CASE OF ERTAK v. TURKEY

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    OFJ_DE@MD @DTYF[D

    OFTJOE@FB DTYF[D

    OFTY DTYF[DJJD MD_ MYFE]_ MD @GFLLD

    DTYF[DNJ OFTY] FB GTLNJ YECG]_

    BEY_] _DO]EFJ

    ON_D FB DY]NA r* ]TYADU

    'N{{`eon}efj jf* 9;32=&59%

    HTMCLDJ]

    _]YN_IFTYC

    5 Lnu 9;;;

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] >

    Ej }gd onsd fb Dy}na r* ]tyadu,]gd Dtyf{dnj Ofty} fb Gtlnj Yecg}s 'Beys} _do}efj%, se}}ejc ns n

    Ognlidy ofl{fsdm fb8Lys D* [N@L,[ydsemdj},Ly H* ON_NMDRN@@,Ly @* BDYYNYE IYNRF,Ly I* XT[NJE,Lys S* ]GFLN__DJ,Ly ]* [NJYT,htmcds,Ly B* C@OA@, nm gfohtmcd,

    njm Ly L* F#IFU@D, _do}efj Ydces}yny,Gnrejc md`eidyn}dm ej {yern}d fj = N{ye` 9;;;,Md`erdys }gd bf``fejc htmcldj}, geog ns nmf{}dm fj }gn} mn}d8

    [YFODMTYD

    >* ]gd onsd fyecejn}dm ej nj n{{`eon}efj 'jf* 9;32=&59% ncnejs} }gdYd{ti`eo fb ]tyadu `fmcdm e}g }gd Dtyf{dnj Ofllessefj fb GtlnjYecg}s '}gd Ofllessefj% tjmdy bfyldy Ny}eo`d 94 fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj bfy}gd [yf}do}efj fb Gtlnj Yecg}s njm Btjmnldj}n` Byddmfls '}gdOfjrdj}efj% iu n ]tyaesg jn}efjn , Ly slne` Dy}na '}gd n{{`eonj}%, fj> Fo}fidy >559*

    9* ]gd n{{ eonj}, gf ns cynj}dm `dcn` nem, ns yd{ydsdj}dm iuLy A* Ifu`d njm Ls B* Gnl{sfj, `do}tydys n} }gd Tjerdyse}u fb Dssdw'Tje}dm Aejcmfl%* ]gd ]tyaesg Cfrdyjldj} '}gd Cfrdyjldj}% dydyd{ydsdj}dm iu }gdey Ncdj}*

    ?* ]gd n{{`eonj} n``dcdm }gn} ges sfj, gf ns }nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmufj 9; Ntcts} >559, gnm mesn{{dnydm ge`d idejc md}nejdm njm gnm ej n``

    {yfinie`e}u iddj ae``dm iu }gd {f`eod mtyejc ~tds}efjejc*=* ]gd onsd ns ydbdyydm }f }gd Ofty} iu }gd Ofllessefj, ej noofymnjod

    e}g }gd {yfresefjs n{{`eoni`d {yefy }f }gd dj}yu ej}f bfyod fb [yf}fof` Jf* >> }f }gd Ofjrdj}efj, fj 2 Lnyog >555 'Ny}eo`d 4 = fb [yf}fof` Jf* >> njm bfyldy Ny}eo`ds =3 njm =7 fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj%*

    4* Fj ?> Lnyog >555 n {njd` fb }gd Cynjm Ognlidy mdoemdm }gn} }gdonsd sgft`m id dwnlejdm iu fjd fb }gd _do}efjs fb }gd Ofty} 'Yt`d >;; >fb }gd Yt`ds fb Ofty}%* ]gd n{{`eon}efj ns nssecjdm }f }gd Beys} _do}efj'Yt`d 49 >%* Se}gej }gn} _do}efj, }gd Ognlidy }gn} ft`m ofjsemdy }gdonsd 'Ny}eo`d 93 > fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj% ns ofjs}e}t}dm ns {yfremdm ejYt`d 92 >* Ly Y* ]yldj, }gd htmcd d`do}dm ej yds{do} fb ]tyadu,e}gmyd byfl se}}ejc ej }gd onsd 'Yt`d 97%* ]gd Cfrdyjldj} noofymejc`un{{fej}dm Ly B* C`oa` }f se} ns nj nm gfo htmcd 'Ny}eo`d 93 9 fb }gdOfjrdj}efj njm Yt`d 95 >%*

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    9 DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    2* ]gd n{{`eonj} njm }gd Cfrdyjldj} dnog be`dm fisdyrn}efjs fj }gdldye}s 'Yt`d 45 >%*

    3* N gdnyejc }ffa {`nod ej {ti`eo ej }gd Gtlnj Yecg}s Ite`mejc,_}ynsiftyc, fj 5 Jfrdlidy >555*

    ]gdyd n{{dnydm idbfyd }gd Ofty}8

    'n% bfy }gd Cfrdyjldj}Lys M* NANU, Of,Ncdj},Ly I* N@EANJ,Ly D* CDJD@,Ly O* NUMEJ,Ls L* C@DJ,

    Ls N* CJUNA]E, Nmresdys1

    'i% bfy }gd n{{`eonj}Ls B* GNL[_FJ, Oftjsd`,Ls Y* UN@EJMN,Ly O* NUMEJ,Ly A* UE@MEX, Nmresdys*

    ]gd Ofty} gdnym nmmydssds iu Ls Gnl{sfj njm Lys Nanu*

    ]GD BNO]_

    E* ]GD OEYOTL_]NJOD_ FB ]GD ON_D

    7* ]gd n{{`eonj}, slne` Dy}na, n ]tyaesg jn}efjn` ifyj ej >5?;, `erds ejyjna, ej sft}gdns}dyj ]tyadu* Gd n{{`edm }f }gd Ofllessefj fj ges fj

    idgn`b njm fj idgn`b fb ges sfj Ldgld} Dy}na, gf, gd n``dcdm, gnmmesn{{dnydm ej oeyotls}njods djcncejc }gd yds{fjseie`e}u fb }gd _}n}d*

    N* ]gd bno}s

    5* ]gd bno}s styyftjmejc }gd mesn{{dnynjod fb }gd n{{`eonj}#s sfj nydmes{t}dm*

    >;* ]gd rdysefj stile}}dm iu }gd n{{`eonj} es sd} ft} ej _do}efj > id`f*Ej ges ldlfyen` }f }gd Ofty}, Ly Dy}na yd`edm fj }gd bno}s ns ds}ni`esgdm iu}gd Ofllessefj ej e}s yd{fy} njm fj ges {ydrefts stilessefjs }f }gdOfllessefj*

    >>* ]gd bno}s ns {ydsdj}dm iu }gd Cfrdyjldj} nyd sd} ft} ej _do}efj 9*

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] ?

    >9* N mdsoye{}efj fb }gd ln}dyen` stile}}dm }f }gd Ofllessefj es cerdjej [ny} I*

    >?* Ej }gd `ecg} fb }gd mes{t}d frdy }gd oeyotls}njods styyftjmejc }gdmesn{{dnynjod fb }gd n{{`eonj}#s sfj, }gd Ofllessefj ofjmto}dm e}s fjejrds}ecn}efj e}g n red }f ds}ni`esgejc }gd bno}s, {tystnj} }f bfyldyNy}eo`d 97 > 'n% fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj* ]f }gn} djm, e} dwnlejdm n jtlidy fbmfotldj}s stile}}dm iu }gd n{{`eonj} njm }gd Cfrdyjldj} ej st{{fy} fb}gdey yds{do}erd nssdy}efjs njm n{{fej}dm }gydd md`dcn}ds }f }nad dremdjodbyfl e}jdssds n} gdnyejcs gd`m ej Njanyn fj 4, 2 njm 3 Bdiytnyu >553* ]gdOfllessefj#s nssdssldj} fb }gd dremdjod, njm e}s stisd~tdj} bejmejcs, nydstllnyesdm ej [ny} O*

    >* ]gd bno}s ns {ydsdj}dm iu }gd n{{`eonj}

    'n% Mesn{{dnynjod fb }gd n{{`eonj}#s sfj

    >=* Bf``fejc ejoemdj}s ej yjna 'n }fj ej sft}gdns}dyj ]tyadu%id}ddj >7 njm 9; Ntcts} >559, sdrdyn` {df{`d dyd }nadj ej}f {f`eodots}fmu n} }gd yjna cdjmnyldyed ofllnjm njm sdotye}u {f`eodgdnm~tny}dys fj 9> Ntcts}* N} }gd }eld fb }gd drdj}s }gd n{{`eonj}#s sfj,Ldgld} Dy}na, ns fyaejc n} n ofn` lejd*

    >4* N} Inaldre ogdoa{fej}, {f`eod fbbeodys ej i`td tjebfyls s}f{{dm }gd}nwe ej geog Ldgld} Dy}na ns }ynrd``ejc gfld byfl fya }fcd}gdy e}g}gydd f}gdy {df{`d, jnld`u Nimt`ldjnb Anit`, _`dulnj Dy}na njm Utstb

    Dy}na* ]gd {f`eod fbbeodys }ffa }gdey emdj}e}u {n{dys njm fjd fb }gdl nsadmgeog fjd ns Ldgld} Dy}na* Ldgld} Dy}na emdj}ebedm gelsd`b njm }gdfbbeodys }ffa gel nnu*

    >2* Fj 9= Ntcts} >559 Nimt``ng Dy}ty, nj no~tnej}njod gf gnm iddj}nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmu fj 9> Ntcts} >559 njm yd`dnsdm fj 9? Ntcts}>559, }f`m }gd n{{`eonj} }gn} gd gnm sgnydm n od`` e}g Ldgld} Dy}na bfy ngf`d mnu njm jecg}*

    >3* Nimtyyngel Mdley, n `nudy }nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmu fj 99 Ntcts}>559 njm yd`dnsdm fj >4 _d{}dlidy >559, }f`m }gd n{{`eonj} }gn} gd gnms{dj} berd fy sew mnus ej }gd snld yffl ns Ldgld} Dy}na* Gd n`sf s}n}dm }gn}Ldgld} Dy}na gnm iddj sdrdyd`u }fy}tydm1 ej {ny}eot`ny, fj }gd `ns} foonsefj

    gd gnm ydlnejdm ej }gd }fy}tyd yffl bfy nift} beb}ddj gftys njm, fj idejciyftcg} inoa }f ges od``, gnm iddj tjofjsoefts, mes{`nuejc jf secjs fb `ebd*N bd lejt}ds `n}dy gd gnm iddj mynccdm ft} fb }gd od`` iu }gd `dcs* Njf}gdy

    {dysfj, Ngld} An{`nj, gf gnm `eadesd iddj yd`dnsdm fj >4 _d{}dlidy>559, }f`m }gd n{{`eonj} }gn} gd gnm sddj ges sfj ge`d ej ots}fmu* ]gyddbty}gdy {df{`d md}nejdm n} {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys n} }gd snld }eld ns Ldgld}Dy}na ejbfyldm }gd n{{`eonj}, gdj gd dj} }f rese} }gdl n} yjna [yesfj,}gn} }gdu gnm sddj Ldgld} Dy}na mtyejc }gn} }eld*

    >7* ]gd n{{`eonj} yd~tds}dm }gd yjna {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy }f dw{`nejgu ges sfj gnm jf} iddj yd`dnsdm njm }f ejbfyl gel fb ges gdydnift}s* Gd

