Case Studies UNDP: SUPPORT GROUP FOR CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES (CACID),...

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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities

Cameroon

SUPPORT GROUPFOR CONSERVATIONAND SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES(CACID)

Empowered live

Resilient nation


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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo

or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth

their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition

themselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ

to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models

replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years

the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.

EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran

Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe

Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,

Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa

Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.

AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Support Group or Conservation and Sustainable Development Initiatives.

photo credits courtesy ohttp://www.magacam.com/about-maga.html and maremagna, via panoramio. Maps courtesy o CIA Wo

Factbook and Wikipedia.

Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Support Group or Conservation and Sustainable Development Initiatives (CACID), Cam

oon. Equator Initiative Case Study Series. New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://www.panoramio.com/user/1270976?with_photo_id=9120369http://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858http://www.panoramio.com/user/1270976?with_photo_id=9120369http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdf


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PROJECT SUMMARYThe Support Group or Conservation and SustainableDevelopment Initiatives (Cellule dAppui la Conservation etaux Initiatives de Developpement Durable CACID) was thelocal implementing partner to the Waza Logone oodplainrehabilitation project, an IUCN-led intervention in northernCameroon rom 1987-2000. The project piloted a successiono oodwater releases to rehabilitate an area badly aectedby hydroelectric dam development in the late-1970s.

Critical to these eorts was conict resolution between theareas pastoralist, agrarian, and shing communities, who

relied on the oodplains scarce water resources or theirlivelihoods. This was successully carried out by CACID,who also worked with Waza National Park authorities todevelop sustainable livelihood activities and conserve theparks biodiversity. The work o CACID has been carried outsince 2000 by three local NGOs, which each specialise in keyaspects o the initial project.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2002

FOUNDED: 1992

LOCATION: Far North Region

BENEFICIARIES: 33 villages

BIODIVERSITY: Waza National Park

3

SUPPORT GROUP FOR CONSERVATION ANDSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVESCameroon

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 5

Biodiversity Impacts 6

Socioeconomic Impacts 8

Sustainability 9

Partners 9


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44

he Waza Logone region lies within the Lake Chad Basin in northernCameroon, surrounding the vast Yar oodplain. This is a critically

mportant wetlands area, and is home to the 170,000-hectare Waza

National Park, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. With a rich diversity o

lant and animal species, the region is also a centre o intense shing

nd agricultural activities, livestock production, and tourism. The

oodplain was nearly destroyed by the construction o the Maga

ydroelectric dam in 1979. The main river o the region, the Logone,

eceives its water rom a higher rainall zone in Cameroon, Chad and

he Central Arican Republic. In September and October the river

s at peak ow and, apart rom very dry years, typically breaks the

verbanks and spills over into the oodplains. As the area is very at,

he oodwaters spread over a large area. Beore the dam was built,

wo principal seasonal rivers rising in the Mandara Mountains alsoontributed to the ood o water. Thanks to the construction o the

Maga dam, however, the entire ow was captured.

looding was subsequently reduced across much o the oodplain,

aving a heavy impact on the downstream environment and on local

eople and their livelihoods. Seasonal ooding provides sheltered

pawning grounds and thereore generates large numbers o sh;

educed ooding meant that the remaining sheries were quickly

ver-exploited. It also aected the supply o water used or livestock

earing. Wildlie numbers ell due to the lack o dry-season grazing

nd surace water. The combination o these impacts contributed to

he mass migration o impoverished resident shermen, armers and

erders.

Mobilizing to reverse environmental destruction

n response to these environmental threats, a partnership bringing

ogether the International Union or Conservation o Nature

UCN), the Institute o Environmental Sciences (CML) o Leiden

University (Netherlands), and the Government o Cameroon set

ut to rehabilitate the oodplain. In 1987, the Ministry o Foreign

Aairs (DGIS) o the Netherlands unded the rst phase o the

Waza Logone Project, operated locally through the Support Group

or Conservation and Sustainable Development Initiatives (Cellule

dAppui la Conservation et aux Initiatives de Developpement DuraCACID). This rst phase comprised pilot studies carried out withi

region by CML researchers in the late 1980s that exposed the ex

o the damage caused by the dam. The DGIS subsequently und

three-year second phase o the Waza Logone Project, rom 199

1995, during which the oodplain was selectively rehabilitate

controlled releases o water rom the Logone River, with the e

o this measured to design a long-term plan or more exten

hydrological rehabilitation. The third phase o the project, ca

out rom 1995 to 2000, ocussed on sustainably improving

quality o lie o the local population and enhancing the long-

health o biodiversity in the region through sustainable reso

management. CACID worked on behal o local communitie

the oodplain alongside international sta to co-managenatural resources o the region, and supported eorts to restor

wetlands and the livelihoods o its inhabitants. Since 2000, w

the Waza Logone intervention ended, CACID sta members

continued to manage the projects activities through the creati

three local NGOs which work closely with international partne

initiatives unded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF).

