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Chapter – VIII

CASE STUDY OF SAMPLE

VILLAGES 8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 REASONING FOR SAMPLING OF VILLAGES

8.3 KOLVE

8.4 KHARSAI

8.5 VARSE

8.6 SHRIGAON

8.7 WAVE DIWALI

8.8 SHILOSHI

8.9 KADAV

8.10 TUPGAON

8.11 DODHANI

8.12 WARANDH

REFERENCES

Chapter VIII – Case Study of Sample Villages

209

Chapter - VIII

CASE STUDY OF SAMPLE VILLAGES

8.1 INTRODUCTION

The regional pattern of general land use, agricultural land use and land

degradation is described in chapters- III, IV, and V and brings the temporal and

spatial variations in general and agricultural land use in Raigarh district The

cropping pattern in the study region is a reflection of physiography, soil type,

slope, irrigation and other socio-economic factors.. Raigarh district has 1919

revenue villages and 26 towns. To carry out an in depth study of each village

is practically difficult and time consuming and it is also not possible to record

every peace of land. To study each and every village in detail requires large

man force, time and money. Lot of geographers in the world and India has

emphasized for such sample land use survey. Hence, it is imperative to save

time, money and manpower by studying sample villages.

The present investigation has attempted to make an in depth study of ten

sample villages in Raigarh district. Temporal analysis of general land use,

agricultural land use and land degradation has been studied in detail for the

period of twenty years (1990-1991 to 2009-2010). Spatial distribution for

general land use and crop land use has been analyzed for year 2009-10. Spatial

analysis of agricultural land degradation was also carried for same year to find

out the problems of the agriculture and certain suggestions were made for its

better development. The data for general land use and agricultural land use

collected from villages and tahsil revenue department and the data for

agricultural land degradation was obtained from District Soil Testing

Laboratory and agricultural department for 2009-2010. The data collected, was

converted into percentage. The data on land use and cropland use from 1990-

2010 was gathered for computing trends. The primary data was collected

though questionnaires from farmers, talathi and gramsevak. Besides this,


210

personal visits were made to selected sample villages and observations are

noted for getting more information.

8.2 REASONING FOR SAMPLING OF VILLAGES

The systematic purposive sampling was chosen for selecting the sample

villages. The selection of these sample villages was based on geographical

variation. Crop combination regions found in the district are also considered for

selecting sampling village. Two villages from each geographical area were

selected by considering the aspects like relief, rainfall, slope, irrigation,

population, etc. The locations of selected sample villages are shown in Table

8.1.and Fig.8.1. Satellite images are used to study the geographical features and

land use. Two different types of questionnaires were prepared and discussed

with farmers and concerned authorities. First questionnaire is related to family

information, crop land use, agricultural practices, agricultural inputs, irrigation,

agro equipments, yield, income-expenditure and problems filled from the

farmers. Second questionnaire is prepared to obtain the data on physiographic

background, population characteristics, general land use, crop land use,

irrigation, and other infrastructural facilities in the village filled by talathi,

gramsevak and sarpanch.


211

Table - 8.1

Raigarh District

Sample Villages in the Study Region

Sr.

No.

Geographical

regions

Crop

combination

Villages Tahsil Area

(In

hect.)

Populat

-ion

1. Kharland

Zone

One Crop Rice

Kolve Pen 144 960

2.

Kharland

Zone

One Crop Rice

Kharsai Mhasala 1138 558

3. Coastal

zone

Two Crops Rice - Nachni

Varse Roha 379 527

4. Coastal

zone

Two Crops Rice – Fodder

crops

Shrigaon Alibaug 604 1695

5. Plateau

Zone

Two Crops Rice – Nachni

Wave

Diwali

Mangaon 691 931

6. Plateau

Zone


crops

Shiloshi Sudhagad 557 478

7. Hilly base of

Sahayadri

hills

Two Crops Rice – Pulses

Kadav Karjat 379 2661

8. Hilly base of

Sahayadri

hills


crops

Tupgaon Khalapur 238 1832

9. Ghat/Hilly

Zone


crops

Dhodhani Panvel 1347 2780

10. Ghat/Hilly

Zone


crops

Warandh Mahad 1347 566

Source – Computed by Researcher 2009


212

Fig. 8.1


213

8.3 KOLVE

8.3.1 Introduction

Kolve village is lies in Pen Tahsil, situated at 180

42’ 57’’ north latitude

and 720

02’ 57’’ east longitude with an altitude of 7.62 metre from mean sea

level. Kolve is located 13 km to the west of Pen tahsil headquarter and

connected by road. It is located on the coastal plain near to the creek. It is

surrounded by village Wave at south Wadkhal at west, Shinganwata at north-

west, Kasbe, Washi and Bori at the north and Bandhat at east side. The village

extends 144 hectare land with 960 population as per 2001 census. This village

is lies in khar land region of the district (Image 8.1)

8.3.2 Physiography, Climate and Soil

Physiographicaly Kolve is situated on the coastal plain land. Gentle

slope is observed towards the west side. Village is situated on slightly high

central land and surrounded by plain land which is used for other land use.

Western and southern side of the village is near the creek having the height less

than one meter from sea level used for salt pans. The soil observed in the

village is of two types. Saline soil is found in west and south west side and

lateritic soil in other part of the village. Kolve receives 2969 mm rainfall from

south west monsoon. The highest temperature is recorded in the month of May

(33.50C) and lowest in the month of December. The climate is hot and moist

and not much variation is observed in temperature. The range of temperature is

very low.

8.3.3 Temporal Analysis of General Land Use Pattern

(1990-91 to 2009-10)

The total area of the village Kolve is 144 hectares and this village is

situated near creek. The salty water enters in the village land affects largely on


214

the land use pattern of the village. The land use of the village is shown in Table

8.2 and Fig. 8.2. Net shown area was 79.29 per cent in 1990-91 increased by

8.69 per cent in 2009-10 and reached up to 86.98 per cent. The area not

available for cultivation was under gavthan, settlement, roads and channels.

The northern and north-western part of the region is covered by the branch of

Dharmtar Creek. Some part of this village comes under kharland, still it is used

for paddy cultivation in monsoon period due to decreasing the salinity of the

soil. It occupied 4.85 per cent are in 1990-91 increased by 2.82 per cent in

study period and reached up to 7.69 percent. The other uncultivated land shows

declining trend in the study period in 1999 it was 14.51 percent and it was

decreased by 10.00 per cent and observed 4.5 per cent in 2009-10. Fallow land

also shows decreasing trend in the village. It was 2.2 per cent in 1990-91 and

decreased by 1.27 per cent and reached up to 0.93 per cent. It shows the

increase in net sown area of the village. Forest is not observed in the village.

Table 8.2

The Village Kolve

General Land Use Pattern

Source- Village Revenue Record

Note - Area in percentage

Year Land use Type

1990 -

91

2000

- 01

2009

- 10

Change

in %

(1991 -2010)

Net sown area 78.29

71.91 86.98 + 8.69

Land not available

for cultivation

4.85 6.23 7.69 + 2.84

Other uncultivable

land

14.51 11.43 4.5 - 10.01

Fallow land

2.2 3.6 0.93 - 1.27

Forest

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


215

Village Kolve Located on Kharland Region of Raigarh District

Satellite Image - 8.1

General Land use Pattern in Kolve Village (1991 - 2010)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Net sown area Land not

available for

cultivation

Other

uncultivable

land

Fallow land Forest

Land Use Type

Land in %

1990 - 91 2000 -01 2009-10

Fig. 8.2

Agricultural Land Use Pattern of Kolve Village

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Rice Wari Nachni Pulses Spices Fruits &

Veg.

Oilseeds Fodder

crops

Name of the Crop

Are

a in %

( 1990-91) (2009 - 10)

Fig. 8.3


216

8.3.4 Spatial Pattern of General Land Use (2009-10)

Location of the village influenced on the land use. The net sown area

is observed on eastern and southern side of the village. It covered 125 hectares

land which is 86.96 per cent of the total cropped area. The net sown area in the

village is more than Pen tahsil average (30.93 per cent) and district average

(28.96 per cent). The area not available for cultivation was 7.96 per cent less

than the tahsil and district average observed into west and northern side of the

village. This land is observed in the north and north western side of the village.

Cultivable waste land was 4.5 per cent in 2009-10. Follow land was also less

than one per cent of the total cropped area. Forest is seen in the village area.

8.3.5 Temporal Variation in Agricultural Land Use

(1990-91 to 2009-10)

Cropping pattern of the village is a result of topography, rainfall and

slope in the village. Rice is the dominant crop in the village. Rice occupied

94.81 per cent land in 1990-91 and 92.04 per cent in 2009-10 decreased by

2.77 per cent. Fresh rainwater reduces the salinity of soil thus maximum area

used for paddy cultivation. Some of land is not available for cultivation in

kharip season. Wal and Tur are grown on the north slope of the village

occupied 2.95 per cent in 1990-91 increased by 1.59 and reached up to 4.5 per

cent in 2009. Fruits and vegetables was 2.27 per cent and 3.05 per cent in 2009-

10 increased by 0.78 per cent during the study period. These are the only crops

grown in the village. The variation is shown in Table 8.3 and Fig. 8.3.