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    = DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    ns noofl{njedm iu `fon` oftjoe``fys Nimt``ng _naj njm ldy Unymlo,njm iu njf}gdy fb ges sfjs, Gnle} Dy}na* ]gd {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy, Lts}nbn

    Ln`nu, ej}dyreddm nj dude}jdss, Nimt``ng Dy}ty, gf ofjbeyldm }gn} gdgnm sddj Ldgld} Dy}na n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* ]gd {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfyofjmto}dm dj~teyeds nlfjc ldlidys fb }gd nyldm bfyods njm }gd {f`eod*]gd {f`eod fbbeodys ej}dyreddm lnej}nejdm }gn} Ldgld} Dy}na gnm jdrdy

    iddj md}nejdm ej {f`eod ots}fmu* Ej n `d}}dy fb = Jfrdlidy >559 }gd{yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy yd~tds}dm }gd jn}efjn` {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys }f n{{fej} njejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody }f onyyu ft} dj~teyeds ej}f }gd n{{`eonj}#s n``dcn}efjs*

    >5* Fj 9 Fo}fidy >559 }gd n{{`eonj} `fmcdm n ofl{`nej} e}g }gd yjna{ti`eo {yfsdot}fy, nsaejc gn} gnm gn{{djdm }f ges sfj* Gd dw{`nejdm }gn}n`}gftcg sdrdyn` e}jdssds gnm snem }gn} }gdu gnm sddj ges sfj mtyejc }gdey}eld ej md}dj}efj, }gd {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy#s fbbeod, }gd {f`eod njm }gd nyldm

    bfyods gnm n`` lnej}nejdm }gn} Ldgld} Dy}na gnm jdrdy iddj }nadj ej}f{f`eod ots}fmu*

    9;* Fj 7 N{ye` >55? }gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody stile}}dm ges yd{fy} }f }gdyjna Nmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe`, {yf{fsejc }gn} jf ofty} {yfoddmejcs id

    iyftcg}*9>* Fj 9> Htjd >55? }gd yjna {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy yt`dm }gn} gd mem jf}

    gnrd htyesmeo}efj njm bfynymdm }gd onsd be`d }f }gd Nmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe`fb }gd {yfrejod fb yjna }f djni`d e} }f onyyu ft} }gd ejrds}ecn}efj*

    99* Fj >> Jfrdlidy >55? }gd yjna Nmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe` esstdm njfymdy secjdm iu }gd md{t}u {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy njm }gd meydo}fys fy md{t}umeydo}fys fb }gd {yfrejod#s rnyefts {ti`eo sdyreods '}gd {fs} fb Meydo}fy fb@dcn` Nbbneys ns rnonj} n} }gd }eld%* ]gd fymdy s}n}dm }gn} jf oyelejn`

    {yfoddmejcs sgft`m id iyftcg} ncnejs} }gd fbbeodys byfl yjna {f`eodgdnm~tny}dys* ]gd Nmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe` gd`m }gn} }gd n``dcdm bno}s gnm jf}

    iddj ds}ni`esgdm*9?* Fj 99 Jfrdlidy >55?, ej noofymnjod e}g }gd `dces`n}erd {yfresefjs

    ej bfyod, }gd onsd ns ydbdyydm }f }gd _t{ydld Nmlejes}yn}erd Ofty}* Ej nhtmcldj} fb 99 Mdodlidy >55? }gn} ofty} t{gd`m }gd Nmlejes}yn}erdOftjoe`#s mdoesefj }gn} }gdyd ns jf onsd }f njsdy, bejmejc ns bf``fs8

    *** Fbbdjods oflle}}dm iu oere` sdyrnj}s no}ejc ej }gd {dybfylnjod fb }gdey mt}eds fyej }gdey fbbeoen` on{noe}u nyd stihdo} }f }gd {yfodmtyds cfrdyjejc {yfsdot}efjs fb oere`

    sdyrnj}s ***, nj nmlejes}yn}erd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody yds{fjsei`d bfy ofjmto}ejc }gdejrds}ecn}efj es n{{fej}dm iu ldnjs fb nj fymdy ***

    *** Ej fymdy }gn} nj ejrds}ecn}efj lnu id ofjmto}dm ej yds{do} fb n oere` sdyrnj}, }gdoere` sdyrnj} ofjodyjdm lts} beys} fb n`` id nootyn}d`u emdj}ebedm* Bne`ejc nju nootyn}demdj}ebeon}efj, jf ejrds}ecn}efj onj id onyyedm ft}, jf ejrds}ecn}efj yd{fy} onj id mynjt{ njm jf ofty} e}g htyesmeo}efj ej }gd ln}}dy lnu cerd htmcldj}*

    ]gd ejbfyln}efj ej }gd ejrds}ecn}efj be`d gns jf} lnmd e} {fssei`d }f md}dylejd gfoflle}}dm }gd n``dcdm fbbdjod1 ofjsd~tdj}`u, }gn} ejrds}ecn}efj sgft`m jf} gnrd iddjoflldjodm* Gfdrdy, nj ejrds}ecn}efj be`d ns ofl{e`dm iu }gd n{{fej}dmejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody njm, fj }gd inses fb }gn} be`d, }gd Nmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe` fb }gd

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] 4

    {yfrejod mdoemdm }gn} }gdyd ns jf onsd }f njsdy, fj }gd cyftjm }gn} }gd {dysfjsyds{fjsei`d dyd tjajfj njm }gn} e} ns el{fssei`d }f ejrds}ecn}d }gd onsd* ]gd_t{ydld Nmlejes}yn}erd Ofty} mdoemds tjnjelfts`u, bfy }gd nbfydldj}efjdm ydnsfjs,}f t{gf`m }gd mdoesefj fb }gd Nmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe` njm }f o`fsd }gd ejrds}ecn}efj*

    'i% N``dcdm ej}dybdydjod e}g }gd n{{`eonj}#s yecg} fb ejmeremtn` {d}e}efj

    Ldnstyds }nadj ncnejs} ]ngey D`e }gd n{{`eonj}#s `nudy n} }gd }eld fb }gdn{{`eon}efj

    9=* Noofymejc }f }gd n{{ eonj}, }gd nt}gfye}eds {yfsdot}dm ]ngey D`e, n`nudy, bfy }gd yf`d gd gnm {`nudm ej }gd `fmcejc fb ody}nej n{{`eon}efjs,ejo`tmejc }gn} fb }gd n{{ eonj}, e}g }gd Ofllessefj* ]gd n{{`eonj}lnej}nejdm }gn} fj 9? Jfrdlidy >55? n`` }gd mfotldj}s yd`n}ejc }f }gd onsd

    gnm iddj sdexdm iu }gd sdotye}u bfyods gdj ]ngey D`e ns nyyds}dm*

    9* ]gd bno}s ns {ydsdj}dm iu }gd Cfrdyjldj}

    'n% Mesn{{dnynjod fb }gd n{{`eonj}#s sfj

    94* E} ns }ytd }gn} bf``fejc o`nsgds ej }gd }fj fb yjna id}ddj>7 njm 9; Ntcts} >559, nj f{dyn}efj ns onyyedm ft} njm jdny`u fjdgtjmydm {df{`d dyd }nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmu* Gfdrdy, Ldgld} Dy}nans jf} nyyds}dm iu }gd sdotye}u bfyods* Ns }gd jn}efjn` {f`eod gdnm~tny}dyss}n}dm ej n `d}}dy fb 9> Mdodlidy >55=, }gd ots}fmu ydces}dy ejmeon}dm }gn} gd

    gnm jdrdy iddj nyyds}dm fy gd`m ej ots}fmu*'i% N``dcdm ej}dybdydjod e}g }gd n{{`eonj}#s yecg} fb ejmeremtn` {d}e}efj

    92* Fj 9? Bdiytnyu >554 }gd Cfrdyjldj} bfynymdm }f }gd Ofllessefjn ydofym fb }gd mfotldj}s sdexdm byfl ]ngey D`e, }fcd}gdy e}g }gdMeunyinay Jn}efjn` _dotye}u Ofty}#s mdoesefj fb >; Hnjtnyu >55=, `es}ejc}gd mfotldj}s }gn} gnm iddj yd}tyjdm }f gel*

    I* Dremdjod cn}gdydm iu }gd Ofllessefj

    >* Sye}}dj dremdjod

    93* ]gfsd n{{dnyejc idbfyd }gd Ofty} stile}}dm rnyefts mfotldj}sofjodyjejc }gd ejrds}ecn}efj ej yds{do} fb }gd n{{`eonj}#s oyelejn` ofl{`nej}*

    'n% Ofl{`nej} `fmcdm iu }gd n{{`eonj} e}g }gd yjna {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy#sfbbeod fj 9 Fo}fidy >559

    97* ]gd n{{`eonj} n``dcdm }gn}, bf``fejc }gd drdj}s ej yjna, ges sfjgnm iddj nyyds}dm mtyejc nj emdj}e}u ogdoa fj 9; Ntcts} >559, ge`dyd}tyjejc gfld byfl fya e}g }gydd ldlidys fb ges bnle`u* Gd cnrd }gd

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    2 DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    jnlds fb dude}jdssds gf gnm s}n}dm }gn} }gdu gnm sddj ges sfj ge`d gdns ej {f`eod ots}fmu, njm yd~tds}dm ejbfyln}efj ns }f gn} gnm gn{{djdm

    }f ges sfj*

    'i% Fymdy fb 9> Ht`u >55? iu }gd yjna {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy, yt`ejc }gn} gd memjf} gnrd htyesmeo}efj yn}efjd ln}dyend

    95* Ej }ges fymdy, }gd yjna {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy#s fbbeod yt`dm }gn} e} memjf} gnrd htyesmeo}efj }f mdn` e}g }gd n{{`eonj}#s oyelejn` ofl{`nej} ncnejs}}gd fbbeodys byfl yjna {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* E} {fej}dm ft} }gn} }gd no}efjsfb ldlidys fb }gd sdotye}u bfyods gf dyd tjmdy }gd nt}gfye}u fb }gdcfrdyjfy fb }gd s}n}d fb dldycdjou ydcefj dyd cfrdyjdm iu }gd yt`ds fj

    {yfsdot}efj fb oere` sdyrnj}s, njm ydbdyydm }gd onsd }f }gd Nmlejes}yn}erdOftjoe` fb }gd {yfrejod fb yjna*

    'o% Mfotldj}s ofjodyjejc }gd ejrds}ecn}efj ofjmto}dm iu ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeodyUngun In`

    ?;* Ej n `d}}dy mn}dm = Jfrdlidy >559 }gd yjna {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy,Lts}nbn Ln`nu, ydbdyyejc }f }gd {d}e}efj geog }gd n{{`eonj} gnm `fmcdm e}g}gd cfrdyjfy#s fbbeod fj >; _d{}dlidy >559, yd~tds}dm }gd jn}efjn` {f`eodgdnm~tny}dys }f n{{fej} nj ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody }f onyyu ft} nj ej~teyu ej}f}gd n{{`eonj}#s n``dcn}efjs*

