Case Studies UNDP: TMATBOEY COMMUNITY PROTECTED AREA COMMITTEE, Cambodia
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Transcript of Case Studies UNDP: TMATBOEY COMMUNITY PROTECTED AREA COMMITTEE, Cambodia
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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities
Cambodia
TMATBOEY COMMUNITYPROTECTED AREACOMMITTEE
Empowered live
Resilient nation
Empowered live
Resilient nation
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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES
Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo
or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth
their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition
themselves guiding the narrative.
To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser
that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ
to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models
replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence toThe Power of Local Action: Lessons from 10 Years
the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.
Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.
EditorsEditor-in-Chief: Joseph Corcoran
Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding
Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe
Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,
Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu
DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa
Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.
AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Tmatboey Community Protected Area Committee, and in particular the guida
and inputs o Ashish John and Hugo Rainey. All photo credits courtesy o Eleanor Briggs, Ashish John, Sok Sony, and Rours Vann. Ma
courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.
Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Tmatboey Community Protected Area Committee, Cambodia. Equator Initiative Case Stu
Series. New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdf -
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PROJECT SUMMARYThe village o Tmatboey comprises 236 amilies, some romthe Kui minority ethnic group, and lies within Preah Vihearprovince, in the remote Northern Plains o Cambodia.The plains o Preah Vihear are home to the worlds largestbreeding populations o Giant Ibis and White-ShoulderedIbis both critically endangered species. In total, the areasupports 50 species on the IUCN Red List, and is or manyo these species a last reuge, making the Northern Plains aocus or conservation interventions.
One approach has used revenue rom ecotourism to reward
Tmatboey community members or conserving these rarebird species. The Tmatboey Community Protected AreaCommittee, in partnership with the Wildlie ConservationSociety, has developed a community-based monitoringscheme in which local residents are paid a small ee orreporting and monitoring nests o endangered species,rather than selling the eggs on the thriving black marketoperating on the Thailand-Laos border.
KEY FACTS
EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2008
LOCATION: Preah Vihear Province
BENEFICIARIES: 236 families
BIODIVERSITY: Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary
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TMATBOEY COMMUNITY PROTECTEDAREA COMMITTEECambodia
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background and Context 4
Key Activities and Innovations 6
Biodiversity Impacts 8
Socioeconomic Impacts 9
Policy Impacts 10
Sustainability 11
Replication 11
Partners 12
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matboey is a remote orest village o 236 amilies, some romhe minority Kui ethnic group, which lies within Kulen Promtep
Wildlie Sanctuary in Preah Vihear province, in the Northern Plains
Cambodia. The community lives on the edge o a protected area
within the deciduous dipterocarp orests. Similar orests across
outheast Asia have been converted to paddy elds to provide ood
nd livelihoods or a rapidly expanding population. Preah Vihear is
ne o the last bastions o standing orest o this kind, and is home
o wildlie endemic to this particular ecosystem and orest type.
Conversion o these orests to agricultural land (by both the local
ommunity and external industry groups) is incontrovertibly the
most signicant threat to the protected area.
rotected areas in the region have historically been, and to somextent still are, considered by outsiders to be open access lands,
where traditional land use patterns, community-based property
ghts, and local resource entitlements are not recognized. The
rosion o local rights has unctionally eroded a stewardship buer,
which traditionally enabled environmental conservation and the
ursuit o local livelihoods to coexist, and opened the area up to
estructive extractive industries.
A last refuge for threatened species
he Northern Plains o Preah Vihear are home to the worlds largest
reeding population o giant and white-shouldered ibis, critically
hreatened and endangered species. The region supports a number threatened bird populations, including three vulture species
white-rumped, slender-billed and red-headed) and eight species o
arge water bird (greater adjutants, white-winged duck, sarus crane,
esser adjutants, oriental darter, black-necked stork and woolly-
ecked stork). This unique assemblage o nine globally threatened
arge bird species makes the Northern Plains an exceptionally
mportant conservation area. The region supports 50 species listed
n the International Union or Conservation o Nature (IUCN)s Red
ist o Threatened Species, and is or many o these species a last
euge.
