Case Studies of Red Tide (HAB)Non-Red Tide Diatom Red Tide Dinoflagellate Red Tide Raphydephyte Red...
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1 Case Studies of Red Tide (HAB) Case Studies of Red Tide (HAB) Red Tide Red Tide • Discoloration of water with increase of Discoloration of water with increase of plankton (phytoplankton) plankton (phytoplankton) • Both natural and anthropogenic Both natural and anthropogenic • Eutrophication is one of the major causes. Eutrophication is one of the major causes. • It may be harmful, but Harmful Algal It may be harmful, but Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) may not be red tide. Bloom (HAB) may not be red tide. • Some species has toxin. Some species has toxin. • Fish kill and reduction of oxygen Fish kill and reduction of oxygen • Deterioration of coastal ecosystem Deterioration of coastal ecosystem • Sometimes cause human disease or death Sometimes cause human disease or death Chattonella 日本 Cochlodinium 韓国 Seaweed culture Fisheries Problems Fisheries Problems
Transcript of Case Studies of Red Tide (HAB)Non-Red Tide Diatom Red Tide Dinoflagellate Red Tide Raphydephyte Red...
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Case Studies of Red Tide (HAB)Case Studies of Red Tide (HAB)
Red TideRed Tide•• Discoloration of water with increase of Discoloration of water with increase of
plankton (phytoplankton)plankton (phytoplankton)•• Both natural and anthropogenicBoth natural and anthropogenic•• Eutrophication is one of the major causes.Eutrophication is one of the major causes.
•• It may be harmful, but Harmful Algal It may be harmful, but Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) may not be red tide.Bloom (HAB) may not be red tide.
•• Some species has toxin. Some species has toxin. •• Fish kill and reduction of oxygenFish kill and reduction of oxygen•• Deterioration of coastal ecosystemDeterioration of coastal ecosystem•• Sometimes cause human disease or deathSometimes cause human disease or death
Chattonella 日本
Cochlodinium 韓国
Seaweed culture
Fisheries ProblemsFisheries Problems
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Health Health ProblemsProblems
Use of High Resolution SatelliteUse of High Resolution Satellite
((MSS,MSS, TMTM,, AVNIRAVNIR,,,),,,)
•• Suitable forSuitable for ddetail spatial structureetail spatial structure
TTokyo Bay on June 1, 2006okyo Bay on June 1, 2006（（Prorocentrum Prorocentrum minimumminimum））AVNIRAVNIR--II/ALOSII/ALOS
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Kagoshima Bay on April 7, 2006Kagoshima Bay on April 7, 2006((Noctiluca Noctiluca scintilansscintilans))AVNIRAVNIR--II/ALOSII/ALOS
Use of High Resolution SatelliteUse of High Resolution Satellite
((MSS,MSS, TMTM,, AVNIRAVNIR,,,),,,)
•• Suitable forSuitable for ddetail spatial structureetail spatial structure
•• Low temporal resolution: not suitable Low temporal resolution: not suitable for quick change of coastal for quick change of coastal environmentenvironment
•• Broad spectral band: difficult for Broad spectral band: difficult for quantitative analysisquantitative analysis
Use of Medium Resolution Satellite Use of Medium Resolution Satellite
(OCTS, SeaWiFS, MODIS, GLI,,,)(OCTS, SeaWiFS, MODIS, GLI,,,)
•• 1km resolution: OK for large scale red 1km resolution: OK for large scale red tidetide
•• Possible for time series analysis Possible for time series analysis (Nearly 10 years with several days of (Nearly 10 years with several days of interval)interval)
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Location Location of the of the Ariake Ariake SoundSound
50
40
30
20
120 130 140 150
129.5 130.0 130.5 131.0
33.5
33.0
32.5
32.0
Isahaya Bay
Reclamation Area1996～
諫早湾干拓（諫早湾干拓（ASTERASTER））
諫早湾干拓諫早湾干拓
5
Red Tide Red Tide Number Number in in AriakeAriakeSoundSound（（IsobeIsobe，，20002000））