    ?>* Ej n `d}}dy mn}dm ? Mdodlidy >559 }gd jn}efjn` {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys#ejrds}ecn}efj md{ny}ldj} n{{fej}dm Md}do}erd _dycdnj} Ungun In` ns }gdejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody* Fj >9 njm >? Hnjtnyu >55? Ungun In` }ffa e}jdssdremdjod byfl Nimt`ldjnb Anit`, _`dulnj Dy}na, Utstb Dy}na njmNimt``ng Dy}ty* _`dulnj Dy}na#s s}n}dldj} ns fi}nejdm e}g }gdnsses}njod fb nj ej}dy{yd}dy* ]gd e}jdssds# s}n}dldj}s dyd }nadj mfj nsbf``fs8

    'n% Nimt`ldjnb Anit 8 E `erdm ej }gd snld gnl`d} ns Ldgld} Dy}na njm ajdgel {dysfjn``u* Gfdrdy, ges bn}gdy#s jnld es jf} Ldgld}, ns uft snem e} ns, it}slne`* Sgdj }gd ejoemdj}s footyydm, E ns n} gfld* E ns jf} }nadj ej}f ots}fmu Qn}}gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys\ ns ns n``dcdm, de}gdy }gn} mnu fy }gd bf``fejc mnus* E gdnymnift} ges mesn{{dnynjod gdj E cnrd dremdjod }f }gd yjna {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy, fjgeog foonsefj E snem }gd snld }gejcs ns E nl jf snuejc }f uft* Lu yd`n}erds njm Efyadm ns re``ncd ctnyms ej >573* Ldgld} Dy}na#s iyf}gdy, _n`eg, es otyydj}`u n [AA

    le`e}nj} njm gns cfjd fbb }f }gd lftj}nejs* Ns d st{{fy} }gd cfrdyjldj}, }gfsd{df{`d n}}noadm lu gftsd njm lu yd`n}erds# gftsds, njm E njm sdrdyn` ldlidys fb lubnle`u dyd ejhtydm njm lu oftsej Gnsnj Dy}na ns ae``dm* _ejod }gdj, d gnrd iddjejrf`rdm ej n mes{t}d e}g }gdl* ]gn}#s gu }gdu ft`m gnrd nj}dm }f iyejc ftyjnld ej}f }ges onsd }f ontsd ts gnyl* E mf jf} gnrd nju ejbfyln}efj fj Ldgld}Dy}na#s n``dcdm mesn{{dnynjod njm, ofj}ynyu }f gn} gns iddj snem, E ns jf} }nadj ej}f{f`eod ots}fmu e}g gel*

    'i% _`dulnj Dy}na8 E ajf Ldgld} Dy}na* Sd `erdm ej }gd snld gnl`d} njmsfld}elds fyadm }fcd}gdy n} }gd ofn` lejds* Gfdrdy, ges bn}gdy#s jnld es jf}Ldgld}, ns uft snem e} ns, it} slne`* Sgdj }gd ejoemdj} }ffa {`nod, lu jd{gdUtstb njm E dyd fyaejc ej }gd ofn` lejds* Sd gdnym sgff}ejc byfl }gd meydo}efj fb

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] 3

    }gd }fj njm dj} }f }gd lnej yfnm }f cf inoa }gdyd* Sd gne`dm n }nwe oflejc byfl }gdmeydo}efj fb Oexyd* Ldgld} Dy}na ns ej }gd }nwe, njm d cf} ej njm dj} }fnyms }gd}fj* N} }gd dj}ynjod }f }gd }fj, }gd {f`eod dyd onyyuejc ft} nj emdj}e}u ogdoa* ]gduogdoadm }gd emdj}e}u {n{dys fb n`` }gydd fb ts njm gnjmdm }gdl inoa* Lu jd{gd njm Edj} gfld1 ns bfy Ldgld} Dy}na, gd snem gd gnm sfld sgf{{ejc }f mf njm dj} fbb}fnyms }gd cyfodyu s}fyds noyfss }gd yfnm* E gnrd jdrdy sddj gel sejod* E mfj#} ajfgdyd gd es* E ns jf} }nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmu fj }gd mn}d fb }gd ejoemdj} >7 Ntcts} >559 fy nb}dy }gn} mn}d, de}gdy n`fjd fy e}g Ldgld} Dy}na, ofj}ynyu }fgn} ges bn}gdy n``dcdm* E mfj#} ajf gu ges bn}gdy lnmd }gn} n``dcn}efj*

    'o% Utstb Dy}na8 E ajf Ldgld} Dy}na* Sd erdm ej }gd snld gnl`d}* N`}gftcg dgnrd }gd snld styjnld, d nyd jf} yd`n}dm* Gfdrdy, ges bn}gdy#s jnld es jf} Ldgld},ns uft snem e} ns, it} slne`* E ns jf} }nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmu fj >7 Ntcts} >559n} }gd jn}efjn` gecgnus nt}gfye}u lnej}djnjod {fej} QInaldre\, ns Ldgld} Dy}na#sbn}gdy n``dcdm* N} }gd }eld fb }gd ejoemdj}s, E ns fyaejc n} n ofn` lejd 4 fy 2 al

    nnu byfl }gd }fj* Sd gdnym sgff}ejc byfl }gd meydo}efj fb }gd }fj njm }yedm }f cfinoa }gdyd e}g }gd f}gdy fyadys, it} }gd yfnm ns i`foadm iu sf`medys gf dyd{ydrdj}ejc njufjd byfl dj}dyejc fy `dnrejc* Sd dyd }gts tjni`d }f cd} inoa }fyjna1 ns n ydst`}, E ns jf} }nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmu* E mfj#} ajf gd}gdy Ldgld}Dy}na ns }nadj ej}f ots}fmu iu }gd {f`eod* E bfycf} }f }d`` uft }gn} nb}dy }gd ejoemdj}s E onj#} ydldlidy }gd dwno} }eld n }nwe e}g Ldgld} Dy}na ej e} nyyerdm byfl }gdmeydo}efj fb Oexyd* E mfj#} ajf gf }gd }nwe id`fjcdm }f* ]gd sf`medy gf ns n} }gdsodjd lnmd _`dulnj Dy}na njm ld cd} ej}f }gd }nwe njm sdj} ts fbb }f yjna* N} }gddj}ynjod }f }gd }fj }gdyd dyd {f`eod fbbeodys* ]gdu ogdoadm fty emdj}e}u {n{dys njm}gdj Ldgld} Dy}na dj} fbb }fnyms }gd cyfodyu s}fyds noyfss }gd yfnm* Sd dj}gfld* Gfdrdy, jde}gdy ftysd`rds jfy Ldgld} Dy}na dyd }nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmu* Emfj#} ajf gu ges bn}gdy snem }gn}*

    'm% Nimt``ng Dy}ty 'Dy}tyt`%8 Fj >7 Ntcts} >559, bf``fejc }gd drdj}s ej yjnamtyejc }gd mnu, E ns nyyds}dm n} gfld iu {f`eod fbbeodys fy, E sgft`m snu, iusf`medys, gf gnjmdm ld frdy }f }gd {f`eod* Nb}dy nj ejrds}ecn}efj ns ofjmto}dm iu}gd sdotye}u {f`eod, E ns yd`dnsdm }gd bf``fejc mnu* Sgdj E yd}tyjdm gfld, Ldgld}Dy}na#s bn}gdy, gfsd sfj E ajd {dysfjn `u idontsd d fyadm }fcd}gdy n} }gd ofn`lejd, onld }f sdd ld* Gd nsadm gd}gdy E gnm iddj gd`m ej {f`eod ots}fmu njmgd}gdy ges sfj ns n`sf n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* E yd{`edm }gn} }gdyd gnm iddj bfy}ufy beb}u fb ts it} }gn} E gnm jf} sddj ges sfj nlfjc }gd md}nejdds* Gfdrdy, ej gesoyelejn` ofl{`nej}, gd `edm iu snuejc }gd f{{fse}d* E mfj#} ajf gu gd mem }gn}, it}d mfj#} }n`a }f }gd Dy}na bnle`u* ]gdey sfj _n`eg Dy}na, gf es e}g }gd [AA, njm gesbyedjms ae``dm lu tjo`d Gnsnj Dy}na* Gd snem }gn} }f ontsd n mes{t}d id}ddj ts njm}gd sdotye}u bfyods* E yd{dn} }gn} gd es `uejc* E ns jf} md}nejdm ej }gd snld od`` nsLdgld} Dy}na njm E mfj#} ajf gdyd gd es jf*

    'm% Ejrds}ecn}efj yd{fy} stile}}dm fj 7 N{ye` >55? iu ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeodyUngun In`

    ?9* ]gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody s}n}dm }gn} ej }gd oftysd fb ges ej~teyeds gdgnm rese}dm }gd sodjd fb }gd drdj}s njm dwnlejdm }gd ots}fmu ydces}dys,of{eds fb geog dyd n{{djmdm }f ges yd{fy}* Gd snem }gn}, n`}gftcg `d}}dysgnm iddj sdj} }f }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys yd~tds}ejc nj ej}dyred e}g slne`Dy}na 'gf gnm n{{nydj}`u lfrdm }f _e`f{e%, }gd nt}gfye}eds gnm iddj tjni`d}f bejm }gd `n}}dy#s nmmydss* Gd jf}dm }gn} e} ns o`dny byfl }gd s}n}dldj}s iu

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    7 DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    Nimt`ldjnb Anit`, _`dulnj Dy}na njm Utstb Dy}na }gn} }gdu gnm jf} iddj}nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmu de}gdy idbfyd fy nb}dy }gd ejoemdj}s, n bno}

    ofyyfifyn}dm iu nj ejs{do}efj fb }gd ots}fmu ydces}dys* ]gd ejrds}ecn}ejcfbbeody n`sf ydbdyydm }f }gd `d}}dy sdj} iu }gd yjna {f`eod ofjbeylejc }gn}Ldgld} Dy}na gnm jf} iddj }nadj ej}f ots}fmu mtyejc fy nb}dy }gd ejoemdj}sej ~tds}efj, njm jf}dm }gn} Nimt``ng Dy}ty, noofymejc }f }gd s}n}dldj} gdgnm lnmd, gnm iddj nyyds}dm iu }gd cdjmnylds nb}dy }gd ejoemdj}s ej yjnafj >7 Ntcts} >559 njm gnjmdm frdy }f }gd {f`eod idbfyd idejc yd`dnsdm }gdjdw} mnu1 ges jnld n{{dnydm tjmdy jtlidy 2;9 ej }gd ots}fmu ydces}dy* Gdfisdyrdm }gn} Nimt``ng Dy}ty gnm lnej}nejdm }gn} gd gnm jf} sddj Ldgld}Dy}na n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys njm gnm }gdydbfyd jf} s}nudm ej }gd snldod``* ]gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody ydnogdm }gd bf``fejc ofjo`tsefj8

    E {yf{fsd }gn} jf ofty} {yfoddmejcs id iyftcg}, cerdj }gn} }gd n``dcn}efjs lnmd iuslne` Dy}na njm n ldlidy fb [ny`enldj}, Fygnj Mfnj, ofjodyjejc Ldgld} Dy}na#smd}dj}efj ej {f eod ots}fmu njm mesn{{dnynjod ge d idejc md}nejdm nyd gf``utjbftjmdm*

    9* Fyn` dremdjod

    ??* Fj 4, 2 njm 3 Bdiytnyu >553 }gydd Ofllessefj md`dcn}ds fi}nejdm}gd bf``fejc s}n}dldj}s ej Njanyn*