Linking local incomes to the health of local ecosystemsTmatboey Community Protected Area Committee evolved
a pilot community-based ecotourism project in the villag
Tmatboey, which was initiated by the Wildlie Conservation So
(WCS). Tmatboey was identied and selected or the pilot bec
o the areas wealth o endemic wildlie species and correspon
demand rom international birdwatchers to observe criti
endangered bird species in their ever-shrinking natural habitat
community worked with WCS, through a participatory approac
establish a locally-elected village committee which would gove
aspects o ecotourism and, importantly, all land management i
village area. The committee was legally recognized and incorpo
by the Ministry o Environment and the Commune Council lowest administrative unit o government in Cambodia).
Once the committee was in place, a local NGO partner, the Sam Ve
Center or Wildlie Conservation (SVC), was enlisted to promote
site in Siem Reap. SVC was a logical choice or this partnership,
because o its location in Cambodias tourism hub and its mis
to carry out the legacy o Sam Veasna, a bird-watcher and on
Cambodias rst conservationists. The SVC assumed leadersh
ensuring responsible tourism in Tmatboey and in promoting
village through website, brochures and advertisements. The ta
or Tmatboey tourism is a mid- to high-end market o birders, t
interested in social and environmental responsibility and w
to pay a premium based on the understanding that revenueinvested in community development and conservation e
Tourists contribute to the local economy directly, through paym
to villagers or services such as accommodation, guiding, coo
and transportation, and indirectly through a USD 30 donation t
village development und.
The initiative has resulted in a number o benets, including gr
in the populations o endangered wildlie and threatened sp
o endemic birds; positive changes in villagers attitudes tow
conservation; and increased income or the local population w
Background and Context
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55
s directly dependent upon the protection and conservation o
wildlie, natural resources and ecosystems. By linking growth in local
ncome to the health o local ecosystems and endemic wildlie, this
onservation model has been successul in changing local attitudes
o wildlie. This is not an insignicant link, as many o the threatened
pecies ound in the Northern Plains make their homes and breed
n the orested eco-agricultural mosaic which also provides or the
wellbeing o the local community. The model has also proved to be
exible and resilient in the ace o changing management issues,omplementing the new and emerging conservation tools and land
management strategies o the community.
ourism activities in Tmatboey are managed by the elected village
ommittee which is responsible or the management o all tourism
enets and the disbursement o unds. Tourism services are
rovided by our groups in the village:
. The elected village committee (twelve members) which
handles guesthouse guarding, allocation o land to community
members, and organization o the nest protection program;
. The village guide association (14 members) which is composed
o tour guides and community patrollers;
. The cooks group (emale-only, our members) which provides
meals or visitors and tourists; and
4. The guesthouse management group (emale-only,
members) which cleans the guesthouses and sells good
tourists.
Local leadership has also been an essential actor in the succe
the initiative. Mr. Dib Kimoun, Chie o the Tmatboey Commu
Protected Area Committee, along with a team o dedic
advocates, worked tirelessly to convince the community o
benets o the model, slowly and steadily building a critical o support amongst the villagers. Part o this mobilization e
involved ostering a sense o community ownership, sh
responsibility and co-creation throughout the process.
A large majority o the local population are subsistence arme
was, thereore, critical or the architects o the project to not
demonstrate to the local population how ecotourism activ
could provide benets and unding or uture generations, but
to demonstrate how ecotourism would be integrated into vi
land use planning, in way that would continue to accommo
local subsistence needs. Behavior and attitudes were not
to change. It was not sufcient to convince the villagers o
intrinsic importance o wildlie conservation, they also needed t
convinced that conservation could yield meaningul improvem
to their livelihoods and wellbeing.