217

Table 8.3

The Village Kolve

Agricultural Land Use Pattern

Sr.

No.

Name of the

Crop

Year

( 1990-91)

Year

(2009 - 10)

Change

(1990-2009)

1 Rice 94.81 92.04 - 2.77

2 Wari 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Nachni 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Pulses 2.95 4.54 + 1.59

5 Spices 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Fruits & Veg. 2.27 3.05 + 0.78

7 Oilseeds 0.00 0.00 0.00

8 Fodder crops 0.00 0.00 0.00



8.3.6 Spatial Pattern of Agricultural Land Use (2009-10)

Rice occupied 92.04 per cent land in the village grown at all sides of the

village in kharip season. The area under rice is more than Pen tahsil (80.05 per

cent) and district average (57.58 per cent). Pulses area taken as a kharip crop in

the region. It was recorded 4.54 area of the total cropped area. Wal and Tur are

the main pulses grown in the village. Fruits and vegetable occupied 3.05 per

cent area in the village. Salt tolerated vegetables like bittleguard, sweetgurard,

cucumber etc vegetables are grown in the village. Mango is a common fruit

crop observed in the village. Oil seeds, fodder crops, wari and nachani crops

are not observed in the village.

8.3.7 Land Degradation

Land degradation is a common phenomenon observed in all surveyed

sample village but the causes are differ from village to village. The village

Kolve has observed the problems like salt accumulation (Kharland) salt

affected land, soil erosion, increasing pH of the soil etc.


218

Salt accumulated (khar land) observed towards eastern and northern

boundary of the village. The total salt accumulated land was 13.12 hectares.

Deposition of salt by creek channel water is the major cause for Kharland. The

high tides also caused for the degradation of agricultural land in the transition

zone of Kharland and fertile land. Survey No. 34 to 42 has more affected by

salt accumulation in the village.

Soil erosion is another problem observed in the slope land of the village

Kolve it is observed at the eastern part of the village. Survey No. 67, 93, 111,

129, 138 covering approximately 10 hectares land is the most affected land by

soil erosion. It is cleared from the Satellite Image No 8.1

During 2006-07 the average pH of the agricultural land of the village

was 6.60 and it was increased by 0.5 in 2008-09. The soil electrical

conductively was measured during 2006-07 and it was 0.67 mmhos/cm suitable

for agricultural production. In the formal discussion with farmers it is observed

that the farmers are not testing the soil for using the chemical fertilizers is one

of the causes for increasing salinity of the soil.

8.4 KHARSAI

8.4.1 Introduction

Kharsai village is lies in Mhasala Tahsil, situated at 180

29’ 49’’ north

latitude and 720

56’ 10’’ east longitude with an altitude of 5.79 metres from

mean sea level. Kharsai is located 07 km to the north-west of Mhasala tahsil

headquarter and connected by road. It is located on the coastal plain near to the

creek. It is surrounded by village Banoti at south, Dadadgaon at south east, and

Mendadikond at the north side. East side is covered by creek. The village

extends 1138 hectare land with 2826 population as per 2001 census. This

village is lies in khar land region of the district (Image 8.2)


219


Physiographicaly Kharsai is situated on the coastal plain land. Gentle

slope is observed towards the east side. Village is situated on slightly high

central high land and surrounded plain land is used for other land use. Southern

and eastern side of the village is near the creek having the height less than one

metre from sea level used for salt pans. The soil observed in the village is of

two types. Saline soil is found in east side and lateritic soil in other part of the

village. Kharsai receives 2909 mm rainfall from south west monsoon. The

highest temperature is recorded in the month of May (340C) and lowest in the

month of December. The climate is hot and humid. The range of temperature is

very low.


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

The total area of the village is 1138 hectares and this village is situated

near creek. The salty water enters in the village land affects largely on the land

use pattern of the village. The land use of the village is shown in Table 8.4 and

Fig.- 8.4. Net shown area was 46.39 per cent in 1990-91 increased by 5.98 per

cent in 2009-10 and reached up to 52.37 per cent. The area not available for

cultivation was under gavthan, settlement, roads and channels. The north east

and eastern part of the region is covered by the branch of Mhasala Creek. Some

part of this village comes under kharland, still it is used for paddy cultivation in

monsoon period due to decreasing the salinity of the soil. It occupied 51.49 per

cent are in 1990-91decreased by 5.98 per cent in study period. The other

uncultivated land remains constant in the study period. Fallow land is not

observed in the village. Forest land was 1.84 per cent in 1990-91 and remains

same in the study period.


220

Table 8.4

The Village Kharsai





The total area of the village Kharsai is 144 hectares and this village is

situated near creek. The salty water enters in the village land affects largely on

the land use pattern of the village. The land use of the village is shown in Table

8.4. Net shown area was 46.39 per cent in 1990-91 increased by 5.98 per cent

in 2009-10 and reached up to 52.37 per cent shown in Table- 8.4. The area not

available for cultivation was under gavthan, settlement, roads and channels.

The northern and north-western part of the region is covered by the branch of

Dharmtar Creek. Some part of this village comes under kharland, still it is used

for paddy cultivation in monsoon period due to decreasing the salinity of the

soil. It occupied 51.49 per cent area in 1990-91 decreased by 5.98 per cent in

study period. The other uncultivated land remains same in the study period.

Fallow land is not observed in the village. Forest land was 1.84 percent and

remain constant into study period.

Year Land use Type

1990 -

91

2000

- 01

2009

- 10

Change

in %

(1991 -

2010)

Net sown area 46.39 47.45 52.37 + 5.98

Land not available

for cultivation

51.49 50.43 45.51 - 5.98

Other uncultivable

land

0.26 0.26 .026 0.00

Fallow land

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Forest

1.84 1.84 1.84 0.00


221


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

Cropping pattern of the village is a result of topography, rainfall and

slope in the village. Rice is the dominant crop in the village. Rice occupied

98.38 per cent land in 1990-91 and 97.54 per cent in 2009-10 decreased by

0.84 per cent. Fresh rainwater reduces the salinity of soil thus maximum area

used for paddy cultivation. Some of land is not available for cultivation in

kharip season. Wal and Mug are grown on the north slope of the village

occupied only 1.61 per cent in 1990-91 and in 2009- 10. Other crops are not

observed in the village. The variation shown in Table 8.5 and Fig. 8.5.

Table 8.5

The Village Kharsai


Sr.

No.

Name of the

Crop

Year

( 1990-91)

Year

(2009 - 10)

Change

(1990-2009)

1 Rice 98.38 97.54 - 0.84

2 Wari 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Nachni 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Pulses 1.61 1.61 0.00

5 Spices 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Fruits & Veg. 0.00 0.00 0.00

7 Oilseeds 0.00 0.00 0.00

8 Fodder crops 0.00 0.00 0.00




Rice occupied 97.54 per cent land in the village grown at all sides of the

village in kharip season. The area under rice was more than Mhasala tahsil

(30.77 per cent) and district average (57.58 per cent). Pulses area taken as a

kharip crop in the region. It was recorded only 1.61 per cent area of the total


222

cropped area. Wal and mug are the main pulses grown in the village. Fruits and

vegetables, oil seeds, fodder crops, wari and nachani crops are not observed in

the village.


Village Kharsai also observed similar condition like village kolve. The

causes for land degradation are salt accumulation, and increasing of soil.

Kharland is observed towards the eastern side of the village near the

creek. Survey No. 159 and 103, 104, 110, 130 are most affected by salt

accumulation. It is clearly visible from the satellite image 8.2.

The average soil pH was observed 6.98 in 2006-07 and it was slightly

decreased 0.18 and recorded 6.70 in 2008-09. By observation it is noticed that

most of the farmers toward coastal side are not taking much efforts to mention

the fertily of the soil. Wrong ploughing methods also observed in the village

caused for soil erosion of the farm land in the village.

8.5 VARSE

8.5.1 Introduction

Varse lies in Roha tahsil located at 180 27’

44’’

north latitude and 73

0

07’ 19’’ east longitude with an altitude of 13.76 metre from mean sea level. It

is 12 km far from the Roha town connected by road. This village is situated

near river Kundalika. It covered by village Yehaya to the west, Bhuvaneshwar

at north west, Navi at south, Dhatav at south east, Roth kurd at the east and

Asthani in the north side. The total geographical area of the village is 255.37

hectares having 1909 population in 2001(Image 8.3).