    'n% slne` Dy}na

    ?=* ]ges e}jdss }gd n{{`eonj} es Ldgld} Dy}na#s bn}gdy* Ej Ntcts}

    >559 gd gdnym sgff}ejc, geog dj} fj bfy }gydd mnus* Fj }gd jecg} fb }gdejoemdj}s, ges sfj Ldgld} Dy}na ns fyaejc n} }gd ofn` lejd*

    ?4* Gd yd{dn}dm }gd bno}s ns sd} ft} ej ges n{{`eon}efj*?2* ]gd e}jdss s}n}dm }gn} gd gnm cfjd }f }gd cdjmnyldyed ofllnjm,

    gdyd n lnhfy, nb}dy ogdoaejc }gd `es} fb }gfsd md}nejdm, gnm }f`m gel }gn} gessfj gnm jf} iddj md}nejdm n} }gd inyynoas* Gd gnm n`sf n}}djmdm n ldd}ejc n}}gd inyynoas, fj geog foonsefj gd gnm ncnej mdlnjmdm ejbfyln}efj ns }fgn} gnm gn{{djdm }f ges sfj* ]fcd}gdy e}g }f `fon` oftjoe``fys'ltg}nys% Nimt``ng _naj 'ltg}ny bfy }gd Ude`uty} mes}yeo}% njm ldyUnymlo 'ltg}ny bfy }gd Cnxe{nn mes}yeo}% gd gnm cfjd }f }gd yjna

    {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy njm ej}yfmtodm gel }f Nimt``ng Dy}ty, gf }f`m }gdcfrdyjfy }gn} ge`d ej {f`eod ots}fmu gd gnm s{dj} fjd jecg} ej }gd snld od``ns Ldgld} Dy}na* ]gd cfrdyjfy gnm gnjmdm n `d}}dy }f }gd ltg}nys njm gnmnmresdm }gdl }f ofj}no} }gd {f`eod* ]gd e}jdss#s sfj Gnle} Dy}na gnm cfjd}f }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys e}g Nimt``ng _naj njm Nimt``ng Dy}ty*

    ?3* ]gd e}jdss lnej}nejdm }gn} gd gnm `fmcdm n ofl{`nej} e}g }gdyjna {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy#s fbbeod, it} oft`m jf} ydldlidy gd}gdy }gd

    {yfsdot}ejc nt}gfye}eds gnm ~tds}efjdm Nimt``ng Dy}ty njm }gd f}gdy {df{`dydbdyydm }f ej ges ofl{`nej}* ]gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy gnm ydlnyadm }gn} e} nsgecg`u `ead`u }gn} }gd e}jdss#s sfj gnm cfjd nnu }f }gd lftj}nejs* ]gd

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] 5

    e}jdss gnm ofj}ds}dm }gn} n``dcn}efj, dw{`nejejc }gn} Ldgld} gnm bftyoge`mydj njm }gn} ges ebd ns s}e`` rdyu uftjc*

    ?7* Gd s}n}dm }gn} ges sfj Ldgld} Dy}na gnm iddj ~tds}efjdm iu {f`eodfbbeodys dny`edy }gn} udny* Gd mem jf} ajf gu ges sfj gnm iddj stllfjdm

    iu }gd {f`eod* Gd nmmdm }gn} fjd fb ges sfjs, Ldgld} _n`eg Dy}na, gnm iddjlessejc sejod >5751 gd gnm gdnym }gn} gd gnm cfjd fbb }f hfej }gd [AA'Sfyadys# [ny}u fb Atymes}nj%, it} gd mem jf} ajf gd}gdy gd ns n`erd fymdnm* Njf}gdy fb ges sfjs, Ldst} Dy}na, gnm iddj ofjreo}dm bfy ges {ny} ejnj dw{`fsefj njm sdj}djodm }f }d`rd udnys# el{yesfjldj}* ]gd e}jdssyd{dn}dm }gn} ges sfj Ldgld} Dy}na, gf gnm bfty uftjc oge`mydj, gnm iddjmfejc jf}gejc it} fya n`` gftys fb }gd mnu }f bddm }gdl* Gd s}n}dm8 ]gn}oge`m QLdgld}\ es ejjfodj}* Ges iyf}gdy dj} nnu }f }gd lftj}nejs jejdudnys ncf* Lnuid }gn}#s gn} }gdu gf`m ncnejs} gel*

    'i% Lts}nbn Ln`nu

    ?5* ]ges e}jdss ns {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy fb yjna ej Ntcts} >559* Gddw{`nejdm }gn} fj >7 Ntcts} >559 }gdyd gnm iddj o`nsgds id}ddj }gdsdotye}u bfyods njm }dyyfyes}s, gf gnm `ntjogdm nj n}}noa* _drdyn` {df{`dgnm iddj sgf} mdnm* ]gd n}}noas gnm fyecejn}dm ej }gd nydn gdyd }gd ofn`lejds dyd se}tn}dm* Bf``fejc }gd ejoemdj}s, }gd sdotye}u bfyods {f`eodfbbeodys njm cdjmnylds gnm onyyedm ft} sdnyogds njm lfyd }gnj fjdgtjmydm {df{`d gnm iddj nyyds}dm njm iyftcg} idbfyd }gd ofty}s* _fld fb}gdl gnm iddj }nadj ej}f ots}fmu n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys njm f}gdys n}

    }gd cdjmnyldyed#s md}dj}efj odj}yd* ]f sd{nyn}d ydces}dys gnm iddj ad{}*=;* ]gd e}jdss s}n}dm }gn} gd gnm ld} n lnj ej ges fbbeod gf snem }gn}gd gnm s{dj} n gf`d jecg} ej }gd snld od`` ns Ldgld} Dy}na* Gd oft`m jf}ydldlidy gd}gdy }gn} e}jdss#s jnld ns Nimt``ng Dy}tyt`* Gd gnmnmresdm slne` Dy}na }f }nad }gd dude}jdss }f }gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy* Gd gnmn`sf ej}dyreddm f}gdy {df{`d gf gnm snem }gn} }gdu gnm sddj Ldgld}Dy}na ge`d ej ots}fmu n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* Gd snem }gn} slne` Dy}nagnm jf} cerdj t{ njm gnm ofld inoa }f ges fbbeod berd fy sew }elds e}g }gdsnld n``dcn}efjs* ]gd e}jdss gnm ye}}dj n ofjbemdj}en` `d}}dy }f }gdjn}efjn` {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys ej Njanyn njm }f }gd Lejes}yu fb }gd Ej}dyefy,yd~tds}ejc }gd n{{fej}ldj} fb nj ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody }f onyyu ft} ej~teyeds*

    Gd nmmdm }gn} gd gnm stisd~tdj}`u ejs{do}dm }gd {f eod gdnm~tny}dys#ots}fmu ydces}dys njm bftjm }gn} Ldgld} Dy}na#s jnld ns jf} fj }gd `es} fbmd}nejdds* ]gd cdjmnyldyed gnm ejbfyldm gel fyn``u }gn} Ldgld} Dy}na gnmjf} iddj md}nejdm fj }gdey {ydlesds* Nj ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody gnm iddjn{{fej}dm }f ofjmto} }gd ejrds}ecn}efj* ]gd e}jdss gnm iddj }ynjsbdyydm }fnjf}gdy {fs} ej Bdiytnyu >55? njm gnm ofjsd~tdj}`u ydoderdm jf bty}gdyejbfyln}efj fj }gd {yfcydss fb }gd ejrds}ecn}efj*

    'o% _`dulnj Dy}na

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    >; DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    =>* ]ges e}jdss gnm iddj fyaejc n} }gd ofn` lejds n} }gd ln}dyen` }eld*Ldgld} Dy}na ns ges oftsej* Sgdj }gd ejoemdj}s footyydm ej yjna gd gnm

    iddj n} fya ej }gd lejds* Ldgld} Dy}na, Nimt`ldjnb Anit` njm UtstbDy}na gnm n`sf iddj n} }gd lejds, fyaejc ej mebbdydj} nydns* Idontsd fb }gdejoemdj}s }gdu gnm iddj tjni`d }f yd}tyj }f yjna id}ddj >7 njm99 Ntcts}* ]gdu gnm iddj nyjdm iu }gd cdjmnyldyed fbbeod jdny }gd lejdjf} }f `dnrd }gd se}d*

    =9* ]gd e}jdss s}n}dm }gn} }gdyd gnm iddj o`nsgds ej }gd }fj it} jf} ej}gd nydn iu }gd lejds* Nb}dy s{djmejc bfty mnus ej }gd lejds, gd, Ldgld}Dy}na, Nimt`ldjnb Anit` njm Utstb Dy}na gnm s}ny}dm ft} n`fjc }gd lnejyfnm njm, ej fymdy }f cf inoa }f yjna, gnm }nadj n }nwe geog gnm nyyerdmbyfl Oexyd* E} gnm n`lfs} iddj jecg} }eld* Jdny yjna, n} }gd ogdoa{fej}ejsemd }gd }fj, {f`eod fbbeodys ej i`td tjebfyls gnm s}f{{dm }gd }nwe njm

    nsadm bfy }gdey emdj}e}u onyms* Nb}dy dwnlejejc }gdey {n{dys ej n gt}, }gdfbbeodys gnm yd}tyjdm njm nsadm8 Sgeog fjd fb uft es Ldgld}6 Ldgld}Dy}na gnm yd{`edm8 E nl* ]gd fbbeodys gnm }nadj gel nnu e}g }gdl njmfymdydm }gd f}gdys }f `dnrd elldmen}d`u* ]gdu gnm cf} ej}f }gd }nwe njmyd}tyjdm gfld*

    =?* ]gd e}jdss snem }gn} slne` Dy}na gnm nsadm gel gdyd ges sfj ns,njm }gn} gd gnm }f`m gel nift} }gd ejoemdj}* Gd gnm jf} iddj ej}dyreddm fj}gd ln}}dy iu }gd nt}gfye}eds*

    'm% Ngld} Dy}na

    ==* ]ges e}jdss es Ldgld} Dy}na#s iyf}gdy* N} }gd ln}dyen` }eld gd gnmiddj `erejc ej Meunyinay* N} }gd }eld fb }gd ejoemdj}s gd gnm iddj ej yjnarese}ejc ges bnle`u* Fj 99 Ntcts} >559 gd gnm `db} }gd }fj, n`fjc e}g gesbnle`u*

    =4* ]gd e}jdss mdsoyeidm }gd ejoemdj}s }gn} gnm }nadj {`nod ej yjna*Fj }gd lfyjejc fb 99 Ntcts} gd njm ges bn}gdy gnm iddj }f`m nift} ges

    iyf}gdy#s nyyds}* Nimt``ng Dy}tyt` gnm ejbfyldm }gdl }gn} gd gnm iddjmd}nejdm ej }gd snld {f`eod od`` ns Ldgld} Dy}na* _drdyn` {df{`d gnm iddjmd}nejdm ej }gd snld {`nod njm }gdu gnm n`` iddj i`ejmbf`mdm* Nimt``ngDy}tyt` gnm `eb}dm t{ ges i`ejmbf`m njm gnm }gts iddj ni`d }f sdd Ldgld}Dy}na njm s{dna }f gel* Dny`u }gd jdw} mnu Nimt``ng Dy}tyt` gnm iddj

    yd`dnsdm* Ej }gd nb}dyjffj Nimt`ldjnb Anit`, _`dulnj Dy}na njm UtstbDy}na gnm }f`m }gdl }gn}, ge`d }gdu gnm iddj fj }gdey nu gfld byfl }gdlejds, }gd {f`eod gnm onyyedm ft} nj emdj}e}u ogdoa n} }gd Inaldreogdoa{fej} ej yjna njm gnm }nadj Ldgld} Dy}na nnu*