What I am asking for is for more recognition that we as a community can make decisions ho
to allocate resources, especially land, to community members...Allow us to do this and we will d
it well
Ashish John, Wildlife Conservation Society
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Key Activities and Innovations
According to Cambodias Protected Area Law, the Ministry o
nvironment must demarcate our zones within protected areas: a
ommunity zone, a sustainable use zone, a conservation zone and
core zone. This demarcation is applied in all 23 o the countrys
protected areas. Protected area authorities have, as a matter o
practice, generally demarcated all our zones at the same time which
an have problematic implications or land use planning, requently
esulting in the conversion o orest or other key conservation areas
o agricultural use.
Sequencing land demarcation
matboey was the rst village in Kulen Promtep Wildlie Sanctuaryo proactively demarcate their community zone. By doing so, the
ommittee was able to undertake a participatory process that ostered
ocal ownership and engaged key stakeholders (the community,
WCS, provincial authorities and Ministry o the Environment sta)
while also mitigating potential conicts between community
members and the park authorities over the remaining demarcation.
As there are no guidelines or the sequencing o zone demarcation,
his set an important precedent or the prior demarcation o the
ommunity zone as an alternative to demarcating all our zones
t once. This practice o sequencing zone demarcation such that
ommunity land use plans come rst is now being replicated in ve
other villages and one commune.
matboey successully linked bird conservation to the tourism
ndustry through an agreement between the community, the
Wildlie Sanctuary and WCS. The agreement stipulates that
ourism revenue to the village is subject to the villagers agreeing
o sustainably manage habitats and protect key species through a
etailed village land use plan and a strict no-hunting policy. The land
se plan draws its legitimacy rom its basis in government approved
oning. It was decided upon through community consultation, and
ets out dened areas or agricultural use, residential use, and or the
ustainable harvesting o natural resources.
Financial incentives for conservation
Tmatboey Villages no-hunting policy is accompanied by a mea
that pays community members not to collect the eggs or c
o threatened bird species rom their nesting sites. Facilitate
middlemen on the border o Thailand and Laos, a black ma
had emerged in the sale o threatened eggs. The eggs o the s
crane were among the species etching a particularly high p
In response to this problem, Tmatboey assumed leadership o
initiative called the Bird Nest Protection Program which e
local residents to locate, monitor and protect bird nesting sites
project was initiated by WCS, but responsibilities have increas
been transerred to Tmatboey, as experience has shown thgreater number o nests can be ound and successully prote
by working in direct cooperation with local communities. Unde
program, community members are oered a nancial incentiv
the orm o a monetary award o up to USD 5) or reporting n
and serving as monitors o such sites until chicks have hatched
matured. Monitors receive USD 1per day and earn an extra USD 1
the chicks successully edge. Full payment is also made i it ca
veried that nests ailed due to natural causes, including preda
Rates were agreed upon in consultation with the community.
This innovative incentive scheme is complemented by a prog
administered by the Tmatboey Committee, which uses ecotou
revenue to pay local resin tree owners USD 10-13 annually to probird nesting sites. Ibises in particular tend to nest in resin trees, w
are also an important source o income or villagers.
Another noteworthy innovation in this regard is an
environmental payment program that was initiated in 2007. U
this program, armers adhering to the villages land-use plan
no-hunting rules are granted access to a marketing associa
through which they can sell their rice or a higher premium
market association not only oers preerential prices to mem
armers, but also serves an outlet or their produce to nat
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markets, avoiding middlemen who previously monopolized village
rade. In addition, the association provides start-up capital or small
cosystem-based enterprises and trains armers in new agricultural
echniques. Prots accrued by the association are shared between
articipating armers and village organizations.
he Tmatboey Community Protected Area Committee has
eveloped and enorced a community-based land use plan and put
n place programs or the conservation o the nesting and eedingites o globally threatened bird species. Through the Committees
work, community members have been empowered to enorce local
and use planning regulations, including controlling the clearance
orest or agricultural purposes. Enorcement is usually based on
erbal or written contracts between individuals and the Committee
o stop illegal activities or to relocate agricultural plots in accordance
with the land use plan.
ncentives or conservation enorcement will continue to be needed,
s escalating national land prices have dramatically increased
incentives or land-grabbing. To date, however, this approach
led to substantial improvements in local livelihoods and in
abundance and health o local wildlie. The ecotourism prog
has demonstrated to local people the importance o endemic
species and the economic value o conservation.