Varse is situated near river Kundalika lies at 13.76 metre above mean

sea located level on coastal plain. The general slope of the village is towards


223

Village Kharsai Located on Kharland Region of Raigarh District

Satellite Image -8.2

General Land Use Pattern in Kharsai Village

05

101520

2530

354045

5055

Net sow n area Land not

available for

cultivation

Other

uncultivable land

Fallow land Forest

Land Use Type

Land in %

1990-91 2000 -01 2009-10

Fig. 8.4

Agricultural Land Use Pattern in Kharsai Village

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


Veg.

Oilseeds Fodder

crops

Name of The Crop

Land in %

( 1990-91) (2009 - 10)

Fig. 8.5


224

south and east. South west of the village area is located on hilly region. Local

topography affects on a graphical development of the village. South and eastern

part of the village is plain compared to other area of the village having slope

towards south side. The village experiences typical coastal hot and moist

climate. The highest temperature is observed in the village in May is 32 0C.

The annual average rainfall in this village is 3715 mm. Village receives the

rainfall from south west monsoon. It starts in the month of June and ends in the

beginning of October. Soil in the village is laterite and alkaline soil covers the

northern part of the village. The soil is less fertile compare to the other soils in

the tahsil.

8.5.3 Temporal Analysis of General Land Use Pattern (1990-91 to

2009-10)

General land use of the village is classified into forest land, land not

available for cultivation, cultivable waste, fallow land and net sown area. The

rough topography and types of the soil largely affected on the present land use

pattern of the village. The net sown area of the village is 27.13 per cent to the

total geographical area in 1990-91. It was increased by 7.00 per cent in 2000-

01 (34.46 per cent) and reached up to 43.47 per cent in 2009-10. The area

under net sown area was increased by 16.3 per cent in twenty year.

The area under not available for cultivation was 23.28 per cent in 1990-

91and 10.84 per cent in 2009-10 decreased by 12.44 per cent in study period.

The other uncultivable land shows 9.14 per cent in 1990-91. and it was 8.22 per

cent in 2009-10. The decline in fallow land and other uncultivated land shows

increase in net sown area of the village. Forest land in the village shows

increasing trend, it was 25.31 per cent in 1990-91 increased by 7.36 per cent in

2009-10. The temporal variation of general land use pattern is shown in Table-

7.6 and Fig. 8.6.


225

Table 8.6

The Village Varse





The net sown are is the land which is being actually cultivated for

raising the crop. Table 8.6 shows the spatial pattern of general land use of the

Varse village. The net sown area in 2009-10 was 43.47 per cent of the total

geographical area. It is more than the tahsil average (21.49 per cent) and

district average (28.96 per cent). The land not available for cultivation was

10.84 per cent and it was less than the tahsil average (16.48 per cent) and

district average (22.68 per cent). The fallow land was 5.87 per cent observed in

the central part of the village is less than the Roha tahsil average. The

cultivable waste land is recorded in 2009-10 was 9.14 per cent was less than

the tahsil average. Forest land was observed 30.87 per cent was less than tahsil

average (35.80 per cent) but more than (21.65 per cent) than the district

average .Forest land was seen south west part on hillocks of the village.

Year

Land use Type

1990 -

91

2000 -

01

2009 -

10

Change

in %

(1991 -

2010)

Net sown area 27.13

34.46 43.47 + 16.34

Land not available

for cultivation

23.28 10.25 10.84 - 12.44

Other uncultivable

land

9.14 14.02 8.22 - 0.92

Fallow land

16.06 4.31 5.87 - 10.19

Forest

25.31 26.95 30.87 + 7.36


226


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

Temporal variation in agricultural land use is shown in Table 8.7 and

Fig. 8.7. It is revels that from the figure, the under rice and nachni has been

reduced in the study period and in other crops it is increased. The area under

rice was 82 per cent and 79.27 per cent in 2009-10 decreased by 8.73 per cent.

In 1990-91 there was 3.33 per cent area under nachni and it was decreased by

0.9 per cent in the study area. Pulses are the rabbi crops grown in village

occupied 1.88 per cent area at the beginning. Further increased by 0.64 per cent

and recorded 2.52 per cent in 2009-10. Gram, Tur, Wal and Chavli are the

major pulses in taken in the village due to well irrigation. The area under fruits

and vegetable shows upward trend in twenty years and it was increased by 1.32

per cent fodder crops and oil seed are not grown in this village. Mango, cashew

and ratambi are the major fruit crops taken in the village.


Cropping pattern in Varse has been influenced by terrain, slope, soil

and rainfall. Rice is the major crop grown in the rainfall. Rice occupied 79.27

per cent area in the village and it was more than the Roha tahsil average (65.64

per cent) and district average (57.58 per cent). Rice is consumed as a major

food grain in the village. Nachni is the substitute food crop grown on the slopes

of hills covered 3.24 per cent area less than the tahsil average (6.64 per cent).

The crops are mainly concentrated in eastern part of the tahsil. Mango,

Cashew, Ratambi and Jackfruit are the major fruit in the village.


227

Village Varse Located on Coastal Plain of Raigarh District

Satellite Image – 8.3

General Land use Pattern in Varse Village (1991 - 2010)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


available for

cultivation

Other

uncultivable

land

Fallow land Forest

Land use Type

Land in %

1990 - 91 2000 -01 2009-10

Fig. 8.6

Agricultural Land Use Pattern of Varse Village

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


Veg.

Oilseeds Fodder

cropsName of the Crop

Land in %

( 1990-91) (2009 - 10)

Fig. 8.7


228

Table 8.7

The Village Varse


Sr.

No.

Name of the

Crop

Year

( 1990-91)

Year

(2009 - 10)

Change

(1990-2009)

1 Rice 82.00 79.27 - 2.73

2 Wari 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Nachni 3.33 3.24 0.09

4 Pulses 1.88 2.52 + 0.64

5 Spices 0.00 0.32 + 0.32

6 Fruits & Veg. 13.30 14.62 + 1.32

7 Oilseeds 0.00 0.00 0.00

8 Fodder crops 0.00 0.00 0.00



The government’s effort for horticulture helped to increase the fruit

crops in the village. It occupied 14.62 per cent area double than the tahsil

average 7.73 per cent. Spices are grown in the horticulture garden. Black

pepper is the main spice taken in the village covered only 0.32 per cent of the

total cropped area. Oilseeds and fodder crops are not observed in the village


Village Varse is situated on coastal plain. Due to plain land agriculture

and horticulture is well developed. Though it is in coasted plain there are some

hillocks in the plain land. Varse village is at the foot hill of the hill. Eastern part

of the villages is mostly affected by soil erosion. Terrace farming on the slope

caused for large soil erosion in survey No. 94, 96, 115, 118 and 97. Gully

erosion is also observed in the village. The average pH of the village was 7.40

in 2006-07 and it was 7.69 was in 2008-09. The farmers are not much taking

efforts for soil conservation. The bands of farms are damaged by heavy

rainwater in rainy season land slides are also observed near the eastern side of

the village.


229

8.6 SHRIGAON

8.6.1 Introduction

Shrigaon lies in Alibaug tahsil located at 180 40’

15’’

north latitude and

720 59’ 53’’ east longitude with an altitude of 5.18 metre from mean sea level.

It is at 16 km east from the Alibaug town connected by road. This village is

situated in inerior part of tahsil. It covered by village Mondvira to the west,

Khatwira at south, Medhekhar at south east, Roth Kalwad at the east and

Poynad in the north side. The total geographical area of the village is 604.57

hectares having 1695 population in 2001(Image 8. 4).


Shrigaon is situated 5.18 metre above mean sea located coastal plain

area.The general slope of the village is towards North West. South west of the

village area is located on hilly region. Local topography affects on a graphical

development of the village. North eastern part of the village is plain compared

to other area of the village having slope towards south side. The village

experiences typical coastal hot and moist climate. The highest temperature is

observed in the village in May is 33 0C. The annual average rainfall in this

village is 2383 mm. Village receives the rainfall from south west monsoon. It

starts in the month of June and ends in the beginning of October. Soil in the

village is laterite and alkaline soil covers the northern part of the village. The

soil is less fertile compare to the other soils in the tahsil.


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

General land use of the village is classified into forest land, land not

available for cultivation, cultivable waste, fallow land and net sown area. The

rough topography and types of the soil largely affected on the present land use

pattern of the village. The net sown area of the village is 48.34 per cent to the

total geographical area in 1990-91. It was increased by 0.78 per cent and

reached up to 47.56 per cent in 2009-10.


230

The area under not available for cultivation was 4.79 per cent in 1990-91

and 5.08 per cent in 2009-10 decreased by 0.26 per cent in study period. The

other uncultivable land was 0.60 per cent in 1990-91 increased by 0.42 per cent

in 2009-10 and reached up to 1.02. Forest land in the village shows stability in

study period. The temporal variation of general land use pattern is shown in

Table 8.8 and Fig. 8.8

Table 8.8

The Village Shrigaon





The net sown are is the land which is being actually cultivated for

raising the crop. Table- 8.6 shows the spatial pattern of general land use of the

Shrigaon village. The net sown area in 2009-10 was 47.56 per cent of the total

geographical area. It is more than the tahsil average (24.49 per cent) and

district average (28.96 per cent). The land not available for cultivation was 4.78

per cent and it was less than the tahsil average (14.48 per cent) and district

average (22.68 per cent). The fallow land was not observed in the village. The

cultivable waste land is recorded in 2009-10 was 1.02 per cent was less than

the tahsil average. Forest land was observed 46.26 per cent was less than tahsil

average (35.80 per cent) but more than (21.65 per cent) than the district

average .Forest land was east side of the village.

