after inspection before laying shall be rejected.

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JOINTSJoints are classified into the following three categories depending upon their capacity for movement.y

(a)Rigid Joints-

Rigid joints are those which admit no movement at all and comprise flanged, welded and turned and bored joints. Flanged joints require perfect alignment and close fittings are frequently used where a longitudinal thrust must be taken such as at the valves and meters. The gasket used between flanges of pipes shall be compressed fiber board or natural or synthetics rubber. Welded joints produce a continuous line of pipes with the advantage that interior and exterior coatings can be made properly and are not subsequently disrupted by the movement of joints.

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(b) Semi Rigid Joints

Semi rigid joints is represented by the spigot and socket with caulked lead joint. A semi rigid joint allows partial movement due to vibration etc. The socketed end of the pipe should be kept against the flow of water and the spigot end of the other pipe is inserted into this socket. A twisted spun yarn is filled into this gap and it is adjusted by the yarning tool and is then caulked well. A rope is then placed at the outer end of the socket and is made tight fit by applying wet clay, leaving two holes for the escape of the entrapped air inside. The rope is taken out and molten lead is poured into the annular space by means of a funnel. The clay is then removed and the lead is caulked with a caulking tool. Lead wool may be used in wet conditions Lead covered yarn is of great use in repair work, since the leaded yarn caulked into palce will keep back water under very low pressure while the joint is being made.

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(c) Flexible Joints

Flexible joints are used where rigidity is undesirable such as with filling of granular medium and when two sections cannot be welded. They comprise mainly mechanical and rubber ring joints or tycoon joints which permit some degree of deflection at each joint and are therefore able to stand vibration and movement. In rubber jointing special type of rubber gasket are used to connect cat iron pipe which are cast with a special type of spigot and being socket in the groove, the spigot end being lubricated with grease and slipped into the socket by means of a jack used on the other end. The working conditions of absence of light, presence of water and relatively cool uniform temperature are all conducive to the prservation of rubber and consequetly this type of joint is expected to last as long as the pipes. Hence, rubber jointing is to be preferred to lead jointing.

Why Cast Iron Pipe Fittings?While selecting pipe fittings for drain or sewer system, buyer's mostly prefer materials that are resistant to abrasion. Cast iron pipe fittings are highly resistant to abrasion from sand, gravel, dishwasher discharge, garbage disposal residue and debris, which are carried in suspension along the lower portion of the sewer or drain. This makes cast iron the most sought after choice of buyers for pipe fittings.

Important Features:Cast iron soil pipe fittings are classified either as Hub and Spigot and No Hub or Hubless. Hub coupling fittings comprise a ribbed steel sleeve, which is tightened and held in position by means of steel band clamps on both sides, lined with a rubber gasket. Cast iron couplings are designed to connect pipe to pipe as well as pipe to fitting.y y y y

Pipes made of no hub cast iron are never threaded or welded. These pipes are connected by means of no-hub couplings. Hub and spigot pipe fittings come in two classes of thickness: Service (SV) and Extra Heavy (XH). Hubless cast iron pipe fittings are usually manufactured without a hub, complying ASTM A 888 or CISP 301 and are available in 1 through 15 sizes. Hubless cast iron couplings are used for joining fittings like ells, wyes, and tees with the pipe.

Applications of pipe elbows:y y y

they are manufactured to be used in flow lines for gases, fluids in industrial processes, medical, construction and many other specialized applications. The elbows are constructed of heavy materials for rigid applications like extreme high/low temperature resistance etc. The elbows are specifically designed for use on process and control systems, instrumentation, and equipment used in chemical, petroleum, fluid power, electronic and pulp and paper plants.

Pipe reducery y

A pipe reducer serves the two basic purposes: Changing the piping diameter Handling the expansion, misalignment or vibration problem

Pipe couplingsy

Pipe couplings are highly demanded in the pipe fitting market. Pipe couplings are fittings that help to extend or terminate pipe runs. These fittings are also used to change pipe size. Couplings extend a run by joining two lengths of pipe. They are known as reduced coupling if they are used to connect pipes of different sizes.

Pipe unionUses of pipe union:y y y y y

To provide a leak-proof disconnection point in any piping system. Used for inserting metering and regulating devices into any plumbing application. Can connect piping system to vessels. Can join two pipes of different size together. Can easily remove the join between two pipes

Pipe teePipe Tee is used to connect pipelines with a pipe at a right angle with the line. Pipe Tees are widely used as pipe fittings. They are made of various materials and available in various sizes and finishes . Pipe tees are extensively used in pipeline networks to transport two-phase fluid mixtures.