Institutionally, the initiative relies upon our parties, each
which plays a key role. The Tmatboey Community Protected
Committee is responsible or site management o tourist servthe management o income received and unds dispersed,
enorcement o land use plans and no-hunting agreements,
reporting violations to the protected area authorities. The prote
area authorities are responsible or legally improving tou
agreements and local land rights law enorcement. The Sam Ve
Center is responsible or marketing, site promotion, tourism book
and monitoring on behal o village-level enterprises. Finally, va
partners in the private sector provide tourist bookings, which
the ultimate source o revenue driving conservation eorts.
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Impacts
BIODIVERSITY IMPACTSThe giant ibis (Pseudibis gigantea) is Cambodias national bird
nd a near-mythical species or bird-watchers, naturalists and
onservationists. Known rom only a handul o previous sightings,
he ibiss continued existence in the Northern Plains o Cambodia
was revealed by WCS surveys in 2000. With support rom Committee,
WCS now conducts an annual census o the white-shouldered ibis,
arus crane, vultures and other key species in the region. WCS also
employs a team o research rangers that monitor nests and wildlie
n the area. These activities provide reliable inormation regarding
ncreases or decreases in key wildlie populations (as represented in
igure 1 and 2 below).
n 2003, WCS sta discovered a small breeding population o the
ritically endangered white-shouldered ibis (pseudibis davisoni),
onsisting o a single breeding pair, at Tmatboey. At the time, this
was the only known breeding site or this species in mainland Asia.
ince 2003, however, the population o this species in the area has
grown rom this single nest and one breeding pair, to six nests anindividuals in 2008. WCSs monitoring has also shown that bree
populations o the giant ibis are widespread in the area, with 41
monitored in 2009.
The Tmatboey Community Protected Area Committee has rea
out to the community to increase awareness o the presenc
these threatened species. Through the Committee, the commu
has committed to the conservation o the wide variety o glo
threatened large birds ound at Tmatboey, using the ibise
agship species. The approach chosen by the community o
conservation o local bird populations through tourism enter
has since been extended to seven sites in Cambodia, with m
planned.
The orests o the Northern Plains also support many o
threatened species, including Elds deer (Rucervus eldii) which
ound almost nowhere else in the world. Conservation agreem
made with the community have helped to protect this endang
Fig. 1: Increases in White-shouldered and Giant Ibis populations in Tmatboey, 2002-2009
EFT: White-shouldered Ibis populations at Tmatboey, 2002-2008. Source: T. Clements et al., 2010. RIGHT: Giant Ibis breeding success 2003-2009. Source: WCSnternal report, 2009.
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pecies. The Committee and community members have assumed
ull legal responsibility or the management o the wildlie and land
round the village, and as a result, deorestation rates have declined
nd encroachment into key wildlie areas has ceased, as community
ow abide by dened land use boundaries.
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
he development o tourism in Tmatboey, based on the conservationo rare bird species, has made a dramatic dierence to the income o
ommunity members, by providing employment opportunities and
source o revenue or the villages development und.
ourist numbers at Tmatboey have increased by an average o 36 per
ent annually since 2005. Over the same period, revenue increased
by an average o 100 per cent annually. Villagers have improved
ervice quality, allowing them to raise prices, and have diversied
he range o services they provide in order to capture a greater
proportion o the tourism value chain. Average per tourist payment
or services increased rom USD 10 in 2004 to USD 67 in 2008. Over
he same period, the percentage o tourism revenue spent locally
as risen rom 11 per cent to 24 per cent.