    =2* ]gd e}jdss dw{`nejdm }gn} gd gnm ld} Nimtyyngel Mdley, n `nudy,njm gnm nsadm gel nift} }gd oeyotls}njods ej geog gd gnm sddj Ldgld}Dy}na* Gd gnm ydoderdm }gd bf``fejc yd{`u8 Sgdj Ldgld} Dy}na ns

    iyftcg} ej}f }gd od``, }gdyd dyd nift} }d`rd fb ts }gdyd* Byfl }eld }f }eldsfld fb }gd md}nejdds ft`m id }nadj nnu bfy ~tds}efjejc njm ft`m ofld

    inoa `n}dy1 }gn} gn{{djdm yd{dn}dm`u* Ldgld} Dy}na ns n`sf }nadj nnu

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] >>

    njm iyftcg} inoa sdrdyn` }elds* Sd dyd }fy}tydm* ]gd e}jdss nmmdm ej}gn} ofjjdo}efj }gn} Nimtyyngel Mdley gnm lnej}nejdm }gn} gd gnm s{dj}

    sdrdj fy decg} mnus ej }gd snld od`` ns Ldgld} Dy}na* Fj }gd `ns} mnu,Ldgld} Dy}na gnm iddj }gyfj ej}f }gd od``, gnrejc iddj cerdj n idn}ejc*Gd gnm `nej fj }gd b`ffy ns }gftcg mdnm* _gfy}`u nb}dynyms, gd gnm iddj}nadj nnu njm Nimtyyngel Mdley gnm jf} sddj gel ncnej* ]gd e}jdsss}n}dm }gn} ges bn}gdy gnm fi}nejdm }gd snld ejbfyln}efj byfl NimtyyngelMdley, gf gnm }f`m gel8 Ufty sfj ns {yno}eon``u mdnm }gd `ns} }eld gdns iyftcg} inoa* Gd ns ej stog n inm s}n}d }gn} gd gnm jf ognjod fbstyrerejc*

    =3* ]gd e}jdss snem }gn} gd gnm gd`{dm ges bn}gdy }f mynb} }gd ofl{`nej}geog gd gnm `fmcdm e}g }gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy, njm gnm cfjd e}g gel }f}gd Meunyinay Gtlnj Yecg}s Nssfoen}efj* Gd gnm n`sf mes}yeit}dm {d}e}efjs

    nlfjc {ny`enldj}nyu md`dcn}efjs rese}ejc yjna*

    'd% Nimtyyngel Mdley

    =7* ]ges e}jdss s}n}dm }gn} gd fyadm ns n `nudy ej Meunyinay* Fj>7 Ntcts} >559 '}gd beys} mnu fb }gd ejoemdj}s ej yjna% gd gnm iddjnyyds}dm iu }gd sdotye}u bfyods* Gd gnm s{dj} }dj}ujejd mnus ej {f`eodots}fmu* Nb}dy idejc nyyds}dm, gd gnm iddj }nadj }f }gd cdjmnyldyed s}n}efjnjm gnm s}nudm }gdyd bfy }f mnus* N{{yfweln}d`u >,9;; {df{`d gnm iddjmd}nejdm }gdyd* Fj 9> Ntcts} ejbfyldys njm _{doen` Iynjog fbbeodys gnmofld }f ogffsd >97 {df{`d njm gnm }nadj }gdl }f yjna {f`eod

    gdnm~tny}dys* ]gd e}jdss snem }gn} gd gnm ydlnejdm n} }gd {f`eodgdnm~tny}dys tj}e` gd ns yd`dnsdm fj nift} 9; _d{}dlidy*=5* Fj }gd e}jdss#s sdofjm fy }geym mnu ej ots}fmu n} }gd {f`eod

    gdnm~tny}dys '9= fy 94 Ntcts}%, Ldgld} Dy}na gnm iddj iyftcg} ej}f }gdyffl ej geog }gd e}jdss ns idejc md}nejdm* Ns }gd e}jdss gnm iddjstihdo}dm }f }fy}tyd, gd oft`m jf} ydldlidy dwno}`u gf lnju mnus gd gnms{dj} e}g Ldgld} Dy}na {dygn{s bfty, berd fy sew* Gd s}n}dm }gn} }gdyd gnm

    iddj lfyd }gnj }d`rd md}nejdds ej n sejc`d yffl* Gd oft`m ydldlidy sfldfb }gdey jnlds8 Jdxey F`onj, Auns _naj, duglts _naj, Od`n` Mdley njmiyngel _n}nj*

    4;* ]gd e}jdss dw{`nejdm }gn} mtyejc }gdey }eld ej ots}fmu n} }gd {f`eod

    gdnm~tny}dys, }gd md}nejdds gnm iddj sus}dln}eon``u stihdo}dm }f }fy}tyd* Bfysdrdyn` mnus }gdu dyd }nadj nnu }f id }fy}tydm }f fy }gydd }elds n mnu*]gdu gnm iddj }ydn}dm `ead njeln`s njm gnm fb}dj gnm }f yd`edrd}gdlsd`rds gdyd }gdu `nu* Gd snem }gn} Ldgld} Dy}na gnm n`sf iddjstihdo}dm }f stog }ydn}ldj}* Gd gnm iddj }nadj nnu fjod n mnu bfy nift}beb}ddj lejt}ds* Fj fjd foonsefj }gd e}jdss njm Ldgld} Dy}na gnm iddj}nadj nnu }fcd}gdy, e}g }f fy }gydd f}gdys, }f }gd }fy}tyd yffl* ]gde}jdss dw{`nejdm }gn} gd gnm iddj ni`d }f sdd }gyftcg ges i`ejmbf`m gf}gdu dyd idejc }fy}tydm* ]gdu gnm iddj s}ye{{dm njm gtjc t{1 sfld fb}gdl gnm ydoderdm d`do}yeo sgfoas* ]gdu gnm iddj sdrdyd`u idn}dj njm

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    >9 DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    s{ynudm e}g of`m n}dy* Fj }gn} {ny}eot`ny mnu }gd e}jdss gnm iddj gtjct{ bfy nift} nj gfty1 gdj gd gnm `db} }gd yffl, Ldgld} Dy}na ns s}e``

    gnjcejc }gdyd* Gd gnm iddj iyftcg} inoa }f }gd od`` nift} }dj gftys `n}dy*]gd e}jdss s}n}dm8 Sgdj Ldgld} Dy}na ns iyftcg} inoa }f }gd od`` gdns tjni`d }f s{dna1 gd ns mdnm }gn} es }f snu, gd gnm idofld s}ebb* E nl55$ ody}nej }gn} gd ns mdnm* ]f fy }gydd lejt}ds `n}dy }gdu mynccdm gelft} iu }gd `dcs* Fjd fb ges sgfds ns `db} idgejm ej }gd od``* Sd jdrdy sngel ncnej* Gd dw{`nejdm }gn} Ldgld} Dy}na gnm iddj ej }gd gnie} fb

    {t}}ejc }ges sgfd tjmdy ges gdnm gdjdrdy gd dj} }f s`dd{ fj }gd ofjoyd}db`ffy*

    4>* slne` Dy}na gnm rese}dm }gd e}jdss ej {yesfj it} }gd e}jdss gnmsnem }gn} gd ft`m s{dna nb}dy gd ns yd`dnsdm* Sgdj slne` Dy}na onld }fsdd gel nb}dy gd gnm yd}tyjdm gfld, }gd e}jdss gnm ejbfyldm gel }gn} ges

    sfj gnm medm ge`d ej {f`eod ots}fmu* slne` Dy}na gnm on``dm gel n `eny*49* ]gd e}jdss snem }gn} }gd Meunyinay {ti eo {yfsdot}fy gnm }nadj n

    s}n}dldj} fj }gd ejoemdj} byfl gel* Ej }gd s}n}dldj} gd gnm sd} ft} }gd bno}sgd gnm yd`n}dm }f }gd Ofllessefj md`dcn}ds1 gd gnm secjdm }gd ydofymofj}nejejc ges s}n}dldj}* Gd gnm jf} iddj ej}dyreddm iu nju f}gdynt}gfye}eds*

    4?* ]gyftcgft} ges }eld ej md}dj}efj gd gnm s}nudm ej }gd snld od`` jtlidy 7 njm gnm iddj i`ejmbf`mdm* Gd s}n}dm }gn} Ldgld} Dy}na gnm

    iddj }fy}tydm lfyd }gnj }gd f}gdys* Gd gnm jf} gnm }gd s}ydjc}g }f s{dna njmgnm jf} iddj ni`d }f ofjrdysd e}g }gd e}jdss dwod{} gdj }gd `n}}dy beys}nyyerdm ej }gd od``* Gd gnm }f`m }gd e}jdss }gn}, nb}dy ges nyyds}, gd gnm iddj}nadj meydo}`u }f }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* ]gd e}jdss dw{`nejdm }gn} nb}dy}gdu gnm iddj idn}dj, sfldfjd ft`m n{{`u fej}ldj} }f }gd iytesds fj }gdeybnods* Fjd fb ges }dd}g gnm iddj iyfadj njm ges bnod ns sf``dj* Gd gnm

    iddj ej }gn} s}n}d gdj ej}dyreddm iu }gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy* ]gd {ti`eo{yfsdot}fy gnm nsadm gd}gdy gd gnm iddj }fy}tydm njm gd gnm yd{`edm ej }gdnbbeyln}erd* ]gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy gnm yd{`edm }gn} }gn} mem jf} ofyyds{fjm}f }gd }yt}g njm }gn} gd gnm ontsdm }gd sd``ejc gelsd`b*

    4=* ]gd e}jdss dw{`nejdm }gn}, bfy bdny fb yd{yesn`s, gd gnm jf} `fmcdm nofl{`nej} ncnejs} }gd {f`eod fbbeodys gf gnm }fy}tydm gel* Gd lnej}nejdm}gn} gd gnm }f`m }gd }yt}g njm gnm fj`u ldj}efjdm }gd inyd lejeltl fb gn}

    gd njm ges bd``f md}nejdds gnm djmtydm* Ej ges f{ejefj, }gd ejoemdj}s ejyjna gnm iddj }yeccdydm iu ncdj}s fb }gd _}n}d ns n ldnjs fb f{{ydssejc}gd {f{t`n}efj, geog gnm {ydrefts`u n}}djmdm }gd btjdyn`s fb }f [AAle`e}nj}s njm rf}dm bfy n {yfAtymesg {ny}u, }gd GNMD[*

    'b% ]ngey D`e

    44* ]ges e}jdss, n `nudy, yd{ydsdj}dm }gd n{{`eonj} n} }gd }eld gdj gd`fmcdm ges n{{`eon}efj e}g }gd Ofllessefj* Gd {fej}dm ft} }gn} gd gnm jf}yd{ydsdj}dm }gd n{{`eonj} idbfyd }gd mflds}eo nt}gfye}eds* Gd gnm ldyd`ucerdj gel nmreod njm mynb}dm `d}}dys*

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] >?