Year Land use Type

1990 -

91

2000

- 01

2009

– 10

Change

in %

(1991 -

2010)

Net sown area 48.34 48.34 47.56 - 0.78

Land not available

for cultivation

4.78 4.79 5.04 - 0.26

Other uncultivable

land

0.60 0.60 1.02 + 0.42

Fallow land

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Forest

46.26 46.26 46.26 0.00


231

Village Shrigaon Located on Coastal Plain of Raigarh District

Satellite Image -8.4

General Land Use Pattern in Shrigaon Village

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


available for

cultivation

Other

uncultivable land

Fallow land Forest

Land Use Type

Land in %

1990 - 91 2000 -01 2009-10

Fig. 8.8

Agricultural Land Use Pattern in Shrigaon Village

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Veg.

Oilseeds Fodder

crops

Name of The Crop

Land in %

( 1990-91) (2009 - 10)

Fig. 8.9


232


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

Temporal variation in agricultural land use is shown in Table 8.9 and

Fig 8.9. It is revels that from the figure, the under rice has been reduced in the

study period and in other crops it is increased. The area under rice was 90.33

per cent in 2009-10 decreased by 2.14 per cent. Pulses are the rabbi crops

grown in village occupied 1.23 per cent area at the beginning. Further increased

by 0.43 per cent and recorded 1.66 per cent in 2009-10. Gram, Tur, Wal and

Chavli are the major pulses in taken in the village due to well irrigation. The

area under fruits and vegetable shows upward trend in twenty years. It was

increased by 1.7 per cent fodder crops and oil seed are not grown in this

village. Mango, chiku and ratambi are the major fruit crops taken in the village.

Table 8.9

The Village Shrigaon


Sr.

No.

Name of the

Crop

Year

( 1990-91)

Year

(2009 – 10)

Change

(1990-2009)

1 Rice 90.33 88.19 - 2.14

2 Wari 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Nachni 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Pulses 1.23 1.66 + 0.43

5 Spices 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Fruits & Veg. 8.43 10.139 + 1.7

7 Oilseeds 0.00 0.00 0.00

8 Fodder crops 0.00 0.00 0.00




233


Cropping pattern in Shrigaon has been influenced by terrain, slope, soil

and rainfall. Rice is the major crop grown in the rainfall. Rice is the major crop

grown in the village. Rice occupied 88.19 per cent area in the village and it was

more than the Alibaug tahsil average (69.64 per cent) and district average

(57.58 per cent). Rice is consumed as a major food grain in the village.

The crops are mainly concentrated in eastern part of the tahsil. Mango,

Cashew, and Chiku are the major fruit in the village.


Village Shrigaon lies in coastal plain. Increasing soil salinity is the

major cause observed in the village. The pH of the soil was 6.98 in 2006-07

and it was 6.36, shows the higher content of the acid in the soil. Survey No.

194, 229, 237, 413, 519 covering 23 hectares land are the main affected area of

the village. The average soil electrical conductivity is remain same in the study

period ie. 1 mmhos/cm but if increased may affects on the soil quality of the

village.

8.7 WAVE DIWALI

8.7.1 Introduction

Wave Diwali lies in Mangaon Tahsil situated 180 07’ 58’’ north latitude

and 730 34’ 36’’ east longitude with an altitude of 28.04 metre from mean sea

level. It is well connected by road to the tahsil headquarter (28 kms.) and other

villages. It is surrounded by Ratwad in the north, Salsheth in the west, Nitlaj in

the east Makti and Potner in the south side. The total geographical are of the

village is 691 hectares and the population was 931 as per the census of

2001(Image 8.5).


Physiographicaly wave Diwali is situated on the plateau region. The

average slope of the village is 48 to 50 metres. Small hillocks on the plateau


234

affect on the general land use of the village. Northern part of the village is

plain. The village has the highest temperature in the month of May (34 0C) and

lowest in the month of December (24 0C). The annual average rainfall is

recorded 3557 mm. in the village. The soil observed in the village is lateral soil

useful for paddy cultivation and horticulture.

Table 8.10

The Village Wave Diwali





(1990-91 to 2009-10)

In general, the net sown area shows increasing trend while area not

available for cultivation, fallow land cultivable waste shows declining trend in

the study period and no change is observed in forest land. The net sown area

was 13.17 per cent in 1990-91 was increased by 10.3 per cent (23.47per cent)

in 2000-01 again increased by 5.36 per cent 28.83 per cent in 2009-10 (Table-

8.10 and Fig. 8.10 ). The total increase is 15.66 per cent in the study period.

The area not available for cultivation was decreased by 1.78 per cent from

Year

Land use Type 1990 -

91

2000

- 01

2009

- 10

Change

in %

(1991 -2010)

Net sown area 13.17

23.47 28.83 + 15.66

Land not available

for cultivation

44.57 43.70 42.69 - 1.88

Other uncultivable

land

14.76 12.91 11.41 - 3.35

Fallow land

14.62 6.94 4.10 - 10.52

Forest

13.02 13.02 13.02 0.00


235

Village Wave Diwali Located on Plateau Region of Raigarh District


General Land use Pattern in Wave Diwali Village (1991 - 2010)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


available for

cultivation

Other

uncultivable

land

Fallow land Forest

Land Use Type

Land in %

1990 - 91 2000 -01 2009-10

Fig. 8.10

Agricultural Land Use Pattern of Wave Diwali Village

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Veg.

Oilseeds Fodder

crops

Name of the Crop

Lan

d in

%

( 1990-91) (2009 - 10)

Fig. 8.11


236

1990-91 to 2009-10. The other uncultivable land also show decline trend and it

is decreased by 3.55 per cent in study period. It was 14.76 in 1990-91 and

reached up to 11.41 in 2009-10. The fallow land was 14.62 in 1990-91

decreased by 10.52 per cent in 2009-10 (4.10 per cent). This decrease in fallow

land affects on net sown area in the village. The net sown area was increased

during in the study period. The forest land was 13.02 per cent in 1990-91 and

remains same in 2000-01 and 2009-10. No change is observed in forest land.


Topography and slope of the village affects on the land use pattern. Net

sown area of the village is recorded 28.83 per cent was more than the Mangaon

Tahsil average (26.33 per cent) and district average (26.62 per cent). The land

not available for cultivation is observed in the north-west part of the village, it

was 42.69 per cent and too high than the tahsil and district average. The

cultivable waste land is observed in the central part of the village was 11.41 per

cent was less than the district and tahsil average. The fallow land was at the

slope of hillocks and it covers 5.87 per cent land less than the tahsil and

average. The total land under forest is recorded 13.02 per cent on the slopes of

the plateau was less than the district and tahsil average.


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

The cropping pattern of Wave Diwali is influenced by physiographic

condition. This village is situated on plateau region. Rice crop is showing

upward trend in the village while other all crops shows downward trend in

twenty years. The area under rice was 68.49 per cent in 1990-91 and 75.79per

cent in 2009-10. It was increased by 7.3 per cent. The area Wari and Nachni

was declined by 1.1 per cent and 1.7 per cent respectively. The crops food

crops were grown on the western slope of the village. Pulses occupied 2.36 per

cent area in 1990-91 and reached up to 1.73 per cent area in 2009-10. It was


237

declined by 0.63 per cent. The major pluses are black gram, mug, and chavli

observed in the village. Due to plateau region oil seed are also grown in the

village. Ground nut and season were combinely occupied 0.76 per cent in

2009-10. Spices and fodder crops are not observed in the village shown in

Table- 8.11 and Fig. 8.11).

Table 8.11

The Village Wave Diwali


Sr.

No.

Name of the

Crop

Year

( 1990-91)

Year

(2009 – 10)

Change

(1990-2009)

1 Rice 68.49 75.79 + 7.30

2 Wari 6.92 5.82 - 1.10

3 Nachni 10.55 8.85 - 1.70

4 Pulses 2.36 1.73 - 0.63

5 Spices 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Fruits & Veg. 11.21 7.37 - 3.84

7 Oilseeds 0.76 0.43 - 0.33

8 Fodder crops 0.00 0.00 0.00




Rice is the main crop of the village occupied 75.79 per cent in 2009-10

and it was more than Mangaon Tahsil (70.11 per cent) and district average

(57.58 per cent). Wari occupied 5.82 per cent land of the total cropped area and

it was more than tahsil (5.13 per cent) and district (3.30 per cent) average. The

area under pulses was 1.73 per cent was less than the district average. Fruits

including Mango and Cashew occupied 7.37 per cent area less than district

average. Ground nut and sesame are the important oil seed grown here,

occupied 0.43 per cent area in 2009-10. Fodder crops and spices are not

observed in the village.