y 2007-2008, the village had received USD 12,000 in revenue
s a result o tourism activities, USD 3,500 o which came rom
ontributions to the village und, and nearly USD 8,500 o which
ame rom payments or services provided by villagers. In 2007-
008, 25 individuals, rom 236 amilies, were employed on a part-
ime permanent basis as guides, cooks and guesthouse managers,
ach receiving on average USD 2040 per month during the tourism
eason (average o USD 160 per year, maximum USD 400 per year).
hese sums are signicant or amilies otherwise dependent on
ubsistence agriculture and the harvesting o orest products, in a
egion where the average cash income per amily is USD 350-500
per year. A urther 65 individuals have beneted in some manner
hrough temporary employment, or example as occasional guides,
n guesthouse maintenance, carrying water, or through local trade
within the village mainly or ood.
In total, thereore, around 40 per cent o the villages amilies h
been involved to some extent in the initiatives activities. Donat
to the village und have been used to help pay or a new school, b
a road, construct sh ponds, repair water pumps and dig new w
Some o the prots were used by the committee to pay villager
local patrols and the guarding o nesting birds. Money has also b
used to repair and maintain tourism acilities, including repla
the tourist bungalows thatched roos.
Traditional and cultural norms in rural Cambodia dictate
women and young girls are responsible or many time-consum
household tasks, which results in poor completion or gir
education, and a preerence or amilies to send sons to sch
rather than daughters. Tmatboey has only a single primary sch
and ew children go on to attend high school. Although
Committee remains male-dominated, an eort has been mad
include women in its activities and governing body. The ecotou
committee is democratically elected and currently includes
9
Fig. 2: Income from ecotourism (USD) and tourism volume, 2003-2010.
ource: WCS internal report, 2010
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emale representatives. A womens sel-help group has also emerged
o sell goods, including drinks, ood, t-shirts and handicrats, to
ourists. The cooks group that provides meals or visiting tourists is
omposed o our women, and the guesthouse management group
lso consists solely o our women.
he inclusion o poorer and more marginalized segments o the
opulation in the running o the initiative is promoted through
emocratic processes whereby decisions, including on how tollocate tourism revenues, are made with consultation to all
members o the community.
POLICY IMPACTS
he Tmatboey Community Protected Area Committee has been
ecognized as an example o best practice by provincial authorities,
pecically regarding community zoning and the successul
replication o this approach in other villages within Kulen Prom
Wildlie Sanctuary. The Provincial Director o the Ministr
Environment has promoted the Tmatboey model, whereby
community zone is demarcated prior to the allocation o zone
other uses, advising that it be replicated in other wildlie sanctu
in the province.
The Ministry o Environment is also supporting Tmatboeys activ
monitoring its progress with an eye to replicating the proceduranother sanctuary. It is expected that Tmatboey will be used
model or the development o national-level, legal procedure
the mapping o community zones. The Minister o Environmen
cited Tmatboey several times as an exemplary model o ecotou
He has twice visited the village to show his support to the commu
and has presented the village with a medal in recognition o
outstanding work.
10
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Sustainability and Replication
SUSTAINABILITYOne o the most important ingredients in the sustainability o the
matboey initiative is community appreciation or the intrinsic
ependence o their tourism economy on the conservation o
ocal biodiversity. Community members are acutely aware that
ourists visit their village in order to observe specic threatened
nd endangered bird species and that in order or benets to the
ommunity to be maintained, its members must regulate land use to
nsure the protection o these bird populations. Ecotourism revenues
re used to ensure the sustainability o ecotourism activities and the
norcement o land use plans. As long as tourists continue to visit
he region, the project will be environmentally, economically andocially sustainable.