Among its main contributions to the Waza Logone project, CA

led conict resolution processes aimed at settling disputes betw

armers, shermen, and pastoralists over access to the reg

natural resources, and collaborated with the project in sm

scale development projects, including rain-ed rice arming

construction o clean water supply points, the building o latand systems or sanitation, and the establishment o a lo

managed ecotourism camp site. The projects eorts have la

succeeded in restoring the ecological abric o the oodplain,

have brought opportunities or sustainable income genera

to local communities. Successul activities carried out include

hydrological rehabilitation o the ood plain, the improveme

agricultural production systems, and establishing local acce

natural resources or pasture and shing. The combined eect o

sustainable approach to resource management has enabled a m

equitable share o available resources, while allowing a proce

ecological restoration.

Background and Context


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5

Key Activities and Innovations

he Waza Logone Project consisted o several components during

ts second and third phases. These activities included substantial

trengthening o local capacity, incorporating technical training

programmes or villagers and project personnel in pluvial rice

rowing, apiculture, and on gender issues. Project and government

personnel received urther training in Participatory and Rapid

Rural Appraisal methodologies, health and sanitation, computer

se, project planning, and in the use o Geographical Inormation

ystems (GIS). Personnel were also selected to attend seminars and

tudy tours in Cameroon and overseas, including the Netherlands,

witzerland, Zimbabwe, and Guinea-Bissau.

A second key eld o work was the introduction o a series o eco-evelopment projects. These included the development o resource

management programmes in livestock, in which three cattle

migration corridors were established; sustainable orestry, in which

ix villages were included within a newly-ormed community orest;

piculture; and sustainable sheries. Community development

projects were also implemented in rice-growing in 15 villages, and in

cotourism in three locations. These projects were undertaken with

ocal mens and womens groups. Finally, clean water and sanitation

acilities were also provided, with 37 wells being dug in 33 villages,

ombined with a programme o health and hygiene education that

esulted in a decrease in cases o diarrhoea by 70%.

Community participation and awareness was urther encouragedby the projects communications programme, which included the

ntegration o gender issues into project activities, and the launching

o an environmental education programme.

The return o the water to the Waza Logone oodplain

he re-inundation o the oodplain itsel took place or the rst

ime in 1994. A second pilot ooding was conducted in 1997. The

ombined channel ows o both pilot releases totalled approximately

5 m3/s or a duration o 6-8 weeks. The additional water resulted in

an annual increase in the area ooded in an average year o aro

200 km2. The releases provided data or a potential uture large-

re-inundation and established the credibility o the project amo

the local population thanks to an expansion o economic activ

or oodplain communities.

In its nal phase, the project sought to develop a managem

plan or the sustainable use o natural resources in the ood

that would underpin the successul reintroduction o oo

Management committees and local groups were establishe

guarantee local participation; the projects progressive exit stra

included the creation o the three NGOs Association Camerou

pour lEducation Environnementale (ACEEN), Association dAppuInitiatives de Dveloppement Rural(AIDR), and Cellule de Formati

dAppui aux Initiatives de Dveloppement(CFAID).


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6

Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS

The 170,000-hectare Waza National Park is home to large numbers

o mammals and birds that depend on the annual inundation o

he oodplain. In total, 379 bird species have been identied in the

park. About hal o Cameroons population o the black crowned

rane (Balearica p. pavonia), some six per cent o the total world

population, resides in the Waza National Park. Annual water bird

ounts have been carried out in the Waza Logone area since 1993;

he our largest bird populations are white-aced whistling duckDendrocygna viduata), knob- billed goose (Sarkidiornis melanotus),

garganey (Anas querquedula) and spur-winged goose (Plectropterus

gambensis).