238


Village wave Diwali is located on plateau region. Soil erosion ls and

increasing the salinity of the soil are the two important cause for the land

degradation. Village land slopes towards the eastern side and small water

channel are observed in the village passing through the farms caused for soil

erosion in survey No. 45, 49, 57, 67, 88. They are the highly affected part of

the village. The average pH of the village was 7.36 in 2006-07 and it was

observed 6.96 in 2008-09 shows increasing the acid content in the soil. Over

use of chemical fertilizers for the Rice, oil seed and pulses are the main cause

for this. Eastern part shows high salinity than the other part of the village. The

soil electrical conductance is observed more than 1.12 mmhos/cm may caused

for damage of the seeds.

8.8 SHILOSHI

8.8.1 Introduction

Shiloshi lies in Sudhagad Tahsil situated 180 24’ 38’’ north latitude and

730 29’ 26’’ east longitude with an altitude of 23.18 metre from mean sea level.

It is at eight kilometer distance and well connected by road to the tahsil

headquarter and other villages. It is surrounded by village Burmali in the north,

Madhali in the west, Balap in the east , Tamsali in the south side. The total

geographical are of the village is 558 hectares and the population was 708 as

per the census of 2001 (Image 8.6).


Physiographicaly Shiloshi is situated on the plateau region. Small

hillocks on the plateau affect on the general land use of the village. Eastern part

of the village is plain. The village has the highest temperature in the month of

May (33 0C) and lowest in the month of December (26

0C). The annual average

rainfall is recorded 3480 mm. in the village. The soil observed in the village is

laterite soil useful for paddy cultivation and horticulture.


239


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

In general, the net sown area shows increasing trend while area not

available for cultivation, fallow land cultivable waste shows declining trend in

the study period and no change is observed in forest land. The net sown area

was 12.00 per cent in 1990-91 was increased by 3.96 per cent (15.96 per cent)

in 2000-01 and reached up to per cent 18.65 per cent in 2009-10 (Table 8.12

and Fig. 8.12)). The total increase is 6.65 per cent in the study period. The area

not available for cultivation was decreased by 1.09 per cent from 1990-91 to

2009-10. The other uncultivable land also show decline trend and it is

decreased by 5.25 per cent in study period. It was 17.42 in 1990-91 and

reached up to 12.04 in 2009-10. The fallow land was 17.29 in 1990-91

decreased by 5.25 per cent in 2009-10 (12.04 per cent). This decrease in fallow

land (2.54 per cent) affects on net sown area in the village. The net sown area

was increased during in the study period. The forest land was 13.02 per cent in

1990-91 and remains same in 2000-01 and 2009-10. No change is observed in

forest land.

Table 8.12

The Village Shiloshi




Year Land use Type

1990 -

91

2000

- 01

2009

- 10

Change

in %

(1991 -

2010)

Net sown area 12.00 15.96 18.65 + 6.65

Land not available

for cultivation

9.85 10.58 10.94 + 1.09

Other uncultivable

land

17.29 15.06 12.04 - 5.25

Fallow land

5.46 2.966 2.92 - 2.54

Forest

55.37 55.42 55.43 - 0.06


240


Topography and slope of the village affects on the land use pattern. Net

sown area of the village is recorded 18.65 per cent was more than the Sudhagad

Tahsil average (25.33 per cent) and district average (26.62 per cent). The land

not available for cultivation is observed in the north-west part of the village, it

was 10.94 per cent and too high than the tahsil and district average. The

cultivable waste land is observed in the central part of the village was 12.04 per

cent was less than the district and tahsil average. The fallow land was at the

slope of hillocks and it covers 2.92 per cent land less than the tahsil and

average. The total land under forest is recorded 55.37 per cent on the slopes of

the plateau was less than the district and tahsil average.


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

The cropping pattern of Shiloshi is influenced by physiographic

condition. This village is situated on plateau region. Rice crop is showing

upward trend in the village while other all crops shows downward trend in

twenty years. The area under rice was 78.06 per cent in 1990-91 and 77.88 per

cent in 2009-10. It was decreased by 0.18 per cent. The food crops were grown

on the western slope of the village. Pulses occupied 6.18 per cent area in 1990-

91 and reached up to 5.93 per cent area in 2009-10. It was declined by 0.25 per

cent. The major pluses are black gram, mug, and chavli observed in the village.

Due to plateau region oil seed are also grown in the village. Ground nut and

season were combine occupied 4.56 per cent in 2009-10. Spices and fodder

crops are not observed in the village shown in Table 8.13 and Fig 8.13)


241

Village Shiloshi Located on Plateau Region of Raigarh District

Satellite Image - 8.6

General Land Use Pattern in Shiloshi Village

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Net sow n area Land not

available for

cultivation

Other

uncultivable land

Fallow land Forest

Land Use Type

Land in %

1990 - 91 2000 -01 2009-10

Fig. 8.12

Agricultural Land Use Pattern in Shiloshi Village

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


Veg.

Oilseeds Fodder

crops

Name of The Crop

Lan

d in

%

( 1990-91) (2009 - 10)

Fig. 8.13


242

Table 8.13

The Village Shiloshi


Sr.

No.

Name of the

Crop

Year

( 1990-91)

Year

(2009 - 10)

Change

(1990-2009)

1 Rice 78.06 77.88 - 0.18

2 Wari 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Nachni 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Pulses 6.18 5.93 - 0.25

5 Spices 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Fruits & Veg. 11.25 11.61 - 0.36

7 Oilseeds 4.50 4.56 - 0.06

8 Fodder crops 0.00 0.00 0.00




Rice is the main crop of the village occupied 77.88 per cent in 2009-10

and it was more than Sudhagad Tahsil (70.11 per cent) and district average

(57.58 per cent). The area under pulses was 5.93 per cent was less than the

district average. Fruits including Mango and Cashew occupied 11.61 per cent

area less than district average. Ground nut and sesame are the important oil

seed grown here, occupied 0.43 per cent area in 2009-10. Fodder crops and

spices are not observed in the village.


The village Shiloshi has observed the problem like soil erosion, brick

klirs, wrong cultivation methods etc. village shiloshi is located on small hill on

the plateau region. North western, eastern and south eastern part of the village

shows the intensive soil erosion due to the slope in rainy period. Survey No.

20, 22, 29, 19, 6, 16 (A), 40, 48 are the main affected land.


243

The average pH of the soil was 7.3 in 2006-07 was observed 7.01 in

2008-09m shows slight increase in acid content. The soil electrical conduct is

remain same in the period. Farmers cultivation methods are mostly unfavorable

for soil conservation. It is observed the farmers plaguing the land parallel to the

slope caused for soil transportation. Animal grazing is also the cause observed

on the eastern part of the village helps to increase the intensity of soil erosion.

8.9 KADAV

8.9.1 Introduction

Kadav is situated in foot hill base of Sahayadri Mountain range in Karjat

Tahsil of Raigarh district. It is located at 180

57’ 49’’ north latitude and 730 22’

34’’ east longitude with an altitude of 66.75 metre from mean sea level. This

village is 14 km north east of Karjat tahsil headquarter. It is covered by

Gangaon in the north, Takwe in the east, Tav at south, Chand khurd at west and

Chinchol at north-west side. The village covers 379 hectares area having 2661

population as per 2001 census (Image- 8.7)


Village Kadav is situated on the plain at the foot hill of the Sahayadri

mountain range. Three small hillocks are observed in the village, one at the

central side, another is in the southwest and northwest boundary. Gentle slope

is observed towards west side of the village. Kadav receives 3495cm rainfall

from southwest monsoon beginning from June and ends in October. The

average maximum temperature in May with 340

C and minimum temperature in

January with 210

C. Soil of the village is mainly of two types black soil and

lateritic soil. This soil is comparatively fertile to the other area of the tahsil.

Some eastern part of the tahsil is under canal and well irrigation used for rabbi

cropping.


244


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

The land use pattern of the village is shown in Table-8.14 and Fig.

8.14. Village has 210 hectares total geographical land out of which 55 per cent

land (210 hectares) was occupied by net sown area in 1990-91. It was further

increased by 8.55 per cent in 2000-01 and reached up to 63.94 per cent. In

2009-10 it was recorded 72.28 per cent. The total increase was 16.89 per cent

and shows continuous increasing trend in study period.

Land not available for cultivation was 22.77 per cent was slightly

reduced by 3.45 per cent and recorded 19.42 per cent in 2009-10. This land is

utilized for settlement, play ground, road, canal and other infrastructural

facilities. Cultivable waste land shows decaling trend in the village. It was 8.79

per cent in 1990-91 and 2.64 per cent in 2009-10. Fallow land was 5.28 per

cent at the beginning of study period and decreased by 2.64 per cent and

recorded 2.64 per cent in 2009-10. The decrease in cultivable waste and fallow

land resulted in increasing the net sown area of the village. Forest land is

decreased at alarming level. It was observed 7.77 per cent in 1990-91

subsequently decreased by 2.4 per cent in 2000-01 (5.30 per cent) and again

reduced by 2.08 per cent and reached up to only 3.22 per cent in 2009-10.