Another key element o project sustainability is the high degree
community ownership over the programs and community
articipation in decision-making. Beyond nancial incentives, the
ommunity takes pride in, and has been empowered by, the positive
esults that they have achieved through the initiative.
he partnership model has been important in sustaining the initiative
o date. The Wildlie Conservation Society works in partnership with
he Ministry o Environment to manage the Kulen Promtep Wildlie
anctuary and this connection has been critical to the projects
uccess. Sam Veasna Center or Conservation builds the capacity ohe local community to improve their service provision to tourists
nd attract bird-watchers to Tmatboey.
REPLICATION
With respect to community zoning, Tmatboeys approach, whereby
he community zone was demarcated prior to the demarcation o
ther zones, has been recognized as an example o best practice by
rovincial authorities, and this approach has been replicated
successully in other villages within Kulen Promtep Wi
Sanctuary. The Provincial Director o the Ministry o Environmen
promoted the Tmatboey model and advised that it be replicate
other wildlie sanctuaries in the province.
The community o Tmatboey has shared their experience with o
villages in Kulen Promtep Wildlie Sanctuary as well as with vill
rom outside the Sanctuary, and even rom other province
Cambodia. Five villages rom within the Sanctuary have come to
Tmatboey to learn rom their success. Representatives rom vil
outside the sanctuary have also Tmatboey visited to unders
their model or implementing community zoning, land use planand community-based ecotourism. There are currently nine vil
replicating the land use planning activities o Tmatboey and s
villages replicating various aspects o their ecotourism activitie
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1212
Members o the Tmatboey Community Protected Area Committee
ave become trainers or other communities such as Dangphlat and
rey Veng villages. This experience has reinorced the value o and
emand or peer-to-peer learning, as community representatives
eceiving training have expressed a preerence or this community-
o-community model o knowledge exchange. Several participating
ommunities have expressed that a peer-to-peer model o
normation exchange is critical or the cultivation o local support,
uilding trust and successul replication.
specic example o the replication, uptake and subsequent
daptation o the Tmatboey model is Dangphlat village, where the
ommunity there has established vulture restaurants where tourists
an stay in saari tents and watch rare and endangered vultures in
heir natural habitats. This particular project has also integrated the
bservation o other rare species, including gibbons and white-
winged ducks.
PARTNERS
Wildlie Conservation Society: Supports the Ministry
Environment and Forestry Administration in the managem
o Kulen Promtep Wildlie Sanctuary; advises the governm
and assists them in the development o procedures and pro
to conserve natural resources and protect wildlie.
Cambodias Ministry o Environment and For
Administration: Manage Kulen Promtep Wildlie Sanctuaryimplement activities.
Sam Veasna Center or Conservation: Uses bird watching tou
generate income that can then be used to support conserva
activities; builds the capacity o communities to improve t
ecotourism services.
Commune Councils and Village authorities: These gover
bodies help the Committee obtain support rom the village
organize village meetings. They also support the Committe
the enorcement o regulations.
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FURTHER REFERENCE
Mollman, S. 2007. Birding For a Cause in Cambodia, TIME, Week o December 1, 2008.
Svadlenak-Gomez, K., Clements, T., Foley, C., Kazakov, N. ,Lewis, D., Miquelle, D., and Stenhouse, R. 2007. Paying for Results: WCS exper
with direct incentives for conservation. USAID and WCS. sanrem.cals.vt.edu/1010/WCS_DirectPaymentsForConservation.pd
Clements, T., John, A., Nielsen, K., An, D., Tan, S., and Milner-Gulland, E.J. 2009. Payments or biodiversity conservation in the conte
weak institutions: Comparison o three programs rom Cambodia. Ecological Economics 69 (2010), pp. 12831291
zoo.cam.ac.uk/zoosta/csg/Clements%20et%20al.%202010%20PES%20Ecol%20Econ.pd
Equator Initiative
Environment and Energy Group
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
304 East 45th Street, 6th Floor
New York, NY 10017
Tel: +1 646 781-4023
www.equatorinitiative.org
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change and
necting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.
The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati
o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.
2012 by Equator Initiative
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