There are at least 30 species o mammals in the park, including

elephant (Loxodonta aricana), lion (Panthera leo), two species o

hyena (Crocuta crocuta and Hyaena Hyaena), korrigum (Damaliscus

korrigum), roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), gazelle (Gazella

urons), warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), reedbuck (Redunca

edunca) and Grimms duiker (Sylvicarpa grimmia). The park is also

home to one o the last remaining populations o the Kordoan

Girae (Girafa camelopardalis antiquorum). Kob antelopes increased

o 5,000 during the 1990s, ater a rapid decline in the 1980s.

Strategies or sustainable natural resource management

n 1994, an integrated programme o conservation and

development was initiated by CACID to rehabilitate the wetlands

nd improve conditions or the biological diversity that depends

on them. By bringing together government institutes, settled local

ommunities, traditional authorities, and private sector bodies such

s hotels and tourist agencies, the initiative has worked to restore

nd conserve the natural resources o the region. The programme

ocused on ecosystem evaluations and biological monitoring

o identiy alternative resource management strategies. Using

hese ndings, a water management plan was drawn up in which

water was systematically released rom the Logone River to re

the oodplain. Approximately 200 square kilometres 20%

the oodplain were restored in the early phases o the pro

Conservation o the Waza National Park was urther improved

resource use plan or the region that regulated access to resou

or local communities and or ecotourism activities.

The re-ooding o the pilot zone was a remarkable success

the pastoralists point o view. These changes were attributed

recovery o the vegetation, with a change rom annual grass sp

to perennial species; the cover o perennial grasses, incluEchinochloa pyramidalis and Oryza longistaminata, increased

41% to 61%. An indicator o the rangelands improvement waincrease o 260% in the number o cattle in the oodplain region

1994. One contributing actor to this was a change in transhum

patterns: ater the pilot release, pastoralists spent 60% more tim

the pilot zone beore they continued to the northern oodpla

Mukak near Zimado.

The increased extent o the oods also meant that some o

natural waterholes were relled and more surace water bec

available. Both livestock and wildlie beneted in the re-oo

areas rom decreased distances to drinking water. The increa

ooded area also provided additional habitat or sh and w

birds. Based on surveys carried out by the project, IUCN (2

calculated that shers caught 1,777 tonnes o sh in the addit200 km2 o ooded area. Population sizes or the our most com

bird species also increased ater 1995.

While these results have largely been maintained, wildlie num

in the park have suered in recent years due to poaching. In 1

the park had a sta o twenty-ve rangers. By 2005, however,

number had dropped to seven, and poachers rom Chad, Nigeria

Cameroon itsel had decimated wildlie numbers. A recent su

counted a dwindling population o lions numbering betwee

and 21. In response, the Netherlands IUCN Committee agreed to


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or an additional sixteen eco-rangers who would assist the parks

ta. These ongoing challenges threaten the long-term ecological

ntegrity o the oodplain, undermining the socio-ecological

balance established between the needs o wildlie populations and

he areas communities during the Waza Logone intervention.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

The social and economic impacts o the Waza Logone Project wereelt through improved yields rom arming, shing, and pastoralism

hanks to the rehabilitation o the oodplain. Indirect benets were

lso elt through project activities that enabled substantial capacity

building and empowerment o local communities.

Tangible social gains or the communities o the oodplain included

mproved clean water access rom 37 wells in 33 villages, and rom

raining in health and sanitation. The increased access to clean water

was estimated to have resulted in a 70 per cent decrease in diarrhoea

n the region. The provision o drinking water supply points also

educed the number o water-borne diseases that were previously

widespread in the region.

Wide-ranging benets or livelihood activities in the region were

lso seen. In addition to improving the condition o the wetlands,

he availability o water on the ood plains allowed or higher

ice production and improved sh breeding grounds. Stocks o

sh increased, improving ood security and household nutrition

ndicators. The sale o surplus sh stocks, meanwhile, generated

valuable income that was used or investments in education, health

nd improved housing.

The development o village tourism has also brought benets to the

ommunities. As the parks wildlie numbers increased, ecotourism

has developed, attracting a higher volume o tourists and revenue.orty per cent o prots rom the national park are invested in the

development o the parks border villages. Women are involved in

atering and ood processing services, while men have been involved

n improving housing and village acilities. A community store was

developed or storing dried oods, managed by women in the village

o Waza. These diversied livelihood options and investments in

ommunity wellbeing represent a substantial improvement on

ocial and economic conditions in the oodplain communities prior

o the Waza Logone project.