Red Tide in Ariake Bay in Winter 2000Red Tide in Ariake Bay in Winter 2000--0101NoriNori (red algae) Culture(red algae) Culture40% ($200M!) Loss40% ($200M!) Loss
Water Quality Water Quality in the in the IsahayaIsahaya BayBay（（SatoSato，２０００），２０００）
6
2000 000 SeaWiFSSeaWiFSカレンダーカレンダー
SeaWiFS (2000.11.23SeaWiFS (2000.11.23--2001.4.1)2001.4.1)
Comparison with Red Tide Map Comparison with Red Tide Map Produced by Nagasaki Fisheries Produced by Nagasaki Fisheries Experimental StationExperimental Station
：Observed Area）（
有明海
Nov. 9-Dec. 6, 2001
July 8-13, 2001有明海
Jul 9,2001
Nov 22,2001
7
衛星 船舶 月平均
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
St.3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 122001
クロ
ロフ
ィル
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
St.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 122001
クロ
ロフ
ィル
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
St.1
2001
クロ
ロフ
ィル
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
St.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 122001
クロ
ロフ
ィル
a
Satellite Satellite ndnd Ship Observed ChlShip Observed Chl--a in a in IsahayaIsahaya Bay on 2001Bay on 2001 Satellite Ship Monthly Mean
Verification of Verification of SeaWIFSSeaWIFS ChlChl--a a (2001.10.13(2001.10.13--14)14)
1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
９８年
９９年
００年
０１年
Monthly Composite SeaWiFSMonthly Composite SeaWiFS
8
Monthly PrecipitationMonthly Precipitation
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1998
1999
2000
2001
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03
積算
降水
量(m
m/30da
y)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
SeaW
iFS
Chlo
roph
yll a
(μg/
l)
積算降水量 SeaWiFS Chlorophyll a 平均値
Monthly Average of SeaWiFS Monthly Average of SeaWiFS Chl. a and Monthly Precipitation Chl. a and Monthly Precipitation
MonthlyPrecipitation
(mm)
Monthly AverageSeaWiFS
Chlorophyll a(μg l-1)
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
2
5
7
1
SeaW
iFS Chl a (μg
l-1 )
1999J J A S O N D J F M A M1998
Precipitation and SeaWiFS ChlPrecipitation and SeaWiFS Chlin 1998in 1998--19991999
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
2
5
7
1
SeaW
iFS Chl a (μg
l-1 )
2001J J A S O N D J F M A M2000
Precipitation and SeaWiFS Precipitation and SeaWiFS Chl. a in 2000Chl. a in 2000--20012001
1 2 3 4 5 ?
Correlation between Averaged Correlation between Averaged Precipitation and Maximum Precipitation and Maximum SeaWiFS Chl. a for Each EventsSeaWiFS Chl. a for Each Events
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Chl. a (μg
l-1)
Precipitation (mm)
y = 8.28 + 0.551x r = 0.677
Time Lag between Precipitation Time Lag between Precipitation and and Chl.aChl.a Peak and Air Peak and Air TemperatureTemperature
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Lag
Tim
e (day
)
Air Temperature (oC)
y = 40.7 exp (-0.0460x) r = 0.616
(Q10 = 1.6)
10
Tidal Tidal Control of Control of Sediment Sediment and and Chl.aChl.a
SEA
LEVEL
(cm
)
6410
1
0.050.1
31
0.10.05
3 5 9 10 11 14 16 24
5
October, 2002
700600500400300200100
SpringneapSpring
Chl
.anL
w 5
55
Chl.a
(mg m
-3) n
Lw
555
(mW
cm-2
μm
-1 sr
-1)
48
1216
1.01.52.02.53.020
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550Sea Level Difference nLw555
Sea Level Difference
nLw555
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
Sea Level Difference
nLw555
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Sea LevelSea LevelDifference Difference
and and nLw555nLw555
77--year averageyear average
a. chlorophyll aa. chlorophyll ab. nLw555b. nLw555c. number of chl.ac. number of chl.ad. number of nLw555d. number of nLw555
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3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 2
0 . 0 0 4
0 . 0 0 6
0 . 0 0 8
0 . 0 1 0
0 . 0 1 2
0 . 0 1 4
0 . 0 1 6
0 . 0 1 8
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 2