Pipe adapters:y y y y y y y

Adapters are applicable in all sanitary pipes.

They provide high purity and excellent chemical resistance. Leak-free designs in adapters can withstand high-pressure. Adapters are ideal for high-vibration or side-load stressed applications. They offer better flow rates. They offer fewer potential leak points, thereby providing a seamless and convenient transition from piping to tubing systems. In some cases, adapters eliminate the need for welded or threaded connections, which in turn save time and cost.

Example Of Cast Iron Pipe :y Figure 3 - Bathroom vent pipe diagram

Proper suspending of a cast iron to PVC coupling installed vertically

Bathroom vent pipe diagram

Disadvantages of cast iron pipe:y y y y y

Heavy wiight Consequent height transport cost Shor lenghth leading to higher laying and jo9ning cost Low tensile strength Liability to detect of inner surface

Advantage of Cast Iron Pipe Fittings:y

The performance and durability of cast iron pipe fittings are far better than other materials used for sanitary and storm drain, waste, and vent piping. Cast iron pipe fittings are extremely durable, nearly indestructible and does not react with most chemicals, and will not burn or melt except under the most extreme conditions. This decreases the hazard of poisonous gases in case of fire or other accidents. Cast iron fittings are also known for their unparalleled performance. Soundproofing Qualities: In most installations, neoprene gaskets and hubless coupling are used with cast iron pipe & fittings. This in turn, minimises noise and vibration caused by the contact between pipe and pipe fittings to a great extent. The structure and composition of cast iron helps to dampen the sound rather than transmitting or amplifying it. Versatility: Cast iron pipe fittings are known for their versatility as they come with a wide range of joining methods that allow efficient installation both above and below the floor and even underground. Because of this feature, cast iron is mostly preferred for sanitary and storm drain, waste, and vent piping material on the market. They are also suitable for use in all types of building construction. Low Cost Installation: One of the significant advantages of cast iron fittings is that they ensure lowcost installation.

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INTRODUCTION OF BRASS PIPES :Brass is an alloy of zinc and copper and is one of the most common materials used in pipe fittings. They are used for a variety of purposes; however they are most commonly used in residential and industrial situations for carrying materials such as water, slurries, chemicals, flammable gases and for fire sprinkler systems. When used for plumbing, brass pipe fittings are best suited to hot-water distribution lines as they last longer than other types of metals such as steel. They can be used for cold-water distribution however they dont work as well under cold conditions as other materials. Brass pipe generally comes in 12-foot straight lengths. If stored for any length of time, it should be kept where it will be uniformly supported on the floor or on a long shelf. It should not be hung over a couple of nails or pegs so that it may sag as it then becomes difficult to straighten and work with. Like galvanized steel pipe, brass pipe is threaded at each end and screwed into fittings or couplings. Refer to the section on Steel Pipe for the method of installation, as brass pipe is handled the same way except for a few slight differences, discussed below. Brass pipe is softer than steel or iron pipe and is easily marked or marred by ordinary pipe vises and pipe wrenches, so friction clamps and friction wrenches should be used. Iron-pipe dies should never be used for threading brass pipe. Special brass-. pipe dies should be secured and used. They will insure good, tight screw-thread joints in brass-pipe plumbing. This necessity for using special tools to insure good work with brass might induce amateur plumbers to avoid using a little brass pipe if the special wrenches and dies cannot be borrowed. If you have to buy several extra tools you will not use often, there is no economy in using brass pipe just because it might prove a little more satisfactory in certain cases. The professional plumber will have all the various tools needed to work with steel pipe, brass pipe, cast iron pipe, lead pipe, and copper tubing, but the amateur had better stick to the one or two kinds his equipment will handle.

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Do not forget to ream brass pipe after cutting it. All water pipe should be reamed after it is cut, whether it is brass, wrought-iron, or galvanized steel. It is bad plumbing to install pipes of the proper size and then reduce the bore at some fittings by failure to remove burrs made while cutting some of the pipes.