Community-based resource conict resolution

An associated social benet arising rom the Waza Logone Pro

was the process o conict resolution that took place betw

stakeholder groups in the oodplain region. These conicts w

long-standing, preceding the initiation o the project itsel, but

heightened by the re-inundation o the plain.

i. Pastoralists and armersConicts such as those between herders and armers were typi

related to crop damage caused by livestock. In Waza Log

nomadic pastoralists were oten involved in such conicts w

herds entered the oodplain. In order to prevent cattle rom roam

onto elds containing ood crops, corridors had been establi

or ree passage to and rom the oodplain, but these corridors

begun to shrink due to increasing land occupation by armers.

the two pilot releases carried out in 1994 and 1997, both seden

arming and nomadic pastoralist populations increased within

oodplain, heightening the pressure on resources.

ii. Pastoralists and shermenSimilarly, conicts between pastoralists and shermen w

increased ater the projects rehabilitation o the oodplain.

long-standing conict had been caused by the existence o s

canals. In 1999/2000, almost 2,500 canals such canals were cou

in the oodplain, with about 1,000 situated on the banks o

Logomatya River alone. This gave an average o two canals

average one to two kilometres in length or every hundred m

o land. The dense network o shing canals requently interse

pastoralist corridors, who could not gain access to pastures wit

passing through the canals. In crossing the canals, they

damaged by the animals; shers claimed that this damage led

reduction in shing catches.

iii. Communities and national park authorities

Finally, these groups o armers, shers, and pastoralists we

conict with the Waza National Park authorities. Conrontat

between pastoralists and the park administration took p

whenever herders were caught illegally grazing their cattle in

the park. When the abundance o pastureland and watering h

in the park increased thanks to the rehabilitation o the oodp

these resources came under heightened pressure. Predatio

livestock by lions had urther soured the relationship betw

the Park authorities and the neighbouring communities. Simi

7

Table 1: Numbers of the four most common waterbird species in and around Waza National Park (1993-1997)

Species 1993 1995 1996 1997

White-aced whistling duck 7,524 5,784 5,427 15,317

Spur-winged goose 2,128 845 2,928 5,249

Garganey 121 735 6,781 2,035

Knob-billed goose 230 623 681 1,184

Total 12,103 7,986 15,817 23,795

ource: IUCN (2004), based on DeKort and Van Weerd (1995) and Bobo Kadiri (1997)


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onicts occurred between the Waza National Park administration

nd shermen living in the vicinity o this protected area. According

o the shers, three ponds located within the Park belonged to them

ecause they were orcibly removed rom the current Waza National

ark limits during its extension in 1968. There were also conicts

etween dierent groups o shermen: the Kotoko, traditional

shing communities, and the Musgum, who successully challenged

heir privilege o exclusively determining access rights to the shing

rounds.

Rooting dispute resolution in traditional institutions

nstitutional arrangements in the Waza Logone area vary rom the

ocal level to the regional level. There are around 550 villages in the

oodplain region, divided into administrative units called cantons.

ach village is headed by a village chie (Djaom), who is assisted by

number o counsellors. Village chies help in levying government

axes, are responsible or the local management o the land, and

ave the authority to allow new amilies to settle in their village.

Above each village chie, however, is a Lamido, typically the most

nuential chie o the local canton.

Customary access to the oodplain resources had rested on the

hared understanding that all o its resident communities had the

ght to use natural resources or their subsistence. Individual cases

access routes were settled through arrangements between theamido and nomadic pastoralists. This typically involved a levy paid

n behal o the pastoralist herd to sedentary armers, and in some

ases required mediation rom village leaders. The relationship

etween herders and armers was essentially one o reciprocal

enet: or example, dung rom cattle herds was used by armers as

ertilizer.

In the years beore the Waza Logone Project was carried

this customary system had been largely replaced by a sy

o arbitration, in which a commission or settling agro-pas

conict was instituted in each administrative division. T

commissions were composed o the divisional ofcer, the m

the gendarmerie brigade squadron, the local ofcer o the Min

o Animal Husbandry, the Ministry o Agriculture, the village h

and representatives o the pastoralists and armers. Despite

eorts o these committees, however, instances o disputes betwoodplain residents were increasing with the return o depl

water sources.