0 . 0 0 4
0 . 0 0 6
0 . 0 0 8
0 . 0 1 0
0 . 0 1 2
0 . 0 1 4
0 . 0 1 6
0 . 0 1 8
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 2
0 . 0 0 4
0 . 0 0 6
0 . 0 0 8
0 . 0 1 0
0 . 0 1 2
0 . 0 1 4
0 . 0 1 6
0 . 0 1 8
N o n - r e d t i d e
Rem
ote
sens
ing
refle
ctan
ce R
rs(λ
) (sr
-1)
W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )
N = 7 2
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 2
0 . 0 0 4
0 . 0 0 6
0 . 0 0 8
0 . 0 1 0
0 . 0 1 2
0 . 0 1 4
0 . 0 1 6
0 . 0 1 8
R e d t i d e ( d i a t o m )
Rem
ote
sens
ing
refle
ctan
ce R
rs(λ
) (sr
-1)
W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )
S . c o s t a t u m ( N = 8 )
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 2
0 . 0 0 4
0 . 0 0 6
0 . 0 0 8
0 . 0 1 0
0 . 0 1 2
0 . 0 1 4
0 . 0 1 6
0 . 0 1 8
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 2
0 . 0 0 4
0 . 0 0 6
0 . 0 0 8
0 . 0 1 0
0 . 0 1 2
0 . 0 1 4
0 . 0 1 6
0 . 0 1 8
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 2
0 . 0 0 4
0 . 0 0 6
0 . 0 0 8
0 . 0 1 0
0 . 0 1 2
0 . 0 1 4
0 . 0 1 6
0 . 0 1 8 m i x e d d i n o ( N = 2 )
R e d t i d e ( d i n o f l a g e l l a t e s )
Rem
ote
sens
ing
refle
ctan
ce R
rs(λ
) (sr
-1)
W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )
C . f u r c a ( N = 6 )
W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )
A . s a n g u i n e a ( N = 5 )
W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )
Measured In situ Rrs SpectraMeasured In situ Rrs Spectra
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 2
0 . 0 0 4
0 . 0 0 6
0 . 0 0 8
0 . 0 1 0
0 . 0 1 2
0 . 0 1 4
0 . 0 1 6
0 . 0 1 8C h a t t o n e l l a ( N = 7 )
R e d t i d e ( r a p h i d o p h y t e )
Rem
ote
sens
ing
refle
ctan
ce R
rs(λ
) (sr
-1)
W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )
Non-Red Tide Diatom Red Tide
Dinoflagellate Red Tide Raphydephyte Red Tide
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1 . 0
1 . 2
1 . 4
1 . 6
1 . 8
2 . 0
2 . 2
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1 . 0
1 . 2
1 . 4
1 . 6
1 . 8
2 . 0
2 . 2
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1 . 0
1 . 2
1 . 4
1 . 6
1 . 8
2 . 0
2 . 2
N o n - r e d t i d e
R rs(λ
) nor
mal
ized
at 5
55 n
m
W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )
N = 7 2
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1 . 0
1 . 2
1 . 4
1 . 6
1 . 8
2 . 0
2 . 2S . c o s t a t u m ( N = 8 )
R e d t i d e ( d i a t o m )
R rs(λ
)nor
mal
ized
at 5
55 n
m
W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )
Normalized Measured Normalized Measured situ Rrs Spectrasitu Rrs Spectra
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1 . 0
1 . 2
1 . 4
1 . 6
1 . 8
2 . 0
2 . 2
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1 . 0
1 . 2
1 . 4
1 . 6
1 . 8
2 . 0
2 . 2
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1 . 0
1 . 2
1 . 4
1 . 6
1 . 8
2 . 0
2 . 2 m i x e d d i n o ( N = 2 )
R e d t i d e ( d i n o f l a g e l l a t e s )
R rs(λ
)nor
mal
ized
at 5
55 n
m
W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )
C . f u r c a ( N = 6 )
A . s a n g u i n e a ( N = 5 )
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1 . 0
1 . 2
1 . 4
1 . 6
1 . 8
2 . 0
2 . 2C h a t t o n e l l a ( N = 7 )
R e d t i d e ( r a p h i d o p h y t e )
R rs(λ
)nor
mal
ized
at 5
55 n
m
W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )
Non-Red Tide Diatom Red Tide
Dinoflagellate Red Tide Raphydephyte Red Tide
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Peak wavelength (R rs(λ ))
Num
ber o
f sam
ples
W avelength (nm)
Non-red tide
555 565 589
(N = 64)
1 2 30
5
10
15
20
25
30Peak wavelength (R rs(λ ))
Num
ber o
f sam
ples
W avelength (nm)
A. sanguinea Chattonella C. furca S. costatum mixed dino N. scintillans
555 565 589
(N = 28)
Peak Wavelength of RrsPeak Wavelength of Rrs
12
400 450 500 550 600 650 7000.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