Threadingy y y

Clamp the brass pipe in a vies, using friction clamps. Do not let the end of the pipe project more than about 6" from the face of the vies, the easiest working distance. The less it projects the better, for it makes the pipe stiffer in resisting the strains of threading. See that the dies are set to the correct gauge mark, so that they will cut a thread to exactly standard size. Fittings are tapped to standard thread, and the thread cut on the end of pipe must match. Scrape or blow out any chips or dirt that might have been left from the last threading operation. Slip the die on the pipe and start the thread. If the dies are hard to start, jerk a little, but only at the start. After a few revolutions, if the dies have caught, it will become difficult to revolve the stock with one hand. So use both hands and pull slowly at first. The thread will cut steadily, with an even resistance to the pull. If the resistance eases up suddenly, that means the dies have not caught, and the threads have been stripped. the die while cutting a thread. Use plenty of cutting

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oil and apply more after every two threads. Reverse the stock occasionally to break the chips. Do not make too many threads. Only so many will screw into the fitting and cutting several more than that merely weakens the pipe beyond the fitting. About 5 to 8 perfect threads are usually enough. Stop cutting threads when the pipe end shows flush with the face of the dies.

Bending brass pipey

Generally it is not advisable to try to bend pipe. To change direction you should insert elbows of different angles. But as brass pipe is softer than iron or steel pipe, there may be cases where it will be satisfactory to bend it. Select a piece of soft pipe. If it is not soft enough, anneal it by heating it to a dull red at the place where the bend is to be made, and then bend it. If a large, easy bend is required, bend it around something large and round like a metal garbage can or a hot-water tank or a large tree. Do not bend over a sharp edge as the edge will kink the pipe. Bend a little at a time and never twice on the same spot. They have an easy bend that is neither seriously flattened nor kinked.

Why brass pipe fittings? Brass pipe fittings are popular because they are strong and durable and hence widely used in industrial and residential applications. The use of brass to make various pipe fittings provides a distinct look because of its yellow color. The advantages of brass for pipe fittings include its good corrosive resistance, and also its plating, joining, polishing and finishing characteristics. Brass as a material is easily machined and hence can be given any shapes of the various types of fittings available.

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Features of brass pipe fittings: Brass pipe fittings have certain unique features which make them highly demanded. Some of these properties are as follows:Brass pipe fittings are characterized by good strength. These fittings have excellent high temperature ductility. They have reasonable cold ductility. Pipe fittings made of brass have good conductivity. They are excellent in corrosion resistance. Brass pipe fittings have good bearing properties. They have low magnetic permeability. Finishes on brass pipe fittings: Brass pipe fittings are available in various finishes. In-fact, the finishes on brass pipes and pipe fittings should be same. Various finishes may be applied over brass as a decorative and protective finish. Some of the common finishes are as follows: Polished Brass Nickel finish Chrome plated Oil rubbed brass Antique brass Lacquered brass finish Unlacquered brass finish etc. Types of brass pipe fittings: Various types of fittings made of brass are as follows:Pipe Adapters Pipe Coupling Pipe Elbow Pipe Nipples Pipe Union Pipe Tee Pipe Plug Pipe Wye etc.

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Common Sections In Brass :Screwed connections are used on steel or brass pipe less than 2.5 in diameter. It is least leak proof of the pipe joining method and is used where the temperature and pressure are low. The end preparation for screwed pipe is termed threaded and coupled (T&C) because a coupling is usually supplied with a straight line of pipe.

Soldered connection:Copper and brass water tubes are most often joined by soldered connections. Domestic water systems where temperatures and pressure are low . Both rigid and soft pipe can be soldered.

Flanged connection:The flanged method of connecting pipes utilizes a fitting called a flange, the flange has an outside diameter greater than pipe. Flanges are welded to the ends of pipe and then sections of pipe can be bolted together.

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Temperature and Working Pressure Ranges Tolerance

From -400F to + 1600F at 150 PSI maximum.y

+/- .02 on all dimensions. Dimension Data can change without notice.y

Material

CA360 Brass for Barstock fittings. CA377 Brass for Forged fittings.y

These fittings are intended for use with hose clamp, Assembly Instructions

similar type clamp or a crimped ferrule.y

1- Cut hose cleanly and squarely to length. 2- Slide clamp on hose. 3- Lubricate hose. Push hose on fitting until hose bottoms against stop ring or hex. 4- Position hose clamp as shown below and secure

Garden hose fittings

Disadvantages of brass pipe:y

Dezincification also weakens the structure of yellow brass pipes and leaves them prone to pinhole leaks. This type of corrosion in yellow brass pipes starts on the inside of the pipe, so it's frequently hard to detect until it's too late. Eventually, however, the process of dezincification in the yellow brass will create a pinhole where water will slowly (at first) leak through the hole and leave behind mineral deposits on the outside of the pipe. the pinhole leak will either continue to grow or the water pressure will push through the mineral deposits, and an indoor sprinkler on. Yellow brass problems are not exclusive to pipes, either. Many pipe fittings and valves are made with yellow brass, and they are prone to the same sets of problems.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Brass Pipe Fittingsy

