Case Report Fever of Unknown Origin: An Unusual...

Case ReportFever of Unknown Origin: An Unusual Presentation ofKikuchi-Fujimoto Disease

Piyush Ranjan,1 Manish Soneja,1 Nellai Krishnan Subramonian,2 Vivek Kumar,2

Shuvadeep Ganguly,2 Tarun Kumar,3 and Geetika Singh3

1Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India2All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India3Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India

Correspondence should be addressed to Manish Soneja; [email protected]

Received 30 September 2014; Accepted 2 March 2015

Academic Editor: Alessandro Plebani

Copyright © 2015 Piyush Ranjan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease is a rare, benign, and self-limiting condition thatmostly affects young females. Cervical lymphadenopathywith fever is the most common presentation of the disease. It may have unusual presentations that can lead to diagnostic dilemmaand delay in diagnosis. We report a case of a 25-year-old female who presented with relapsing fever and cervical lymphadenopathy.Because of atypical presentation, therewas a delay in diagnosis and increase inmorbidity.High index of suspicionwith collaborationbetween clinicians and pathologists is essential for early and accurate diagnosis of the disease.

1. Introduction

Fever of unknown origin (FUO) represents a condition inwhich the cause of fever remains elusive even after exten-sive investigations. Infection is the most common cause ofFUO, whereas, connective tissue disorders and neoplasmsare the other leading causes among adults [1, 2]. Despiteconsiderable development in the imaging and serological andimmunohistopathological modalities, the task of diagnosis isoften difficult and cannot be achieved in up to 50% of thecases [3]. The diagnosis of FUO becomes even more difficultand often gets delayed when the cause is a rare disease.Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) is a rare but important causeof FUO affecting mostly young population. We present aninteresting case of FUO in which the diagnosis was delayeddue to atypical presentation leading to unnecessary invasiveinvestigations.

2. Case Report

A 25-year-old female presented with the complaint ofepisodes of high grade fever and cervical lymphadenopathyrequiring multiple hospitalizations. The patient developed

low grade fever with headache three months before for whichshe was initially prescribed NSAIDS on outpatient basis.Subsequently, she was admitted in an outside hospital for fur-ther investigation and management. Her routine hemogram,urine and blood cultures, chest X-ray, and ultrasound of theabdomen were normal. No significant lymphadenopathy wasnoted. She responded to conservative management and wasdischarged after defervescence in 4-day time.

After threeweeks, she noticed 3-4 small nodular swellingsin the neck. She developed high grade fever and headache,following which she was admitted in the hospital. At the timeof admission, she had stable vitals and four enlarged, firm,and discrete lymph nodes in the posterior triangle of theneck.There were nomeningeal signs. Her routine hemogramshowed leukopenia (TLC-3200/𝜇L). Other investigationsincluding urine and blood cultures, a contrast enhancedcomputed tomography (CECT) of the chest and abdomenalong with lumbar puncture, and CSF examination werenoncontributory. She was given symptomatic and supportivetreatment and the fever subsided and the lymph nodesregressed. She was discharged in two-week time.

After two weeks, she was again hospitalized with highgrade fever and headache. Clinical examination revealed

Hindawi Publishing CorporationCase Reports in ImmunologyVolume 2015, Article ID 314217, 3 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/314217

2 Case Reports in Immunology

H and E: 10x H and E: 20x

H and E: 40x CD20 CD3

Figure 1: Photomicrophotograph of lymph node biopsy shows paracortical necrosis, histiocytes, apoptotic bodies, and nuclear dust(karyorrhexis). CD3 and CD20 immunostains demonstrate the reactive population of lymphoid cells including both B cells (CD20immunopositive) and T cells (CD3 immunopositive).

multiple, enlarged, firm, enlargement of cervical and axillarylymph nodes of size about two centimeters. She was againsubjected to extensive investigations including lumbar punc-ture and CSF examination, all of which were noncontribu-tory except for mild anaemia, leukopenia, and raised ESR(70mm in first hour). Immunological tests like ANA andRF were within normal limits. CECT of chest and abdomenwas done and revealed enlarged axillary and cervical lym-phadenopathy. Excision biopsy of cervical lymph nodesand histopathological examination was done and revealedmultiple well circumscribed areas of necrosis with histiocytesand marked karyorrhexis (Figure 1). These features weresuggestive of KFD. To exclude the differential diagnosis ofinfective aetiology stains for acid fast bacilli and funguswere performed which were negative. The patient was givensymptomatic and supportive treatment and was dischargedin afebrile condition in one week. She is asymptomatic at 4months follow-up.

3. Discussion

The patient had certain unusual presentation that causeddelay in the diagnosis and increase inmorbidity. Usually feveris of low tomoderate grade and self-limiting in KFD; our casehad high grade fever. Cervical lymphadenopathy appearedlate in the course and disappeared after first episode of thefebrile illness.This probably delayed the decision to do lymphnode biopsy. Our case showed early recurrence which is rarein the disease.