全吸収係数
吸収係数 (m
-1)
波長 (nm)
Stn. 1
Stn. 2
Stn. 3
Stn. 4
水分子Water
Abs
orpt
ion
Coe
ffic
ient
(m-1
)
AbsorptionAbsorption SpectraSpectra
Wavelength (nm)
400 450 500 550 600 650 7000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
吸収係数 (m
-1)
波長 (nm)
Stn. 1
Stn. 2
Stn. 3
Stn. 4
400 450 500 550 600 650 7000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
吸収係数 (m
-1)
波長 (nm)
Stn. 1
Stn. 2
Stn. 3
Stn. 4
400 450 500 550 600 650 7000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
吸収係数 (m
-1)
波長 (nm)
Stn. 1 Stn. 2 Stn. 3 Stn. 4
PhytoplanktonPigments
Particles other than Phytoplankton
CDOM
Contribution to Absorption SpectraContribution to Absorption Spectra
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Non-red tide (Mean and SD)
Rel
ativ
e co
ntrib
utio
n to
tota
l abs
orpt
ion
(%)
Wavelength (nm)
aph
(λ) a
det(λ)
ag(λ) a
w(λ)
N = 89
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Red tide (Mean and SD)
Rel
ativ
e co
ntrib
utio
n to
tota
l abs
orpt
ion
(%)
Wavelength (nm)
aph
(λ) a
det(λ)
ag(λ) a
w(λ)
N = 34
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0 0 0
0 . 0 0 1
0 . 0 0 2
0 . 0 0 3
0 . 0 0 4
Mod
eled
Rrs(λ
) (sr
-1)
W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )
0 . 5 m g m - 3
1 m g m - 3
2 m g m - 3
5 m g m - 3
1 0 m g m - 3
2 0 m g m - 3
3 0 m g m - 3
4 0 m g m - 3
5 0 m g m - 3
6 0 m g m - 3
7 0 m g m - 3
8 0 m g m - 3
9 0 m g m - 3
1 0 0 m g m - 3
1 5 0 m g m - 3
2 0 0 m g m - 3
3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 6 0 0 6 5 0 7 0 00 . 0
0 . 5
1 . 0
1 . 5
2 . 0
Mod
eled
Rrs(λ
) nor
mal
ized
at 5
55 n
m
W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )
0 . 5 m g m - 3
1 m g m - 3
2 m g m - 3
5 m g m - 3
1 0 m g m - 3
2 0 m g m - 3
3 0 m g m - 3
4 0 m g m - 3
5 0 m g m - 3
6 0 m g m - 3
7 0 m g m - 3
8 0 m g m - 3
9 0 m g m - 3
1 0 0 m g m - 3
1 5 0 m g m - 3
2 0 0 m g m - 3
Modeled Modeled RrsRrsSpectraSpectrabased based on on ChlChl--aa
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Normalized Reflectance Normalized Reflectance Observed by SeaWiFSObserved by SeaWiFS
Red Tide
Non-Red Tide
Red Tide MapRed Tide Map
2002/07/31
2002/08/01
2002/08/04
2002/08/02
C. C. PolykrikoidesPolykrikoidesRed TidesRed Tides(NFRID)(NFRID)
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C. C. PolykrikoidesPolykrikoidesRed TideRed TideTransport fromTransport fromKorea to Japan?Korea to Japan?
(August, (August, 20032003))
070801a070801a
070810a070810a
15
070812a070812a
070815a070815a
070816a070816a
16
070817a070817a
070819070819
070821a070821a
17
070823a070823a
SummarySummary•• Satellite ChlSatellite Chl--a is useful to detect red tide in the a is useful to detect red tide in the
AriakeAriake Bay.Bay.•• Monthly and daily images showed it is related to Monthly and daily images showed it is related to
precipitation and possibly river runprecipitation and possibly river run--off.off.•• It seems like It seems like chl.achl.a is controlled by resuspension is controlled by resuspension
of sediment by tidal cycle.of sediment by tidal cycle.•• Reflectance spectra information was also useful Reflectance spectra information was also useful
for detection of red tide; however, further works for detection of red tide; however, further works are required to identify phytoplankton groups.are required to identify phytoplankton groups.
•• 250m ocean color satellite may be more useful.250m ocean color satellite may be more useful.
ReferenceReference
•• Ishizaka, J., Y. Ishizaka, J., Y. KitauraKitaura, Y. , Y. ToukeTouke, H. , H. Sasaki, A. Tanaka, H. Murakami, T. Suzuki, Sasaki, A. Tanaka, H. Murakami, T. Suzuki, K. Matsuoka and H. Nakata (2006): K. Matsuoka and H. Nakata (2006): Satellite Detection of Red Tide in Satellite Detection of Red Tide in AriakeAriakeSound, 1998Sound, 1998--2001. J. 2001. J. OceanogrOceanogr. . 6262: 37: 37--45.45.