There are a huge number of advantages to choosing brass pipe fittings. It is very corrosive resistant and is easily manufactured making it possible to create brass pipe fittings in any type, size or shape. Brass pipe fittings are best known for their incredible strength along with excellent ductility in high temperatures. However, a disadvantage is that they are not quite as ductile in colder temperatures. They have good conductivity and a low magnetic permeability. Brass pipe fittings are slightly more expensive than similar different materials such as galvanized steel and wrought-iron; however they do offer a range of added benefits. Brass pipe fittings do not rust, meaning that you can use a small size of brass pipe and fitting than steel without losing any water volume. Brass pipe fittings are much easier to thread and bend than steel and iron. There are also several disadvantages however. The main disadvantage of brass pipe fittings is that they are very heavy. This makes them expensive to ship and harder to maneuver. Brass pipe fittings should not be used with iron pipes or vice versa, as when the two dissimilar metals are in contact they can cause electrolytic decomposition of the iron.

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Weight of brass pipes in kg per meter.

COPPER PIPESy

Copper has good corrosion resistance. It has excellent brazing and soldering properties and can also be welded, although best results are obtained with gas metal arc welding. with the appropriate product standards.

Copper Tubes can be used for plumbing, copper tubes for refrigeration in full accordance

Copper & Copper Alloy Fin Tubes:copper alloy fin tubes which, in comparison to plain tubes, increases the surface area and improves the heat transfer efficiently.

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Cuprous Nickel Tubes

The cuprous nickel tubes are available in a variety of combinations. This alloy has very high erosion and corrosion resistance. It has very high weld ability, easy for installation and high antifouling properties against sea microorganisms. Relatively high iron content provides better impingement attack resistance. The alloy is unique to stress corrosion cracking. This form of copper alloy gives the best service life under the most adverse conditions.

StandardsStandar d BS2871p art3 ASTM B-111 IS 1545 JIS H 3300 NFA 51 102 CuNi1 0Fe1M n NFA 51 102 CuNi3 0Mn1F e

Cupro Nickel Tube90 / 10

Symbol

CN 102

C 70600

CuNi10F e1

C7060

Cupro Nickel Tubes 70/30

Standar d NFA 51 102

BS2871p art3

ASTM B-111

IS 1545

JIS H 3300

CN 107

C 71500

CuNi30 Mn1Fe

C 7150

Dimensional Range

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Outer Diameter - 4.00 to 22.00 mm Wall Thickness - Between 0.15mm and 1.50 mm Length upto 6 mtrs

End Applications

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Heat Exchangers, Oil Coolers, Radiators, High Capacity Power Plants, Ship Building & Ship Repairs, Condensers, Offshore Oil rigs, Distiller Tubes, Evaporators, Ferrules etc.

Fin Tubescopper fin tubes suitable for the situations which require extended surface but the space availability and type of heat exchanger dictate otherwise because of their enhanced surface fin tubes provide better heat transfer performance which allows our customers to either reduce the size of the heat exchanger or increase its performance. Fin tubes are available in tube diameters of 15.88 mm, 19.05 mm & 25.4 mm with wall thickness of 1.00 mm and above. The fin density ranges from 19 fins per inch to 26 fins per inch. The copper fin tube we manufacture are designed to meet the most efficient and durable thermal performance for the most challenging situations and long lasting service life. Depending upon the specific requirement tube ends as well as a portion on its middle may be left unfinned for fixing the tube on the tube plate as shown in figures 1 & 2.

y PVC Coated Copper TubesPVC coated copper tubes & copper coils designed for protection against aggressive environment and colour coded to aid identification. Copper tube with a PVC sheath may be an effective method of protection against attack in harsh operating conditions. The PVC is tightly extruded onto the tube and is available in black, white, blue, yellow and green colours according to customer requirements. Material used to coat copper tubes is polyvinylchloride (PVC) of the following characteristics:y y y y

Density: 1400 - 1500 kg/m Elongation: 207 % Breaking strength: 14 N/mm 2 PVC coated Copper tubes are generally used for water, heating, gas, air, fluid and other installations. Major advantages of PVC-coated copper tubes are: major reduction of heat loss, prevention of burns in users, PVC coating protects copper tubes from aggressive environments and prolongs its service life. Plastic insulation layer is elastic and enables bending and all other working operations during installation. Soft annealed PVC-coated copper tubes are delivered in coils of 50 Feet lengths. PVC coated Copper tubes & coils are available in 6 mm to 15 mm diameter range. PVC Thickness is as per the specific requirements of the customers and generally available in 0.5 mm & 1.0 mm thickness.

