Infrared thermal camera imaging in clinical and experimental medicine
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Hindawi Publishing Corporation Case Reports in Surgery Volume 2013, Article ID 946156, 2 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/946156 Case Report Usefulness of Infrared Thermal Imaging Camera for Screening of Postoperative Surgical Site Infection after the Nuss Procedure Kenya Fujita, 1,2 Masahiko Noguchi, 2 Shunsuke Yuzuriha, 1 Daisuke Yanagisawa, 1 and Kiyoshi Matsuo 1 1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan 2 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nagano Children’s Hospital, Toyoshina 3100, Azumino 399-8288, Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Kenya Fujita; [email protected] Received 28 February 2013; Accepted 12 June 2013 Academic Editors: D. E. Jaroszewski, F. Marchal, and A. A. Saber Copyright © 2013 Kenya Fujita et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Introduction and Objective. e Nuss procedure is widely used in the treatment of pectus excavatum worldwide. Postoperative pectus bar infection is one of the most serious complications associated with this procedure. erefore, early detection of signs of implant infection is very important. However, this is difficult, and effective methods have yet to be established. Methods. We use a handheld infrared thermal imaging camera to screen patients for postoperative infection following the Nuss procedure. Here, we report a 28-year-old man with recurrent postoperative (Ravitch procedure) pectus excavatum. Results. Infrared thermography camera clearly indicated slight cellulitis in the right chest. Conclusion. Our technique may assist in preventing postoperative bar infection and removal caused by severe bar infection. Furthermore, this camera is potentially suitable for many situations in infection monitoring following subcutaneous implant surgery. 1. Introduction e Nuss procedure is a well-established method for mini- mally invasive repair of pectus excavatum, which is both safe and shows good cosmetic results [1]. However, there have been reports of severe intraoperative and postoperative com- plications, among which postoperative pectus bar infection is one of the most serious complications. We use a handheld infrared thermal imaging camera (FLIR B60; FLIR Systems Inc., Wilsonville, OR, USA) to screen for postoperative infections in patients following the Nuss procedure. 2. Case Presentation A 28-year-old man with recurrent pectus excavatum follow- ing the Ravitch procedure was treated with the Nuss proce- dure. Implantation of three bars was required to correct his chest deformity. At 5 weeks postoperatively, he complained of slight sluggishness. His serum C-reactive protein level was simultaneously elevated to 1.5 mg/L from 0.1 mg/L (3 weeks aſter operation), and the rate of neutrophilic leukocytes had increased from 54% to 78%. However, clinical infectious signs and symptoms were mostly absent, and we could not determine whether these observations were due to infection at the surgical site or another site, for example, upper respiratory inflammation (e.g., common cold). However, infrared thermal imaging clearly indicated a hot spot in the operated anterolateral chest wall (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). e patient immediately received intravenous antibiotic therapy (meropenem) with hospitalization for 1 week, followed by oral administration of minocycline. His symptoms improved, and surgical debridement was not required. 3. Discussion e Nuss procedure is a well-established method for min- imally invasive repair of pectus excavatum, which is both safe and shows good cosmetic results [1]. However, there have been reports of some severe complications in both the intraoperative and postoperative periods, among which postoperative pectus bar infection is one of the most serious complications. Infections aſter the Nuss procedure were
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Hindawi Publishing CorporationCase Reports in SurgeryVolume 2013, Article ID 946156, 2 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/946156
Case ReportUsefulness of Infrared Thermal Imaging Camera for Screeningof Postoperative Surgical Site Infection after the Nuss Procedure
Kenya Fujita,1,2 Masahiko Noguchi,2 Shunsuke Yuzuriha,1
Daisuke Yanagisawa,1 and Kiyoshi Matsuo1
1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan2Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nagano Children’s Hospital, Toyoshina 3100, Azumino 399-8288, Japan
Correspondence should be addressed to Kenya Fujita; [email protected]
Received 28 February 2013; Accepted 12 June 2013
Academic Editors: D. E. Jaroszewski, F. Marchal, and A. A. Saber
Copyright © 2013 Kenya Fujita et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Introduction and Objective. The Nuss procedure is widely used in the treatment of pectus excavatum worldwide. Postoperativepectus bar infection is one of the most serious complications associated with this procedure. Therefore, early detection of signs ofimplant infection is very important. However, this is difficult, and effective methods have yet to be established. Methods. We usea handheld infrared thermal imaging camera to screen patients for postoperative infection following the Nuss procedure. Here,we report a 28-year-old man with recurrent postoperative (Ravitch procedure) pectus excavatum. Results. Infrared thermographycamera clearly indicated slight cellulitis in the right chest. Conclusion. Our technique may assist in preventing postoperative barinfection and removal caused by severe bar infection. Furthermore, this camera is potentially suitable for many situations ininfection monitoring following subcutaneous implant surgery.
