Cassava Production in Lao PDR and Myanmar

www.ciat.cgiar.org Science to cultivate change

Cassava Production in Lao PDR and Myanmar

Future Prospects for Tapioca Production and Trade in ASEAN

Tin Maung AyeCassava agronomist and soil scientist CIAT-Asia

Science to cultivate changewww.ciat.cgiar.org

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

“Magic Plant”


Cassava production in Southeast and Eastern Asia


In Lao PDR and MyanmarCassava is traditionally grown as asubsistence crop, it is one of themain sources of food calories formany ethnic groups, especially thoseliving in remote mountain areas


Cassava in Lao PDR and Myanmar


Traditional Production Systems

Planted on a wide rage of soils at early wet season with traditional methods

Produced mainly by smallholder farmers with locally available varieties

Generally apply little inputs on the soils

Resulting in low yields and soil nutrient depletion

Locally available cassava varieties in Myanmar

Bangkok

Hinthada local

Japan

Mon local

Yoe Sein

Malaysia

Shwepyitha

Singapore

Shweli

Pankalaw


Singapore variety

Malaysia variety

Pankalaw variety

Japan variety


Farmers grow cassava on marginal soils..


Farmers grow cassava on sloping lands..


Potential severe soil erosion


Heavy mechanization..


Current production systems

Grown as mainly for industrial uses such as starch and alcohol

Cassava becomes as a “Cash crop” for smallholder farmers

Still farmers do not apply optimum inputs for sustainable cassava production


Emerging producers (CLM)

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

Har

vest

ed

are

a

Cambodia

Lao People's DemocraticRepublic

Myanmar

Rapid expansion means rapid movement of planting material


that are too infertile for other crops or soils that have been depleted by other crops under suitable climatic conditions

It is frequently cultivated on the highly weathered and leached Oxisols (Ferralsols) and Ultisols(Acrisols and Nitosols)

In large areas of Lao PDR and Myanmar, cassava has been

growing in soils

Cassava production constraints

Many farmers grow local varieties on poor soils with prolong dry periods

Mono or mixed with many other cropsBut not right plant spacing

and arrangements

Little knowledge about how to grow cassava better

Emerging pests and diseases

Usually get low yields and decline in soil fertility


Different planting density and methods

Planting methods (Mount, Ridge or furrow)

Plant population (3000 - 18,000 per ha)



Source: Agricultural Statistics Year Book 2013, MAF

Name Harvested Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) Production (t)

2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013

Northern 5910 8935 11425 16 21 22 91920 189120 255691

Phongsaly 705 605 665 16 7 7 10998 4047 4841

Luangnamtha 550 1110 1320 14 20 25 7700 21934 33172

Oudomxay 235 220 295 15 13 13 3530 2781 3915

Bokeo 60 110 7 7 0 420 770

Luanprabang 3030 3395 2950 17 18 14 50056 62604 41477

Huaphanh 1390 1090 1780 14 18 15 19641 19424 26469

Xayabury 2455 4305 32 34 0 77922 145035

Central 18325 32660 31005 27 25 29 489461 828911 909067

Vientiane C 2855 8720 10610 38 30 38 107262 263954 407530

Xiengkhuang 2590 6050 2715 17 17 11 43512 100249 30870

Vientiane 3130 2745 3410 27 22 22 83039 59841 74440

Borikhamxay 6960 10190 9615 26 29 31 181099 299077 298642

Khammuane 390 1540 1870 23 35 35 9149 54146 66292

Savannakhet 2400 3415 2785 27 15 11 65352 51498 31303

Southern 6900 2380 2755 23 18 32 161805 42959 89427

Saravanh 5185 1285 1035 23 17 15 121433 22115 15204

Sekong 520 615 415 9 16 19 4768 10049 7877

Champasack 710 160 685 33 11 70 23402 1786 47950

Attapeu 485 320 620 25 28 30 12222 9002 18389

Total 31135 43975 45185 24 24 28 743192 1060677 1254336

Cassava area, yield and production in Lao PDR

Cassava areas in Lao PDR


Cassava area, yield and production in Myanmar (latest available figures)


State/Division Sown Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) Production (t)