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Copper pipe fittings play an important role in many plumbing and heating applications. These fittings are used for installation of various types of pipes. In fact, copper pipe fittings are mainly used with copper pipes used for supplying hot and cold water in residential water supply lines, as refrigerant line in HVAC, etc. Copper pipe fittings are available in many different sizes and styles and you can select the right one for your application.

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Why Copper Pipe Fittings?

Copper pipe fittings are extremely resistant to corrosion, and hence are mostly preferred for household water supply pipelines and other plumbing operations.

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Types of Copper Used:usually made of two basic types of copper:Soft copper: Tubes or pipes made of soft or ductile copper can be easily bent to travel around obstacles in the path of the tubing. Soft copper tubing is the only type, which is suitable for flare connections. Soft copper mostly preferred for refrigerant lines in split-system air conditioners and heat pumps.

The pipe fittings also vary depending on the type of pipe used. Copper pipes and fittings are

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Rigid copper:

Rigid copper is widely popular for water pipelines. Rigid copper pipes are connected using compression or sweat connection. As the name suggests, rigid copper cannot be bent and must use elbow fittings to go around corners or avoid obstacles.Copper pipes are usually joined using flare connection, compression connection and sweat or solder connection.

Categories of Copper Pipe Fittings:The first category includes fittings that are designed for making bends and turns in the pipe.y y

The second category comprise of fittings meant for connecting or branching copper pipe. The third category comprises of couplings, slip couplings, cast iron pipe adapters, etc. Any of these fittings can be selected depending on whether the pipe is rigid or flexible.

Types of copper fittings:y

90 Pipe Elbow

The 90 pipe elbows is used to connect tubes at a 90 angle. As the name suggests, the elbow is always a right-angle in shape. Such type of elbow is also known as "90 bends or 90 ells". The elbow is used to change the direction in piping and is also sometimes called a "quarter bend".

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Pipe caps

Pipe caps act as protective device and are designed to protect pipe ends of various shapes. The main purpose of using pipe caps is to waterproof the connections. They are also used to close the the ends of hydraulic or pneumatic pipes and tubes.

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45 Pipe Elbow

45 Pipe Elbow is also known as 45 bends or 45 ells. The 45 pipe elbow is used to connect tubes at a 45 pipe angle. As the name suggests, this is a pipe fitting device which is bent in such a way to produce 45 change in the direction of flow of the fluid/gas in the pipe.

Weight of copper pipes in kg per meter

Advantages and Disadvantages of Copper Pipe FittingsThere are many advantages to copper pipe fittings, as well as disadvantages. Copper has become the most popular type of material to be used in pipe fittings thanks to its huge range of advantages in comparison to other materials.y y

Copper is very versatile and easy to work with as it has thermal conductivity, is resistant to corrosion and is highly durable. Copper can even be embedded within concrete. Copper pipe fittings can be produced in a wide range of sizes so it makes it suitable for numerous applications. They are also renowned for their reliability, and consistently stand the test of time. As we mentioned before, copper pipe fittings are very easy to use and as a result it can lower installation costs as it takes a lot less time to install. Copper pipe fittings can easily be joined using soldering or brazing. Copper is also rigid while at the same time being ductile making it possible to form it into various shapes. There are however disadvantages to using copper for your pipe fittings. The main disadvantage is that copper is a lot more expensive than other popular options such as steel and plastic. This however is slightly justified for as installation is generally much cheaper. Copper pipe fittings also do not work well in water with high acidity. Copper piping that is used for plumbing should not be used in areas that the water acidity level exceeds either side of 6.5 to 8.5 pH. Copper also conducts heat very well, so this can be seen as a disadvantage because they can become very hot to touch especially when used for hot water. Copper pipes are also prone to bursting when subjected to low temperatures.

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Comparison between copper and brass pipes:y y y y y y y y y

Brass pipes retain its glossiness for long time. Brass pipes are better for hot and cold water supply Brass pipes are more heavier than copper pipes hence difficult to carry. Brass pipes are more costlier. Brass fittings have excellent high temperature ductility. Bras pipes are excellent in corrosion resistance. Brass pipe fittings have good bearing properties. Copper fittings have wider range than brass. Copper pipes are available with pvc material .

Bibliographyy y y y y

www.thepipefittings.com Engineering drawing and design book google.co.in www.jagdambapipes.com www.jindalpipes.com www.google.com