8.9.4 Spatial Pattern of General Land use (2009-10)

Kadav is situated on the plain land near the base of hilly area affected

on the land use pattern of the village. Due to large size available plain land

72.28 per cent area of the village is under net sown area. Area under area not

available for cultivation was 19.42 per cent under the settlements, roads,

school, play ground, canal and other infrastructure. Other uncultivated land was

found 3.13 per cent where fallow land was 5.29 per cent in the village. The

forest land was available only on the slope of hillocks and recorded only 3.54

per cent in the village.


245

Village Kadav Located on Foot Hill Plain of Raigarh District


General Land use Pattern in Kadav Village (1991 - 2010)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


available for

cultivation

Other uncultivable

land

Fallow land Forest

Land Use Type

Land in %

1990 - 91 2000 -01 2009-10

Fig. 8.14

Agricultural Land Use Pattern of Kadav Village

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Veg.

Oilseeds Fodder

crops

Name of the Crop

Lan

d in

%

( 1990-91) (2009 - 10)

Fig. 8.15


246

Table 8.14

The Village Kadav


Source- Village Revenue Record Note - Area in percentage


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

The cultivation of crops is mainly done in the central and eastern part of

the village. The village is largely influenced by local relief, soil type and

rainfall. Rice, wari, nachni are the major food crops grown in the village. Rice

and nachni crops show the slight decline in the area. Rice occupied 61.90 per

cent area in 1990-91 and 53.28 per cent area in 2009-10 (Table- 8.15 and Fig.

8.15) It was decreased by 8.52 per cent. Similarly the wari crop was 13.81 per

cent and reduced by 1.44 per cent and recorded 12.41 in 2009-10. Decreasing

the area in this food crops show the increased in pulses nachni crops. It shows

the changing trend of farmers towards the cash crops. The area under nachni

was increased by 2.96 per cent, the area under pulses by 4.54 per cent in the

study period. The area under fruit and vegetable was increased by 0.71 per cent

in twenty years. Fodder crop also shows the increase of 1.81 per cent.

Year

Land use Type 1990

- 91

2000 -

01

2009

- 10

Change

in %

(1991 -

2010)

Net sown area 55.39

63.94 72.28 + 22.89

Land not available

for cultivation

22.77 22.31 19.42 - 3.35

Other uncultivable

land

8.79 5.80 2.64 - 6.15

Fallow land

2.64 2.64 5.28 + 2.64

Forest

7.77 5.30 3.22 - 4.55


247

Table 8.15

The Village Kadav


Sr.

No.

Name of the

Crop

Year

( 1990-91)

Year

(2009 - 10)

Change

(1990-2009)

1 Rice 61.90 53.28 - 8.62

2 Wari 13.81 12.41 - 1.40

3 Nachni 7.62 10.58 + 2.96

4 Pulses 7.14 11.68 + 4.54

5 Spices 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Fruits & Veg. 4.76 5.47 + 0.71

7 Oilseeds 0.00 0.00 0.00

8 Fodder crops 4.76 6.57 + 1.81




Kadav is situated on the plain at the foot hill of the Sahayadri mountain

range. The cropping pattern of the village is a result of terrain, rainfall and

irrigation. Rice, nachni, wari and pulses occupied more than ten per cent land

in the village among rice is dominant crop covered more than 50 per cent area

in the village. Rice occupied 53.28 per cent area in the village less than Karjat

tahsil average (74.36 per cent) and the district average (57.58 per cent).Wari

and nachni occupied 10.58 per cent and 11.68 per cent used as a substitute food

crop in the region. These two crops are mostly grown on sloppy land. Tur,

mug, gram and wal are the major pulses grown in the village in the east part

near river side. It occupied 11.68 per cent of the total cropped occupied same

area (4.76 per cent) in the village. Mango is the major fruit crop in the village.

Fodder crops are sold in the tahsil market. Spices and oil seed were not grown

in the village.


248


Village Kadav is located foot hill plain. Only the increasing salinity of

the soil is the cause observed in the village. the average salinity of the soil was

8.01 in 2006-07 and it was recorded 7.39 in 2008-09 shows the growth of

acidic soil in the village. Survey No. 37, 51, 69, 141, 187, 313 are the main

affected area of the village. With the discussion of farmers it is noticed that

farmers are using chemical fertilizers on large scale by their own way. The soil

electrical conductivity is also increase by 0.23 mmhos/cm. Initially in 2006-07

it was 0.43 mmhos/cm and it was 0.66 mmhos/cm in 2008-09.

8.10 TUPGAON

8.10.1 Introduction

Tupgaon is situated in foot hill base of Western Ghat in Khalapur Tahsil

of Raigarh district. It is located at 180

53’ 29’’ north latitude and 730 14’ 06’’

east longitude with an altitude of 37.16 metre from mean sea level. This

village is 12 km north east of Khalapur tahsil headquarter. The village is

covered by Chowk Maniwali in the north, Jambhivali in the east, Asroti at

south and Pali Khurd at west side. The village covers 238 hectares area having

1323 population as per 2001 census (Image- 8.8)


Village Tupgaon is situated on the plain at the foot hill of the

Sahayadri mountain range. Two small hillocks are observed in the village, one

at the central side, another is in the west boundary. Gentle slope is observed

towards eest side of the village. Tupgaon receives 3144 cm rainfall from

southwest monsoon beginning from June and ends in October. The average

maximum temperature in May with 320

C and minimum temperature in January

with 220

C. Soil of the village is mainly of two types black soil and lateritic

soil. This soil is comparatively fertile to the other area of the tahsil. Some

eastern part of the tahsil is under canal and well irrigation used for rabbi

cropping.


249

Village Tupgaon Located on Foot Hill Plain of Raigarh District


General Land Use in Tupgaon Village

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

Net sown area Land not available

for cultivation

Other uncultivable

land

Fallow land Forest

Land USe Types

Lan

d in

%

1990 - 91 2000 -01 2009-10 Fig. 8.16

Agricultural Land Use Pattern of Tupgaon Village

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Veg.

Oilseeds Fodder

crops

Name of The Crop

Land

in %

( 1990-91) (2009 - 10)

Fig. 8.17


250


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

The land use pattern of the village is shown in Table-8.16 and Fig. 8.16.

Village has 210 hectares total geographical land out of which 55 per cent land

(210 hectares) was occupied by net sown area in 1990-91. It was further

increased by 8.55 per cent in 2000-01 and reached up to 63.94 per cent. In

2009-10 it was recorded 72.28 per cent. The total increase was 16.89 per cent

and shows continuous increasing trend in study period.

Land not available for cultivation was 22.77 per cent was slightly

reduced by 3.45 per cent and recorded 19.42 per cent in 2009-10. This land is

utilized for settlement, play ground, road, canal and other infrastructural

facilities. Cultivable waste land shows decaling trend in the village. It was 8.79

per cent in 1990-91 and 2.64 per cent in 2009-10. Fallow land was 5.28 per

cent at the beginning of study period and decreased by 2.64 per cent and

recorded 2.64 per cent in 2009-10. The decrease in cultivable waste and fallow

land resulted in increasing the net sown area of the village. Forest land is

decreased at alarming level. It was observed 7.77 per cent in 1990-91

subsequently decreased by 2.4 per cent in 2000-01 (5.30 per cent) and again

reduced by 2.08 per cent and reached up to only 3.22 per cent in 2009-10.

Table 8.16

The Village Tupgaon




Year Land use Type

1990 -

91

2000

- 01

2009

- 10

Change

in % (1991 -2010)

Net sown area 46.26 51.02 54.24 + 7.99

Land not available for cultivation 14.99 16.01 16.01 + 1.02

Other uncultivable land 20.58 17.26 16.18 - 4.4

Fallow land 13.61 11.14 8.75 - 4.86

Forest 4.58 4.58 4.58 0.00


251


Kadav is situated on the plain land near the base of hilly area affected

on the land use pattern of the village. Net sown area is 54.24 per cent area of

the village. Area under area not available for cultivation was 16.18 per cent

under the settlements, roads, school, play ground, canal and other

infrastructure. Other uncultivated land was found 8.75 per cent where fallow

land was 5.29 per cent in the village. The forest land was available only on the

slope of hillocks and recorded only 4.58 per cent in the village.


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

The cultivation of crops is mainly done in the central and eastern part of

the village. The village is largely influenced by local relief, soil type and

rainfall. Rice, wari, nachni are the major food crops grown in the village. Rice

and nachni crops show the slight decline in the area. Rice occupied 72.29 per

cent area in 1990-91 and 73.28 per cent area in 2009-10 (Table- 8.17 and Fig.