Ayerawady 14,547 16.7 242,298

Bago 1,039 32.6 9,599

Chin 107 4.4 474

Kachin 22,022 13.1 289,099

Kayah - 0.0 -

Kayin 490 7.3 3,598

Magway - 0.0 -

Mandalay 0 4.8 2

Mon 336 15.2 5,111

Rakhine 278 6.7 1,862

Sagaing 1,953 7.1 13,831

Shan 1,482 20.1 17,540

Taninthayi 686 12.7 8,683

Yangon 823 19.8 16,273

Total 43,764 11.5 608,371

Total 16,037 8.5 129,224

Area, yield and production (2008-09)

http://www.google.co.nz/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=map+of+myanmar+states&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=3E2GS2G9vJ-GJM&tbnid=eDkcERJk6kedCM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://5starmyanmar.com/Myanmar-Burma-Maps.htm&ei=5OMzUYS5NYmJlQWez4GgCg&bvm=bv.43148975,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNGdyoDguILrvvAVRLnc5ttOg5CebQ&ust=1362441566722190

http://www.google.co.nz/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=map+of+myanmar+states&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=3E2GS2G9vJ-GJM&tbnid=eDkcERJk6kedCM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://5starmyanmar.com/Myanmar-Burma-Maps.htm&ei=5OMzUYS5NYmJlQWez4GgCg&bvm=bv.43148975,d.dGI&psig=AFQjCNGdyoDguILrvvAVRLnc5ttOg5CebQ&ust=1362441566722190


Land Resource and Its Utilization in MyanmarLand Use Area (million ha) Percentage

Net sown area 11.92 17.6

Fallow land 0.32 0.5

Cultivable waste land 5.37 7.9

Reserved forests 18.24 27.0

Other forests 15.35 22.7

Others 16.46 24.3

Total 67.66 100

Potential expansion of new agriculture land remains more than 5 million ha

Source: MOAI 2014


o Production still small, but expanding – along with processing

Production in Lao PDR and Myanmar

Opportunities from improved cassava production

Weather and climate



o Rainfed upland areas have benefited more as a result of crop diversification in favor of cassava crop by substituting inferior upland rice

Crop substitution?


Cassava variety Roots yield (t/ha)

Starch content (%)

Starch yield (t/ha)

KU 50 41 28 11.5Rayong 90 28 25 7.0Rayong 72 28 24 6.7KM 140 26 22 5.7Rayong 60 24 21 5.0Rayong 2 21 18 3.8NARC 48 19 20 3.8Ba Trang 19 17 3.2Hanatee 17 19 3.2NARC 61 15 23 3.5Vinh Phu 14 15 2.1NARC 114 13 21 2.7Nep 13 28 3.6Green Oudomxay 10 17 1.7

Cassava variety evaluation trial in Lao PDR(2006/07 and 2007/08 )

Preliminary Result of Cassava Yield Trials in Myanmar (2010/11)


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

KM-98-1 Rayong72

KU 50 SC 5 Localvariety B

Localvariety A

Tatkone Naungmon Nyung Oo

Ro

ot

Yie

ld (

t/h

a)

Yield Potential of Cassava in Lao PDR and Myanmar


Estimated yield gap

(t/ha)

Y

X

Myanmar(± 12 t/ha)

Attainable yield(± 30 t/ha)

Laos(± 20 t/ha)


Average Rainfall and Variability

Source: Johnston et al.

IWMI, CIAT, Sida (2012)


Bioclimatic Crop Suitability using EcoCrop


Local animal feed

Feed processing

Starch and modified starch processing

Sweeteners

Bio-ethanol, etc.

Aims for production of cassava roots

Great potential domestic and export markets as dry chips and/or process into value-added products at factories

Extremely rapid growth rates in utilization of cassava in the Southeast Asia countries as well as other countries particularly China

Demand for commercial cassava production

Science to cultivate change

www.ciat.cgiar.org

Great potential for smallholder farmers and buyers (investors) as contract farming has significant benefits for both the farmers and

investors

which establishes conditions for the cassava production and marketing. Typically, the farmer agrees to provide agreed quantities of a specific cassava product (i.e fresh roots, chips, etc.)

Sometimes it involves the buyer specifying the quality required and the price, with the farmer agreeing to deliver at a future date

The governments have promoted contract farming as a vehicle for rural development ..


Access to Markets• Major Roads

• Local feeder roads

• Transport / Collectors


There may have some challenges for Public/Private

Sector Coordination

Agro-industries, traders, government and

development partners can facilitate agriculture

production to satisfy domestic consumers and

exporters’ requirements through extension

Such as dissemination of quality seeds and

fertilizers, access to other inputs, contracts, market

information, etc.

Public/Private Sector Partnership is also important to develop the

agriculture sector

World class cassava gemplasm bank in CIAT

More than 6,000 varieties


A

B

A

B

Eco-efficient agriculture to improve livelihoods in Asia

Follow us: Website: www.ciat.cgiar.orgBlog: www.ciatnews.cgiar.org/en/

http://twitter.com/ciat_

http://

www.facebook.com/ciat.ecoefficient

Science to cultivate change

www.linkedin.com/company/ciat

http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/

http://www.ciatnews.cgiar.org/en/

http://twitter.com/ciat_

http://www.facebook.com/ciat.ecoefficient

http://www.facebook.com/ciat.ecoefficient

http://www.linkedin.com/company/ciat

Cassava Production in Lao PDR and Myanmar

Documents

Transcript of Cassava Production in Lao PDR and Myanmar