1. Introduction
The Nuss procedure is a well-established method for mini-mally invasive repair of pectus excavatum, which is both safeand shows good cosmetic results [1]. However, there havebeen reports of severe intraoperative and postoperative com-plications, among which postoperative pectus bar infectionis one of the most serious complications. We use a handheldinfrared thermal imaging camera (FLIR B60; FLIR SystemsInc., Wilsonville, OR, USA) to screen for postoperativeinfections in patients following the Nuss procedure.
2. Case Presentation
A 28-year-old man with recurrent pectus excavatum follow-ing the Ravitch procedure was treated with the Nuss proce-dure. Implantation of three bars was required to correct hischest deformity. At 5 weeks postoperatively, he complainedof slight sluggishness. His serum C-reactive protein level wassimultaneously elevated to 1.5mg/L from 0.1mg/L (3 weeksafter operation), and the rate of neutrophilic leukocytes had
increased from 54% to 78%. However, clinical infectioussigns and symptoms were mostly absent, and we could notdetermine whether these observations were due to infectionat the surgical site or another site, for example, upperrespiratory inflammation (e.g., common cold). However,infrared thermal imaging clearly indicated a hot spot in theoperated anterolateral chest wall (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). Thepatient immediately received intravenous antibiotic therapy(meropenem) with hospitalization for 1 week, followed byoral administration ofminocycline. His symptoms improved,and surgical debridement was not required.
3. Discussion
The Nuss procedure is a well-established method for min-imally invasive repair of pectus excavatum, which is bothsafe and shows good cosmetic results [1]. However, therehave been reports of some severe complications in boththe intraoperative and postoperative periods, among whichpostoperative pectus bar infection is one of the most seriouscomplications. Infections after the Nuss procedure were
2 Case Reports in Surgery
(a)
(b)
Figure 1: The figure shows clinical (a) and thermographic (b)aspects after theNuss procedure. A hot spot was detected in the rightlower chest wall ((b), black arrow). The resolution of the thermalimaging camera was 180 × 180 pixels, and the thermal sensitivitywas less than 0.08∘C. Note the complete absence of clinical signs ofinflammation in the normal photograph.
categorized as bar infections, cellulitis, and stitch abscesses[2]. Cellulitis can be managed by conservative treatment(antibiotics and surgical debridement), whereas bar infec-tions require bar removal. When a patient presents withsigns and symptoms of bar infection (fever, increasing painalong the bar, erythema along the bar, and drainage fromone or more of the incision sites), hospital admission isrecommended [2]. Therefore, the early detection of surgicalsite infection and early administration of antibiotics arevery important for good clinical results [2, 3]. In our case,infrared thermal imaging clearly indicated a hot spot in theoperated anterolateral chest wall, and the patient was treatedappropriately in the early stage of infection.
The use of infrared thermography was reported previ-ously for detection of infectious symptoms in total kneereplacement implant infection [4].This method is also useful
to aid in detection of postoperative infection in the Nuss pro-cedure. Furthermore, this camera may be suitable for infec-tion monitoring following subcutaneous implant surgery, forexample,mammary implants, reconstruction titaniumplates,tissue expanders, pacemakers, defibrillator implants, and soforth.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Acknowledgment
This work was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grantno. 23592644, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C).
References
[1] D. Nuss, R. E. Kelly Jr., D. P. Croitoru, andM. E. Katz, “A 10-yearreview of a minimally invasive technique for the correction ofpectus excavatum,” Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol. 33, no. 4,pp. 545–552, 1998.
[2] S. Shin, M. J. Goretsky, R. E. Kelly Jr., T. Gustin, and D. Nuss,“Infectious complications after the Nuss repair in a series of 863patients,” Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 87–92,2007.
[3] C. M. Calkins, S. B. Shew, R. J. Sharp et al., “Managementof postoperative infections after the minimally invasive pectusexcavatum repair,” Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol. 40, no. 6, pp.1004–1008, 2005.
[4] C. L. Romano, N. Logoluso, F. Dell’Oro, A. Elia, and L. Drago,“Telethermographic findings after uncomplicated and septictotal knee replacement,” Knee, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 193–197, 2012.
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