8.17) It was decreased by 0.99 per cent. It shows the changing trend of farmers

towards the cash crops.. The area under fruit and vegetable was increased by

0.83 per cent in twenty years. Fodder crop shows the decrease of 1.99 per cent.


Tupgaon is situated on the plain at the foot hill of the Sahayadri

mountain range. The cropping pattern of the village is a result of terrain,

rainfall and irrigation. Rice, nachni, wari and pulses occupied more than ten per

cent land in the village among rice is dominant crop covered more than 50 per

cent area in the village. Rice occupied 73.28per cent area in the village less

than Khalapur tahsil average (74.36 per cent) and the district average (57.58

per cent). These two crops are mostly grown on sloppy land. Tur, mug, gram

and wal are the major pulses grown in the village in the east part near river

side. It occupied 16.08 per cent of the total cropped of the village. Mango is


252

the major fruit crop in the village. Fodder crops are sold in the tahsil market.

Spices and oil seed were not grown in the village.

Table 8.17

The Village Tupgaon


Sr.

No.

Name of the

Crop

Year

( 1990-91)

Year

(2009 - 10)

Change

(1990-2009)

1 Rice 72.29 73.28 - 0.99

2 Wari 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Nachni 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 Pulses 14.41 16.08 +1.67

5 Spices 0.00 0.00 0.0

6 Fruits & Veg. 8.05 8.88 -+ 0.83

7 Oilseeds 0.00 0.00 0.00

8 Fodder crops 4.73 2.74 - 1.99




Village Tupgaon in located on the plain of the foothill of the Sahayadri

mountain range. Due to plain land and irrigation intensive, agriculture is

practiced in the village. Over use of chemical fertilizers leads to the increase

the soil pH of the village land . In 2006-07 average pH of the soil was 7.14 and

it is observed 6.36 in 2008-09 shows the rising of acid content in the soil. The

discussion of the farmers revels that no farmer of the village tests the land prior

to the farming. Wrong cultivation methods of also found in the village help to

increase the erosion the electrical conductivity the soil was 1.13 mmhos/cm in

2006-07 and it is increased by 0.36 in two years observed 1.49 mmhos/cm in

2008-09. This increasing soil electrical conductivity may affect on of the crop

production of the village. Survey No. 23, 26, 35, 44, 98, 122, 111 are the main

affected part of the village visible in Satellite Image 8.8.


253

8. 11 DHODANI

8.11.1 Introduction

Dhodani lies in Panvel tahsil of Raigarh District. It is situated at 190 01’

36’’ north latitude and 720 51’ 90’’

east longitude. This village is located 21 km

to the east of the Panvel city and connected by constructed road. It is located at

foothill of Sahayadri mountain, covered by Matheran at the East, Varosha at

the South, Maldunge at the North and Dehrang at the West side. The village

extends 645 hectares area having 1462 population in 2001. The village is

divided into number of settlements known as wadi namely Pudi Wadi, Kathar

Wadi, Vaghachi Wadi and Gavachi Wadi. (Image 8.9)

8.11.2 Physiography, Climate and soil

Physiographically, Dhodhani is situated at the slope of Sahayadri

mountain range, eastern slope of Matheran hill with an height of about 99.36

metres from sea level. Village Gavthan is divided into small settlements (Wadi)

itself located on slope of hillocks. The general slope of the village is towards

west. Local undulating topography divided village in to different segments,

separated by drainage channels. All the channels are connected to each other

and formed a small river known as Dhodhani River flows towards south west

and meets to the Gadheshwar dam. Village receives the rainfall in monsoon.

Monsoon begins in June and ends up at the last of September. The winter

season is experienced from October to January and summer from February to

May. The maximum temperature is observed in May (34 0C). The total annual

rainfall of the Dhodhani village is 2862 mm. received from southwest

monsoon. The soil in the village is mainly of two types namely forest soil and

laterite soil. The soil in the village is infertile due to local rough relief and

slope. This soil is low in productivity but suitable for paddy cultivation.


254

8.11.3 Temporal Analysis of General Land Use Pattern (1990-91 to

2009-10)

The general land use of village Dhodhani is shown in Table -8.18 and

Fig. 8.18 from 1990 to 2010. Village has 27.4 per cent net sown area in 1990-

91. It was 40.78 per cent in 2009-10 i.e. increased by 13.34 per cent. Net sown

area in Dhodani shows increasing trend in the study period. It indicates the

farmers’ interest to cultivate more and more land for paddy farming. Land not

available for cultivation was 14.57 per cent in 1990-91, 13.98 per cent in 2000-

01 and again decreased and reached up to 12.80 in 2009-10 per cent. The total

decrease is 1.71 per cent in twenty years. It show continuous decline in the

study period. The cultivable waste was observed 14.73 per cent in 1990.91 and

3.95 per cent in 2009-10 decreased by 10.73 per cent. Fallow land was 1.55 per

cent the beginning was reduced by 0.77 per cent reached up to 0.78 per cent in

2009-10. The trend of other uncultivated land and fallow land shows

decreasing trend in the village indicate increasing in the net sown area of the

village. The area under forest was 41.71 in 1990-91, almost remains same in

the study period and observed 41.55 per cent in 2009-10. This area is declared

as an eco-sensitive zone, thus the forest land is well protected by state forest

department in the village.


Dhodhani is situated on the west slope of Sahyadri Ranges and is

flanked by high relief by West, North, East and South east side. The uplifted

topography and soil type mainly affects existing land use pattern. The net sown

area accounts 40.78 per cent in the village mainly concentrated in western part

of the village. It is more than tahsil average (29.84) and district average

(28.96). The fallow land covers only 0.78 per cent to the total geographical area

mainly observed at eastern high part of the village less than tahsil and district

average.


255

Village Dodhani Located on Hill Zone of Raigarh District


General Land Use Pattern in Dhodhani Village (1991 - 2010)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


available for

cultivation

Other uncultivable

land

Fallow land Forest

Land Use Types

Land in %

1990 - 91 2000 -01 2009-10

Fig. 8.18

Agricultural Land Use Pattern of Dhodhani Village

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


Veg.

Oilseeds Fodder

cropsName of the Crop

Lan

d in

%

( 1990-91) (2009 - 10)

Fig. 8.19


256

Table 8.18

The Village Dodhani




The land not available for cultivation is 12.86 per cent in the village. It

covers the houses, huts, primary school building, roads, temple,

Grampunchayat building and drainage channels and embankment. Forest

spreads over 41.55 per cent land of the village in the eastern and south eastern

side of the village and it is far above of the district average (21.65 per cent).

Cultivable waste land occupied 3.95 per cent land and identified near the

drainage channels in the village.


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

The temporal variation in agricultural land use pattern shows in Table

8.19 and Fig. 8.19. It is noticed from the table that rice is the dominant crop in

the village covered 44.16 per cent in 1990-91. The area under rice is decreased

by 4.16 per cent and reached up to 37.32 per cent in 2009-10. Rice, wari and

nachani and pulses show declining trend while fruits and vegetable and fodder

crops show increasing trend during study period. Wari crop was decreased by

Year

Land use Type 1990

- 91

2000

- 01

2009

- 10

Change

in %

(1991 -

2010)

Net sown area 27.44

34.88 40.78 + 13.34

Land not available

for cultivation

14.57 13.98 12.86 - 1.71

Other uncultivable

land

14.73 8.37 3.95 - 10.78

Fallow land

1.55 1.24 0.78 - 0.77

Forest

41.78 41.55 41.55 - 0.23


257

3.79 per cent and nachani and pulses decreased by 6.17 and 8.36 per cent. The

area under fruits and vegetables was 8.09 per cent in 1990-91 increased by 8.14

per cent in 2009-10 (16-23 per cent). Fodder crop was not recorded in 1990-91

observed 2.67 per cent in 2009-10. The variation shows the trend of farmers to

change from food grain crops to cash crops. Due to sloppy land of hills rice,

wari and nachni crops are taken on terraced farming.

Table 8.19

The Village Dodhani


Sr.

No.

Name of the

Crop

Year

( 1990-91)

Year

(2009 - 10)

Change

(1990-2009)

1 Rice 44.16 37.32 - 6.84

2 Wari 16.08 12.29 - 3.79

3 Nachni 22.24 16.07 - 6.17

4 Pulses 9.66 14.07 + 4.41

5 Spices 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Fruits & Veg. 8.09 20.91 + 12.82

7 Oilseeds 0.00 0.00 0.00

8 Fodder crops 0.00 2.67 + 2.67




Dhodhani is situated on the slope of the Sahayadri mountain range. The

cropping pattern of the village is a result of terrain, rainfall and irrigation. Rice,

nachni, wari and pulses occupied more than ten per cent land in the village,

among them rice is dominant crop covered large area of the village. Rice

occupied 37.32 per cent area in the village less than Panvel tahsil average

(68.95 per cent) and the district average (57.58 per cent).Wari and nachni

occupied 12.29 per cent and 16.07 per cent used as a other food crop in the

village. These two crops are mostly grown on sloppy land. Tur, mug, gram and


258

wal are the major pulses grown in the village in the west part. It occupied

11.68 per cent of the total cropped occupied same area (4.76 per cent) in the

village. Mango is the major fruit crop in the village. Fodder crops are used for

animals in the village. Spices and oil seeds were not grown in the village.