KFD is a benign condition of unknown cause that usuallypresents with lymphadenopathy and fever. It mostly affectsyounger population with female preponderance. Althoughmore prevalent in Southeast Asia, it is described in differentparts of the world including the United States [4].

The etiopathogenesis of KFD is unknown. Currentknowledge suggests that it may be due to the excessiveimmune response of histiocytes to an infectious agent. Manyviruses like Epstein Barr virus, human herpes virus, humanimmunodeficiency virus, parvovirus B19, and paramyx-oviruses have been implicated in its pathogenesis [5, 6].

Fever is an important symptomwhich is present in almosthalf of the patients [1]. Fever is usually of low grade andpersists for weeks. Sometimes, excessive fatigue and jointpains may be present [7]. Lymphadenopathy is present inalmost all cases.They aremultiple andusually involve cervicalgroup. However other groups like axillary, mediastinal, andinguinal lymph nodesmay also be involved.These are usuallymultiple and moderately enlarged and are typically firm,discrete, and nontender [4]. Other uncommon findings arerash, arthritis, and hepatosplenomegaly that are present inless than 10% of the cases. Complete blood count is usuallynormal; however cytopenias of various degrees may bepresent [8]. Immunological antibodies like ANA and RF areusually negative.

The diagnosis of KFD is delayed and, at times, missedmostly because of its rarity and self-limiting course. Lymphnode biopsy is the cornerstone of the diagnosis. Histopatho-logical findings of KFD may simulate with that of SLE andlymphoma posing difficulty in diagnosis. There are certainreports where the case was misdiagnosed as lymphoma andcytotoxic drugs were started [4].

The disease has a benign self-limiting course and usu-ally symptomatic and supportive treatment is sufficient. Insevere cases with persistent symptoms, high dose steroids arebeneficial. In about 10% of the cases, early as well as delayedrecurrences have been described [9]. There are reports of thedevelopment of SLE in the cases of KFD. Very rarely, deathhas also been reported [10].

Case Reports in Immunology 3

Prolonged pyrexia, lymphadenopathy with noncontribu-tory haematological and biochemical investigations, and ster-ile cultures of urine and blood usually raise the possibility ofrelatively common conditions like lymphoma, tuberculosis,SLE, HIV infection, and myeloid tumour. However, KFD isalso an important differential in similar settings. High indexof suspicion and careful histopathological examination areessential for early and accurate diagnosis. Delayed diagnosisleads to unnecessary investigations and inappropriate aggres-sive treatment.

This case report shares two important messages. Firstly,KFD can have atypical presentation in the form of highgrade fever and late appearance of cervical lymphadenopathycausing delay in the diagnosis. Secondly, there should be lowthreshold for tissue biopsy as a diagnostic modality in suchcases.

Consent

Theauthors have obtained thewritten informed consent fromthe patient for publication of this case report and the imagesincluded.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper.

References

[1] X.-J. Ma, A.-X. Wang, G.-H. Deng, and R.-Y. Sheng, “A clinicalreview of 449 cases with fever of unknown origin,” ZhonghuaNei Ke Za Zhi, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 682–685, 2004.

[2] R. H. Hassan, A. E. Fouda, and S.M. Kandil, “Fever of unknownorigin in children: a 6 year-experience in a Tertiary PediatricEgyptian hospital,” International Journal of Health Sciences(Qassim), vol. 8, pp. 13–19, 2014.

[3] C. P. Bleeker-Rovers, F. J. Vos, E. M. H. A. de Kleijn et al., “Aprospective multicenter study on fever of unknown origin: theyield of a structured diagnostic protocol,”Medicine (Baltimore),vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 26–38, 2007.

[4] R. F. Dorfman and G. J. Berry, “Kikuchi’s histiocytic necrotizinglymphadenitis: an analysis of 108 cases with emphasis ondifferential diagnosis,” Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology, vol. 5,no. 4, pp. 329–345, 1988.

[5] M. Imamura, H. Ueno, A. Matsuura et al., “An ultrastructuralstudy of subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis,” The AmericanJournal of Pathology, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 292–299, 1982.

[6] F. G. N. Rosado, Y. W. Tang, R. P. Hasserjian, C. M. McClain,B. Wang, and C. A. Mosse, “Kikuchi-Fujimoto lymphadenitis:role of parvovirus B-19, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus6, and human herpesvirus 8,” Human Pathology, vol. 44, no. 2,pp. 255–259, 2013.

[7] X. Bosch and A. Guilabert, “Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease,”Medic-ina Clinica, vol. 123, no. 12, pp. 471–476, 2004.

[8] Y. Kucukardali, E. Solmazgul, E. Kunter, O. Oncul, S. Yildirim,and M. Kaplan, “Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: analysis of 244cases,” Clinical Rheumatology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 50–54, 2007.

[9] J. Y. Song, J. Lee, D. W. Park et al., “Clinical outcome andpredictive factors of recurrence among patients with Kikuchi’s

disease,” International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 13, no.3, pp. 322–326, 2009.

[10] T. Kampitak, “Fatal Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease associated withSLE and hemophagocytic syndrome: a case report,” ClinicalRheumatology, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1073–1075, 2008.

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