    42* ]gd e}jdss s}n}dm }gn}, bf``fejc ges nyyds} ej Jfrdlidy >55?, }gdsdotye}u bfyods gnm sdnyogdm ges fbbeod njm sdexdm n`` mfotldj}s yd`n}ejc }f

    ges {yfbdssefjn` no}ere}eds, ejo`tmejc }gfsd fj }gd onsd ofjodyjejc }gdmesn{{dnynjod fb Ldgld} Dy}na* Gd gnm iddj gd`m ej ots}fmu bfy }dj}ufjd mnus n} }gd ej}d``ecdjod iynjog 'H]DL% fb Meunyinay cdjmnyldyedofllnjm*

    43* ]gd e}jdss snem }gn} gd gnm jf} fi}nejdm s}n}dldj}s byfl }gddude}jdssds ldj}efjdm ej slne` Dy}na#s ofl{`nej}* _fld dyd ej {yesfjnjm mem jf} bdd` snbd, ge`d gd ns nbynem }f cf }f }gd {yesfj gelsd`b }f }nads}n}dldj}s byfl }gdl* Gd gnm stisd~tdj}`u ld} Nimtyyngel Mdley, gfgnm s}n}dm }gn} gd gnm sddj Ldgld} Dy}na mtyejc ges }eld ej {f`eod ots}fmu*]gd e}jdss snem }gn} slne` Dy}na gnm cerdj n rdyu iyedb ft}`ejd fb gesofjrdysn}efj e}g Nimtyyngel Mdley* slne` Dy}na gnm ydbtsdm }f nmle}

    }gn} ges sfj lecg} id mdnm, drdj }gftcg gd gnm ajfj mdd{ mfj }gn} gdns* ]gd e}jdss s}n}dm ej }gn} ofjjdo}efj }gn} eb n {dysfj gnm iddj md}nejdmbfy n dda njm jf yd~tds} bfy nj dw}djsefj fb }gd {dyefm fb ots}fmu gnm iddjstile}}dm }f }gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy, e} oft`m id ofjo`tmdm e}g sfldody}nej}u }gn} }gd md}nejdd#s `ebd ns ej mnjcdy fy }gn} gd ns mdnm*

    47* ]ngey D`e id`edrdm }gn} Ldgld} Dy}na gnm medm ge`d ej {f`eodots}fmu* Gd gelsd`b gnm e}jdssdm n jtlidy fb sele`ny onsds*

    'c% @drdj} Fb`nx

    45* ]ges e}jdss ns n st{dyej}djmdj} n} yjna {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* Fj

    }gd jecg} fb >7 Ntcts}, gd gnm iddj n} }gd {f`eod s}n}efj* _tmmdj`u, gd njmges of``dnctds gnm gdnym sgff}ejc byfl }gd meydo}efj fb }gd }fj odj}yd*]gdu gnm iddj ejbfyldm ren }gd ynmef }gn} }dyyfyes}s gnm n}}noadm yjna*]gdu gnm }nadj {ydont}efjs }f {yf}do} }gdlsd`rds* ]gd e}jdss dw{`nejdm}gn} gd gnm jf} iddj n ldlidy fb }gd }dnl }gn} gnm onyyedm ft} nyyds}s* Ges

    hfi gnm iddj }f {yf}do} {ti`eo ite`mejcs* Bfy bfty fy berd mnus ge`d }gdejoemdj}s dyd }naejc {`nod, gd gnm jf} `db} }gd {f`eod s}n}efj*

    2;* ]gd e}jdss dwnlejdm }gd ydofym mynj t{ fj 9? Ntcts} >559,geog s}n}dm }gn}, bf``fejc }gd o`nsgds id}ddj >7 njm 9> Ntcts}, gftsdsej }gd }fj odj}yd gnm iddj sdnyogdm njm jf s{dj} ony}yemcds gnm iddjbftjm* Gd noajf`dmcdm }gn} }gd mfotldj} ifyd ges secjn}tyd* Ofj}ynyu }f

    gn} gd gnm {ydrefts`u lnej}nejdm, gd nmle}}dm }gn} gd gnm iddj {ny} fb }gd}dnl }gn} gnm sdnyogdm }gd gftsds*

    'g% Adln` Dyunlnj

    2>* N} }gd ln}dyen` }eld }ges e}jdss ns cfrdyjfy fb D`nx [yesfj* Gdsnem }gn} ydces}dys dyd ad{} fb md}nejdds njm rese}fys* ]gd jnlds duglts_naj, Auns _naj njm Dlej Anit` sftjmdm bnle`eny it} gd ns tjni`d }fcerd n lfyd {ydoesd njsdy*

    29* ]gd e}jdss mdsoyeidm }gd lnjjdy ej geog }gd ydces}dys dyd ad{}*]gdu ofj}nejdm n`` }gd ejbfyln}efj fj stog ns{do}s ns }gd ydnsfj bfy }gd

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    >= DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    md}dj}efj njm }gd {dysfj fy nt}gfye}u gf gnm sdj} }gd md}nejdd fy ofjreo} }f}gd {yesfj* Gd {fej}dm ft} }gn} }gd ydces}dys mem jf} ejo`tmd nju ejbfyln}efj

    fj md}dj}efj ej {f`eod ots}fmu*2?* ]gd e}jdss s}n}dm }gn}, bf``fejc }gd ejoemdj}s ej yjna id}ddj

    >7 njm 9; Ntcts}, sdrdyn` md}nejdds gnm iddj }nadj }f D`nx [yesfj*

    'e% _dymny dreyld

    2=* N} }gd ln}dyen` }eld }ges e}jdss ns gdnm fb }gd ej}dyyfcn}efj njmej}d``ecdjod s~tnm n} }gd nj}e}dyyfyes} iynjog fb }gd yjna {f`eod* Gdmdsoyeidm ges mt}eds ns idejc {ny} fb }gd }dnl }gn} nyyds}dm njm ej}dyyfcn}dm

    {dysfjs sts{do}dm fb }dyyfyes} no}ere}eds*24* ]gd e}jdss s}n}dm }gn} }gd Ntcts} ejoemdj}s gnm idctj fj }gd

    jecg} fb >4 Ntcts}* _gf}s gnm iddj beydm byfl n`` meydo}efjs iu gdnrudn{fjs* ]f {f`eod fbbeodys, fjd fb gfl gnm iddj n ldlidy fb }gdyn{em ej}dyrdj}efj bfyod 'drea atrrd}%, njm }f fy }gydd ldlidys fb }gdmes}yeo} cdjmnyldyed gnm iddj ae``dm*

    22* Sgdj nsadm bfy nj dw{`njn}efj fb }gd bno} }gn}, noofymejc }f }gdydces}dys, decg}u {df{`d gnm iddj }nadj ej}f ots}fmu n} }gd {f`eodgdnm~tny}dys# md}dj}efj odj}yd ej `n}d Ntcts}, }gd e}jdss dw{`nejdm }gn} }gdNtcts} ejoemdj}s gnm ofjs}e}t}dm dw}ynfymejnyu oeyotls}njods* Gdlnej}nejdm }gn} }gd md}nejdds gnm iddj gd`m ej ots}fmu bfy bfy}udecg} gftys*

    23* ]gd e}jdss oft`m jf} ydldlidy gd}gdy n`` }gfsd gf gnm iddjnyyds}dm gnm iddj }nadj }f }gd cdjmnyldyed s}n}efj fy s}ynecg} }f }gd {f`eod

    gdnm~tny}dys* Noofymejc }f ejs}yto}efjs, }gdu sgft`m gnrd iddj }nadj ej}fots}fmu n} }gd cdjmnyldyed s}n}efj, it} gdyd }f fy }gydd {df{`d dydejrf`rdm, }gdu gnm iddj md}nejdm n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* Mfo}fys, jtysdsnjm n jtlidy fb bnle`eds gnm iddj noofllfmn}dm ej }gd insdldj} fb }gd

    {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys bfy }gdey {yf}do}efj* Gd noajf`dmcdm }gn} fj9> Ntcts}, 43 {df{`d ejrf`rdm ej }gd ejoemdj}s gnm iddj }nadj nnu byfl}gd cdjmnyldyed s}n}efj* Gd ns tjni`d }f snu {ydoesd`u gdyd njf}gdycyft{ fb 99 {df{`d }nadj nnu }gd bf``fejc mnu njm n cyft{ fb >9 }nadjnnu fj 9= Ntcts} gnm ofld byfl* ]gd se}tn}efj n} }gd }eld gnm iddjognf}eo*

    27* Mds{e}d gn} gd gnm {ydrefts`u snem, gd nmle}}dm }gn} ej onsds gdyd

    }dj}u}gydd {df{`d gnm iddj gd`m ej ots}fmu bfy frdy }dj}u mnus {djmejc~tds}efjejc, }gdu gnm iddj md}nejdm ej }gd `nycd yffl* _tog n se}tn}efj gnmnyesdj }eod ej }gd oftysd fb ges mt}eds8 }gn} Ntcts} njm fj 9> Lnyog* Gdsnem }gn} }gd od``s, }gd `nycd yffl, }gd ej}dyyfcn}efj yffl, }gd ife`dy yffl,}gd }fe`d}s njm n sln`` yffl e}g }dnlnaejc bnoe`e}eds gnm n`` iddj `fon}dmej }gd insdldj}*

    25* ]gd e}jdss nmle}}dm }gn} gd gnm }nadj {ny} ej }gd ej}dyyfcn}efjs ejofjjdo}efj e}g }gd ejrds}ecn}efj ej}f }gd ejoemdj}s fb >7 Ntcts}* Ges s~tnmgnm jf} ad{} ydofyms fb gdj, fy iu gfl, {ny}eot`ny md}nejdds gnm iddj~tds}efjdm* ]gd s~tnm#s ej}dyjn` ydofyms ejo`tmdm ldlfynjmn secjdm iu }gd

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] >4

    fbbeody gf gnm mynb}dm }gdl1 }gd ldlfynjmn gnm jf} iddj ejo`tmdm ej }gdfbbeoen` ydces}dys*

    3;* ]gd s~tnm#s ejrds}ecn}efj gnm {yfoddmdm ns bf``fs8 gd njm gesof``dnctds gnm ejs{do}dm }gd ydces}dys, njm gnm jf} bftjm Ldgld} Dy}na#sjnld1 }gdu gnm ogdoadm ges oyelejn` ydofym1 }gdu gnm }gdj ofjmto}dmej~teyeds ns }f geog }dnl gnm nyyds}dm gel njm }gd lnjjdy ej geog gd gnm

    iddj nyyds}dm* Gfdrdy, }gdey ej~teyeds gnm iddj ejofjo`tserd*3>* ]gd e}jdss snem }gn} gd gnm jf} iddj n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys

    ofj}ejtfts`u* Mtyejc ges nisdjod, }gd mt}u fbbeody gnm `ffadm nb}dy }gdydces}dys* Gd ofjsemdydm e} ejofjoderni`d }gn} }gd jnld fb n {dysfj }nadjej}f ots}fmu sgft`m jf} gnrd iddj dj}dydm ej }gd ydces}dy1 }gd {f`eod fbbeodysofjodyjdm bf``fdm bney`u yecfyfts ye}}dj njm fyn` ejs}yto}efjs }f }gn}dbbdo}* ]gd e}jdss s}n}dm }gn} n ots}fmu yd{fy} ns sdj} mne`u }f }gd gdnm fb