Village Dodhani is located on the slope of Sahayadri hills. Due to sleep

slope gully erosion is the main cause of land degradation. Deforestation is also

one of the causes for land degradation in the village. The farmers are mostly of

tribal community, unknown to conservative techniques of the farming. Satellite

image 8.9 clearly shows the gully erosion. Running water channels damages

the soil of the farm lands. Survey No. 7, 17, 31, 49, 61 and 79 are the main part

affected by erosion. Apart from this cutting of the forest surround to the village

also leads to the soil erosion in the village. The tribal’s in the village cultivating

nachni and wari crop unofficially in the forest land also supports the soil

erosion by removing the grass and cutting the tress. The pH of the soil is not

much increasing in 2006-07 to 2008-09. It is increased by only 0.12 in two

years and soil electrical conductivity remains same in the period.

8.12 WARANDH

8.12.1 Introduction

Warandh lies in Mahad tahsil of Raigarh District. It is situated at 180 07’

58’’ north latitude and 730 34’ 23’’

east longitude. This village is located 17

km to the north-east of the Mahad city and connected by constructed road. It is

located at ghat region of Sahayadri mountain, covered by Parmachi and Mazeri

at the East, Taliye at the South, Pathar at the North and Padavi at the West side.

The village extends 1347.26 hectares area having 2541 population in 2001

(Image 8.10).


259


Physiographically, Warandh is situated at the slope of Sahayadri

mountain range, eastern slope of western Ghat with an height of about 99.36

metres from sea level. Village Gavthan is divided into small settlements (Wadi)

itself located on slope of hillocks. The general slope of the village is towards

west. Local undulating topography divided village in to different segments.

Village receives the rainfall in monsoon. Monsoon begins in June and ends up

at the last of September. The winter season is experienced from October to

January and summer from February to May. The maximum temperature is

observed in May (33 0C). The total annual rainfall of the Warandh village is

3428 mm. received from southwest monsoon. The soil in the village is mainly

of two types namely forest soil and laterite soil. The soil in the village is

infertile due to local rough relief and slope. This soil is low in productivity but

suitable for paddy cultivation.


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

The general land use of village Warandh is shown in Table -8.20 and

Fig.. 8.20 from 1990 to 2010. Village has 27.4 per cent net sown area in 1990-

91. It was 40.78 per cent in 2009-10 i.e. increased by 13.34 per cent. Net sown

area in Dhodani shows increasing trend in the study period. It indicates the

farmers’ interest to cultivate more and more land for paddy farming. Land not

available for cultivation was 14.57 per cent in 1990-91, 13.98 per cent in 2000-

01 and again decreased and reached up to 12.80 in 2009-10 per cent. The total

decrease is 1.71 per cent in twenty years. It show continuous decline in the

study period. The cultivable waste was observed 14.73 per cent in 1990.91 and

3.95 per cent in 2009-10 decreased by 10.73 per cent. Fallow land was 1.55 per

cent the beginning was reduced by 0.77 per cent reached up to 0.78 per cent in

2009-10. The trend of other uncultivated land and fallow land shows

decreasing trend in the village indicate increasing in the net sown area of the


260

village. The area under forest was 41.71 in 1990-91, almost remains same in

the study period and observed 41.55 per cent in 2009-10. This area is declared

as an eco-sensitive zone, thus the forest land is well protected by state forest

department in the village.

Table 8.20

The Village Warandh





Warandh is situated on the west slope of Sahyadri Ranges and is flanked

by high relief by West, North, East and South east side. The uplifted

topography and soil type mainly affects existing land use pattern. The net sown

area accounts 68.24 per cent in the village mainly concentrated in western part

of the village. It is more than tahsil average (25.54) and district average

(28.96). The fallow land covers only 0.86 per cent to the total geographical area

mainly observed at eastern high part of the village less than tahsil and district

average.

The land not available for cultivation is 30.39 per cent in the village. It

covers the houses, huts, primary school building, roads, temple,

Grampunchayat building and drainage channels and embankment. . Cultivable

waste land and forest land is not observed in village.

Year Land use Type

1990 -

91

2000

- 01

2009

- 10

Change

in %

(1991 -2010)

Net sown area 70.24 69.46 68.24 -2.0

Land not available

for cultivation

29.75 30.02 30.89 - 0.64

Other uncultivable

land

0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00

Fallow land

0.00 0.50 0.86 +0.86

Forest

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


261

Village Warandh Located on Hill Zone of Raigarh District


General Land Use Pattern in Warandh Village

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


available for

cultivation

Other uncultivable

land

Fallow land Forest

Name of The Crop

Land in %

1990 - 91 2000 -01 2009-10

Fig. 8.20

Agricultural Land Use Pattern of Warandh Village

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


Veg.

Oilseeds Fodder

cropsName of The Crop

Land in %

( 1990-91) (2009 - 10)

Fig. 8.21


262


(1990-91 to 2009-10)

The temporal variation in agricultural land use pattern shows in Table

8.21 and fig. 8.21. It is noticed from the table that rice is the dominant crop in

the village covered 95.37 per cent in 1990-91. The area under rice is increased

by 1.38 per cent and reached up to 96.75 per cent in 2009-10. Nachni and

fodder crops showed decreasing trend during study period. Nachni decreased

by 1.25 and fodder crops by 0.19 per cent. The area under fruits and vegetables

was 8.09 per cent in 1990-91 increased by 8.14 per cent in 2009-10 (16-23 per

cent). Due to sloppy land of hills rice, wari and nachni crops are taken on

terraced farming

Table – 8.21

The Village Warandh


Sr.

No.

Name of the

Crop

Year

( 1990-91)

Year

(2009 - 10)

Change

(1990-2009)

1 Rice 95.37 96.75 + 1.38

2 Wari 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Nachni 3.06 1.81 - 1.25

4 Pulses 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 Spices 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 Fruits & Veg. 0.50 0.56 + 0.06

7 Oilseeds 0.00 0.00 0.00

8 Fodder crops 1.05 0.86 - 0.19




263


Warandh is situated on the slope of the Sahayadri mountain range. The

cropping pattern of the village is a result of terrain, rainfall and irrigation. Rice,

occupied more than 90 per cent land in the village, among them rice is

dominant crop covered large area of the village. Rice occupied 96.75 per cent

area in the village less than Mahad tahsil average (68.95 per cent) and the

district average (57.58 per cent). Nachni occupied 1.81 per cent aera in the

village. Mango is the major fruit crop in the village. Fodder crops are used for

animals in the village. Spices and oil seeds were not grown in the village.

8.12.7 Soil Degradation

The village Warandh lies in ghat region of the Sahayadri mountain. Soil

erosion, land slides, unsuitable farming methods are the important cause of

land degradation in the village.

Western part of the village has steep slope thus heavy soil erosion is

observed in survey No. 103, 126, 136, 185, 188, 234, 330, 347. Land slides

occurred slope of hills damaged the far land of the foothill of the village.

Unsuitable ploughing methods are also observed in the village.

The pH of the soil was 7.96 in 2006-07 and it was observed in 7.31 in

2008-09 not much affected on the land. The soil electrical conductivity ranges

between 0.67 to 1.13 mmhos/cm in the village. It may cause for the poor seed

emergence.


264

REFERENCES

1. District Census Handbook, Raigarh 1981, Part-XII-A&B

2. District Census Handbook, Raigarh 1991, Part-XII-A&B

3. District Socio-economic Review and Statistical Abstract, Raigarh

District, 1980 -2009

4. District Soil Testing Laboratory, Alibaug

5. Gazetteer (1966) (1980): Raigarh District

6. Government of Maharashtra, (2002-03): “District wise General and

Statistical Information of Agriculture Department”, Part II, Epitome of

Agriculture in Maharashtra

7. http//www.google earth.com

8. http/www.mah.nic.in

9. http://maharashtraonline.in/Profile/Districts/Raigad.asp

10. http//www.raigad.nic.in

11. http//www.wikipedia.com

12. http//www.wikimapia.org

13. Talathi Office Record, Village - Varse

14. Talathi Office Record, Village – Wave Diwali

15. Talathi Office Record, Village - Dhodhani

16. Talathi Office Record, Village - Kolve

17. Talathi Office Record, Village - Kadav

18. Talathi Office Record, Village - Tupgaon

19. Talathi Office Record, Village - Kharsai

20. Talathi Office Record, Village - Warandh

21. Talathi Office Record, Village – Shrigaon

22. Talathi Office Record, Village- Shiloshi

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