One o the principal achievements o CACIDs work was to acil

improved conict resolution through a highly participatory pro

The rst contact with conicting parties was when the pr

sta surveyed the oodplain. Based on interviews and surveys

project concluded that methods used to settle conicts avo

settled communities and the owners o shing canals at

expense o the pastoralists. To redress this imbalance, the pro

intervened on behal o pastoralists at their request on sepa

occasions, working through customary institutions to me

resolutions accepted by all parties. Oten this involved establis

new transhumance corridors through settled lands, agreed thro

exhaustive discussions with all stakeholders. The long-term im

o these interventions remains the projects principal achieveme

improving social and economic well-being in the oodplain, an

proved undamental in underpinning the sustainable managem

o the Waza Logone region.

8


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9

Sustainability and Replication

SUSTAINABILITYhe sustainability o the Waza Logone Project was rooted in its

nvolvement o a range o local authorities and institutions. These

ncluded the canton Lamidos, water and livestock chies, and

ommissions or resolving agro-pastoralist conict. The eect was to

uild the capacity o local communities and ensure a high degree o

uy-in to the projects work. Participatory surveys, mapping, conict

esolution and land management plans all helped to achieve this

entral aim o the project.

Ater 2000, when international partners withdrew rom the region,

he challenge was to continue the work o the Cellule dAppuila Conservation et aux Initiatives de Developpement Durable in

maintaining sustainable resource management. This has largely

een accomplished through the creation o three local NGOs, each

working in distinct areas o community development.

Cellule de Formation et dAppui aux Initiatives de Dveloppement

CFAID) is a support unit or training in development initiatives that

works with armers to secure and improve agricultural production.

his group has partnered with the FAO.

ssociation dAppui aux Initiatives de Dveloppement Rural (AIDR)

upports rural development initiatives, including credit schemes,

working with shing groups and womens organizations withupport rom the German Development Service (Deutscher

ntwicklungsdienst- DED).

ssociation Camerounaise pour lEducation Environnementale

ACEEN), meanwhile, works in environmental education with

upport rom WWF.

hese groups were partners to the GEF Waza-Logone Project, which

uilt on the work o the IUCN-led intervention and was based on

ecommendations made by the Lake Chad Basin Commission

(comprising the countries o Cameroon, Nigeria, Chad, Niger,

the Central Arican Republic.) It operated in three areas: w

management issues at the Chari-Logone Basin level; na

resource use at the Waza Logone oodplain level; and biodive

conservation in Waza and Kalamaloue National Parks. The t

NGOs established by CACID took a lead role in local developm

and land management initiatives unded by this project, inclu

schemes to prevent waterborne diseases in villages o the oodp

and stabilisation o arable land to improve dry season productio

sorghum. While international unding and support remain cr

to the long-term sustainable development o the region, the a

o these local groups to absorb this aid and successully co-ma

projects is a result o the work o CACID.

PARTNERS

The Waza Logone Project brought together a range o local, reg

national, and international partners in its work. Each had cl

dened roles and responsibilities in its implementations. For inst

local villagers and the members o nomadic pastoral commun

were expected to use natural resources in compliance

management agreements and rules; to protect these resources

illegal access by outsiders; and to participate in the identica

planning and monitoring o eco-development activities. Va

local-level authorities were tasked with ensuring that agreem

were respected and adjudicating any conicts arising rom implementation. Representatives rom government tech

services, such as those or agriculture, orestry, stock breeding

sheries advised local populations in important decisions rela

to the exploitation o resources. Conservation and developm

agencies such as IUCN acilitated the establishment o managem

plans and committees. Finally, research institutions such as

Institute o Environmental Sciences o Leiden University advis

the use o natural resources within the oodplain, and especia

the national park.


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Equator Initiative

Environment and Energy GroupUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

304 East 45th Street, 6th Floor

New York, NY 10017

Tel: +1 646 781-4023

www.equatorinitiative.org

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change and

necting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.

The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati

o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.

2012 by Equator Initiative

All rights reserved

FURTHER REFERENCE

Loth, P. (Editor), 2004. The Return o the Water: Restoring the Waza Logone Floodplain in Cameroon. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and C

bridge, UK. xvi + 156 pp. atl.org.mx/les/WaterPublications/ParaCuencas/6.pd

Click the thumbnails below to read more case studies like this:
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