    }gd iynjog* Gd ns tjni`d }f cerd n o`dny yd{`u ns }f gu }gd jnld fb DlejAnit`, gf gnm iddj }ynjsbdyydm }f D`nx [yesfj, gnm jf} iddj `es}dm ej }gdots}fmu ydces}dy* Gfdrdy, }gd jnld sddldm bnle`eny }f gel*

    39* ]gd e}jdss snem }gn} gd ns tjni`d }f cerd n `fceon` dw{`njn}efj ns}f }gd bno} }gn} sew {df{`d gnm lnej}nejdm }gn} }gdu gnm sddj Ldgld} Dy}naej {f`eod ots}fmu, drdj }gftcg ges jnld gnm jf} n{{dnydm ej nju ydces}dy*

    3?* ]gd e}jdss noajf`dmcdm }gn} }gd ogdoa{fej} fj }gd yfnm byfl }gdlejds ns n} }gd dj}ynjod }f }gd }fj* Ogdoas dyd onyyedm ft} }gdyd iuldlidys fb }gd yn{em ej}dyrdj}efj bfyod njm }gd ej}d``ecdjod njm nj}esltcc`ejc s~tnms* Sgdj }gdu lnmd nj nyyds}, }gdu ft`m }nad }gd sts{do}s}f }gd yd`drnj} iynjog fb }gd {f`eod* ]gd e}jdss snem }gn} }gd fbbeodys ej~tds}efj n`sf ad{} ots}fmu ydces}dys it} }gn} jf od``s dyd sd} nsemd bfy

    {df{`d md}nejdm ej ots}fmu n} }gdey iynjog* Se}g ydcnym }f }gd of`fty fb }gdeytjebfyls, gd snem }gn} n} }gd ln}dyen` }eld }gdu gnm iddj cyddj, it} }gn} }gdugnm stisd~tdj}`u iddj yd{`nodm iu i`td tjebfyls1 gfdrdy, gd ns tjni`d}f cerd }gd {ydoesd mn}d fj geog }gn} ognjcd gnm }nadj {`nod* Gdlnej}nejdm }gn} fbbeodys byfl }gd yn{em ej}dyrdj}efj bfyod tsdm }f }nadsts{do}dm }dyyfyes}s }f }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys*

    'h% Fslnj Cjnumj

    3=* ]gd e}jdss ns md{t}u cfrdyjfy fb }gd {yfrejod fb yjna n} }gd

    ln}dyen` }eld* Fj idgn`b fb }gd cfrdyjfy, gd gnm ogneydm }gd yjnaNmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe`, geog fj >> Jfrdlidy >55? gnm esstdm n mdoesefjjf} }f {yfsdot}d }gd sdotye}u {f`eod fbbeodys*

    34* ]gd e}jdss oft`m jf} ydldlidy }gd {ny}eot`ny oeyotls}njods fb }gdonsd njm ns tjni`d }f dw{`nej gu }gd mn}d fb }gd fbbdjod ydbdyydm }f ej }gdmfotldj} ejo`tmdm ej }gd ejrds}ecn}efj yd{fy} gnm iddj cerdj ns>2 _d{}dlidy >559, gdydns }gd ejoemdj}s gnm }nadj {`nod fj >7 Ntcts}>559* Gd s}n}dm }gn} }gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody gnm iddj n md}do}erd sdycdnj}gf ns ofl{d}dj} ej stog ln}}dys njm gnm gdnym dremdjod byfl bftye}jdssds, n`` fb gfl gnm mdjedm slne` Dy}na#s n``dcn}efjs* Gd dw{`nejdm

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    >2 DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    }gn} }gd Nmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe` gnm jf} ofjsemdydm e} n{{yf{yen}d }f on`` bfybty}gdy ej~teyeds* ]gn} mdoesefj, geog gnm iddj t{gd`m iu }gd _t{ydld

    Nmlejes}yn}erd Ofty}, gnm iddj tjnjelfts*

    'a% Ungun In`

    32* ]gd e}jdss ns n md}do}erd sdycdnj} ej }gd {f`eod#s ejrds}ecn}efjmd{ny}ldj}, njm ns }gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody ej }gd ejs}nj} onsd* Gdnoajf`dmcdm }gn} }gd cfrdyjfy#s `d}}dy fb = Jfrdlidy >559 sd}}ejc ft} }gdn``dcn}efjs lnmd iu slne` Dy}na njm n ldlidy fb [ny`enldj} gnm iddj }gdlnej mfotldj} yd`edm fj ej }gd ejrds}ecn}efj* Sge`d ofjmto}ejc }gdejrds}ecn}efj, gd gnm gnm jf ajf`dmcd fb }gd ofl{`nej} `fmcdm iu slne`Dy}na e}g }gd {ti eo {yfsdot}fy#s fbbeod fj 9 Fo}fidy >559, geogldj}efjdm }gd jnlds fb }gd {df{`d gf gnm snem }gn} }gdu gnm sddj Ldgld}Dy}na ge`d ej {f`eod ots}fmu* ]gd e}jdss snem }gn} gd gnm jf} iddjejbfyldm }gn} fjd fb }gd e}jdssds, Nimt``ng Dy}ty, gnm {ydrefts`u }f`m }gdyjna {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy }gn} gd gnm sddj Ldgld} Dy}na ge`d gd gnm

    iddj md}nejdm ej ots}fmu n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* Gd noajf`dmcdm }gn}eb gd gnm iddj cerdj }gn} ejbfyln}efj, gd ft`m gnrd gd`m n bty}gdy gdnyejcej fymdy }f o`nyebu }gd bno}s, ej red fb }gd mesoyd{njoeds id}ddj }gd rnyeftss}n}dldj}s*

    33* ]gd e}jdss s}n}dm }gn}, ej `d}}dys sdj} }f }gd yjna {f`eod fj >? njm>7 Hnjtnyu njm ? Lnyog >55?, gd gnm yd~tds}dm n nyynj} }f ej}dyredslne` Dy}na* Noofymejc }f n yd{fy} mynj t{ iu }gd yjna {f`eod njm

    secjdm iu bfty fbbeodys, ejo`tmejc _dymny dreyld njm }gd `fon` oftjoe``fyldy Unymlo, slne` Dy}na gnm lfrdm }f _e`f{e njm }gd nt}gfye}eds gnmiddj tjni`d }f bejm ges nmmydss* ]gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody gnm jf} nsadm }gdf}gdy e}jdssds e}g }gd snld styjnld gd}gdy }gdu ajd gdyd slne`Dy}na jf `erdm* ]gd e}jdss dl{gnsesdm }gn} gd lecg} gnrd iddj nsses}dmej ges ej~teyeds eb gd gnm iddj ni`d }f ej}dyred }gd ofl{`nejnj} n} }gd s}ny}fb }gd ejrds}ecn}efj*

    37* ]gd e}jdss snem }gn} gd gnm rese}dm }gd sodjd fb }gd ejoemdj}s njmgnm ej}dyreddm }gd e}jdssds ej n yffl n} yjna {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* ]gd`fon` {f`eod gnm of``do}dm }gd e}jdssds byfl }gdey gflds njm }nadj }gdl }fgel1 }gdu gnm cerdj dremdjod fj fn}g* Gd dw{`nejdm }gn} gd gnm jf}

    ofj}no}dm }gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy mtyejc }gd ejrds}ecn}efj, geog gd gnmonyyedm ft} sf`d`u fj }gd inses fb }gd be`d geog gnm iddj bfynymdm }f gel*

    '`% F}gdy e}jdssds

    35* ]gd bf``fejc e}jdssds dyd n`sf stllfjdm iu }gd Ofllessefjit} mem jf} n{{dny8 Ngld} Idyad, }gd yjna {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy, gf esstdm}gd fymdy fb 9> Ht`u >55? yt`ejc }gn} gd mem jf} gnrd htyesmeo}efj yn}efjdln}dyend1 njm duglts _naj, Auns _naj njm Dlej Anit`, gf `erdm ej}gd snld mes}yeo} ns }gd n{{`eonj} njm gnm }f`m gel }gn} }gdu gnm sddjLdgld} Dy}na ge`d }gdu dyd ej {f`eod ots}fmu*

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] >3

    O* ]gd Ofllessefj#s nssdssldj} fb }gd dremdjod njm bejmejcs fb bno}

    7;* ]gd Ofllessefj n{{yfnogdm e}s }nsa ej }gd nisdjod fb nju bejmejcsfb bno} lnmd iu mflds}eo ofty}s njm fb nju }gfyftcg htmeoen` dwnlejn}efj fyf}gdy ejmd{djmdj} ejrds}ecn}efj fb }gd drdj}s ej ~tds}efj* Ej sf {yfoddmejc,e} nssdssdm }gd ye}}dj njm fyn` dremdjod idbfyd e}, gnrejc ydcnym, ej}dy n`en,}f }gd ofjmto} fb }gd e}jdssds gf dyd gdnym iu }gd md`dcn}ds n} }gdgdnyejc ej Njanyn njm }f }gd jddm }f }nad ej}f nooftj} gdj ydnogejc e}sofjo`tsefjs }gd ofdwes}djod fb stbbeoedj}`u s}yfjc, o`dny njm ofjofymnj}ejbdydjods fy fb sele`ny tjydit}}dm {ydstl{}efjs fb bno}* E}s bejmejcs lnu idstllnyesdm ns bf``fs*

    >* ]gd f{dyn}efjs ej yjna bf``fejc }gd ejoemdj}s id}ddj >7 njm

    9; Ntcts} >5597>* ]gd Ofllessefj bftjm }gn} e} ns jf} mes{t}dm }gn} o`nsgds gnm

    }nadj {`nod ej yjna id}ddj >7 njm 9; Ntcts} >559* E} jf}dm ej }gn}ofjjdo}efj }gn} _dymny dreyld, gdnm fb }gd {f`eod nj}e}dyyfyes} iynjog#sej}dyyfcn}efj njm ej}d``ecdjod s~tnm, gnm s}n}dm }gn} }gd ejoemdj}s gnm idctjfj >4 Ntcts}* ]gd dremdjod nmmtodm byfl }gd mfotldj}s njm fyn`}ds}elfju ns lfs}`u ofjses}dj} ns ydcnyms }gd f{dyn}efjs ofjmto}dm ejyds{fjsd }f }gd ejoemdj}s }gn} gnm footyydm mtyejc }gn} {dyefm* Nb}dy }gdejoemdj}s, }gd sdotye}u bfyods ofl{yesejc {f`eod fbbeodys njm cdjmnylds onyyedm ft} n sdnyog ej }gd }fj, nyyds}ejc lfyd }gnj fjd gtjmydm {df{`d,

    ejo`tmejc Nimt``ng Dy}ty, Nimtyyngel Mdley, Ngld} An{`nj, Auns _naj,duglts _naj, Jdxey F`onj, Od`n` Mdley, iyngel _n}nj njm Dlej Anit`*_fld fb }gfsd nyyds}dm dyd }nadj }f }gd cdjmnyldyed s}n}efj, ge`d f}gdysdyd md}nejdm n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* Emdj}e}u ogdoas dyd onyyedm ft} n}}gd dj}ynjod }f }gd }fj, njm {dysfjs sts{do}dm fb }dyyfyes} no}s dyd }nadjmeydo}`u }f }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys iu }gd yn{em ej}dyrdj}efj bfyod*

    9* ]gd n``dcdm nyyds} fb Ldgld} Dy}na }gd n{{`eonj}#s sfj

    79* Ns ydcnyms Ldgld} Dy}na#s nyyds}, }gd Ofllessefj bftjm }gn} }gdfyn` dremdjod cerdj }f }gd md`dcn}ds iu _`dulnj Dy}na ns ofjses}dj} e}g}gd n{{`eonj}#s n``dcn}efjs* E} jf}dm ej }gn} ofjjdo}efj }gn} _`dulnj Dy}na

    gnm ofjbeyldm }gn} n} }gd ogdoa{fej} {f`eod fbbeodys ej i`td tjebfyls gnms}f{{dm }gd }nwe ej geog gd njm }gd f}gdys gnm iddj se}}ejc njm, nb}dyogdoaejc }gdey emdj}e}u {n{dys, gnm }nadj Ldgld} Dy}na nnu e}g }gdl*Gnrejc dwnlejdm }gd ejrds}ecn}efj be`d njm }gd fyn` }ds}elfju cerdj iu }gdejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody Ungun In` }f e}s md`dcn}ds, }gd Ofllessefj bftjm }gn}_`dulnj Dy}na, ej ges s}n}dldj} fb >? Hnjtnyu >55? }f }gd ejrds}ecn}ejcfbbeody, gnm snem }gn} }gd {f`eod fbbeodys gnm yd}tyjdm }gd ldj#s emdj}e}u

    {n{dys nb}dy ogdoaejc }gdl njm }gn} Ldgld} Dy}na gnm cfjd fbb }f }gdsgf{s* Utstb Dy}na lnmd n s}n}dldj} }f }gd snld dbbdo} fj >9 Hnjtnyu >55?*

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    >7 DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    7?* ]gd Ofllessefj jf}dm }gn} e} ns o`dny byfl }gd mfotldj}s ej }gdbe`d {yd{nydm iu }gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody }gn} _`dulnj Dy}na, Nim`ldjnb

    Anit`, Utstb Dy}na njm Nimt``ng Dy}ty gnm iddj stllfjdm iu }gd {f`eod}f yjna {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys njm gnm lnmd s}n}dldj}s }f }gd ejrds}ecn}ejcfbbeody ej }gd {ydsdjod fb n {f`eod fbbeody, gf gnm }nadj mfj }gds}n}dldj}s ej ye}ejc* Ej }gn} ofjjdo}efj, }gd Ofllessefj ns s}ytoa iu }gdbno} }gn} }gd s}n}dldj}s iu _`dulnj Dy}na njm Utstb Dy}na dyd mynb}dm ejn s}dydf}u{eon` bfyl njm dyd cdjdyn``u rdyu sele`ny ej ofj}dj}* E} jf}dm }gn}}gd {f`eod fbbeodys ej}dyreddm iu }gd md`dcn}ds gnm s}n}dm }gn} ogdoas gnm

    iddj onyyedm ft} iu }gd sdotye}u bfyods n} }gd ogdoa{fej}, ns _`dulnj Dy}nagnm yd`n}dm* Se}g ydcnym }f }gd of`fty fb }gd {f`eod fbbeodys# tjebfyl, _dymnydreyld gnm s}n}dm }gn} fbbeodys byfl }gd yn{em ej}dyrdj}efj bfyod gnm

    iddj {fs}dm n} }gd ogdoa{fej}, njm gnm dl{gnsesdm }gn} n} }gd ln}dyen` }eld

    }gdu gnm fyj cyddj tjebfyls* Se}gft} ldj}efjejc nj dwno} mn}d, gd gnmnmmdm }gn} }gfsd fbbeodys jf fyd i`td tjebfyls*

    7=* ]gd Ofllessefj jf}dm }gn} }gd {f`eod fbbeodys gf cnrd dremdjod }f}gd md`dcn}ds gnm noajf`dmcdm }gn}, bf``fejc ejoemdj}s ej geog }f

    {f`eod fbbeodys njm }f sf`medys gnm iddj ae``dm, sdrdyn` }dnls fb sdotye}ubfyods {dysfjjd` gnm lnmd nyyds}s ej }gd }fj* Lfyd }gnj n gtjmydm {df{`dgnm iddj }nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmu, njm }gd n}lfs{gdyd gnm iddj ognf}eo*_dymny dreyld gnm s}n}dm }gn} fbbeodys byfl }gd yn{em ej}dyrdj}efj bfyodonyyedm ft} ogdoas n} }gd dj}ynjod }f }gd }fj njm mem jf} }nad sts{do}smeydo}`u }f }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* Gd gnm nmmdm }gn} sd{nyn}d ydces}dysdyd ad{} n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* Gfdrdy, }gd Ofllessefj fisdyrdm}gn} `n}dy ej ges s}n}dldj} _dymny dreyld gnm nmle}}dm }gn} {df{`d nyyds}dmmtyejc emdj}e}u ogdoas iu }gd fbbeodys ej ~tds}efj gnm iddj }nadj meydo}`u }f}gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys*

    74* Ns bfy }gd nu }gd ots}fmu ydces}dys dyd ad{}, }gdu mem jf} ejo`tmdDlej Anit`#s jnld njm _dymny dreyld ns tjni`d }f fbbdy nju dw{`njn}efjns }f gu jf}* ]gd Ofllessefj fisdyrdm }gn} }gn} e}jdss#s s}n}dldj}s fj}gd ln}}dy gnm `noadm {ydoesefj njm o`nye}u* E} n`sf jf}dm }gn} }gdCfrdyjldj} gnm jf} {yfmtodm of{eds fb }gd ydces}dys ad{} iu }gd s~tnm njm}gd ydcefjn` cdjmnyldyed, mds{e}d idejc dw{ydss`u yd~tds}dm }f mf sf*

    72* Nimtyyngel Mdley gnm snem }gn} fj 9= fy 94 Ntcts} Ldgld} Dy}na

    gnm iddj }nadj ej}f }gd snld md}dj}efj yffl ej geog gd gelsd`b ns idejcgd`m njm }gn} gd gnm s{dj} berd fy sew mnus ej ges ofl{nju* NimtyyngelMdley gnm cerdj n md}ne`dm mdsoye{}efj fb }gd oeyotls}njods ej geog }gdugnm iddj gd`m n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys njm }gd ofjrdysn}efj gd gnm gnme}g Ldgld} Dy}na* ]gd md}ne`s cerdj iu Nimtyyngel Mdley {ny}eot`ny`u}gd bno} }gn} }gd md}nejdds gnm iddj i`ejmbf`mdm mtyejc }gdey }eld ej ots}fmu,njm ges nooftj} fb }gd md}dj}efj yffl njm e}s `fon}efj dyd ofjses}dj}e}g }gd rdysefj fb }gd bno}s cerdj iu _dymny dreyld* Nimtyyngel Mdley#ss}n}dldj} ofyyfifyn}dm }gd dremdjod cerdj }f }gd md`dcn}ds iu }gd n{{`eonj}njm ges sfj Ngld} Dy}na* ]gd Ofllessefj n`sf jf}dm }gn} Nimtyyngel

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] >5

    Mdley gnm dl{gnsesdm }gn} gd gnm cerdj dremdjod }f }gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy,}f gfl gd gnm sd} ft} }gd snld rdysefj fb }gd bno}s ns cerdj }f }gd

    md`dcn}ds, njm }gn} gd gnm secjdm ges s}n}dldj}* E} ydcyd}}dm }gn} }gds}n}dldj} gnm jf} iddj nlfjc }gd mfotldj}s ej }gd be`d {yd{nydm iu }gdejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody*

    73* ]gd yjna {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy n} }gd ln}dyen` }eld, Lts}nbn Ln`nu,gnm noajf`dmcdm ej ges fyn` s}n}dldj} }gn} }gd n{{`eonj} gnm ofld }f sddgel sdrdyn` }elds e}g n` dcn}efjs }gn} ges sfj Ldgld} Dy}na gnmmesn{{dnydm nb}dy idejc }nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmu, njm }gn} gd gnm gdnym njdude}jdss ofjbeyl }gn} gd gnm sddj Ldgld} Dy}na n} }gd {f`eodgdnm~tny}dys* ]gd Ofllessefj jf}dm }gn} Nimt``ng Dy}ty#s s}n}dldj},fi}nejdm iu }gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody, ofj}ynmeo}dm }gd n{{`eonj}#s rdysefj fbdrdj}s njm }gd dremdjod gd gnm cerdj }f }gd {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy* [fej}ejc

    ft} }gn} }gd cfrdyjfy, id`edrejc }gd dude}jdss#s dremdjod }f id stbbeoedj}`uoydmei`d, gnm yd~tds}dm ej~teyeds }f id onyyedm ft} ej}f }gd ln}}dy, e}bnrftydm }gd rdysefj cerdj }f }gd md`dcn}ds iu }gd n{{`eonj} njm Lts}nbnLn`nu e}g ydcnym }f Nimt``ng Dy}ty#s n``dcn}efjs* E} ofjo`tmdm }gn} }gd bno}}gn} Ldgld} Dy}na#s jnld mem jf} n{{dny ej }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys# ots}fmuydces}dy mem jf} ej e}sd`b {yfrd }gn} gd gnm jf} iddj }nadj ej}f {f`eodots}fmu, njm nood{}dm }gd dremdjod cerdj iu _`dulnj Dy}na, }gd n{{`eonj},Ngld} Dy}na, Nimtyyngel Mdley njm Lts}nbn Ln`nu, geog }gd md`dcn}dsgnm bftjm }f id oydmei`d njm ofjrejoejc*

    ?* Ldgld} Dy}na#s md}dj}efj njm stisd~tdj} bn}d

    77* ]gd Ofllessefj jf}dm }gn} n `nudy, Nimtyyngel Mdley, jnldm nsnj dude}jdss ej }gd ofl{`nej} `fmcdm iu }gd n{{`eonj} e}g }gd yjna

    {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy#s fbbeod fj 9 Fo}fidy >559, gnm s}n}dm ej ges fyn`}ds}elfju }f }gd md`dcn}ds }gn} fj 9= fy 94 Ntcts} >559 Ldgld} Dy}na gnm

    iddj iyftcg} ej}f }gd yffl ej geog gd gelsd`b ns idejc gd`m*Nimtyyngel Mdley gnm ldj}efjdm }gd jnlds fb sdrdyn` f}gdy {df{`dmd}nejdm ej }gd yffl* ]gd jnlds dyd `es}dm ej }gd ots}fmu ydces}dys ad{} iu}gd nj}e}dyyfyes} iynjog fb }gd sdotye}u {f`eod* Nimtyyngel Mdley gnm cerdjn md}ne`dm mdsoye{}efj fb }gd oeyotls}njods ej geog gd njm f}gdys gnm iddjnyyds}dm, njm fb }gd ofjme}efjs mtyejc }gdey }eld ej ots}fmu* Gd gnm {fej}dm

    ft} }gn}, bty}gdy }f }gd oyelejn` ofl{`nej} `fmcdm iu slne` Dy}na, gdgelsd`b gnm iddj ej}dyreddm iu }gd Meunyinay {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy njm, ejges s}n}dldj}, gnm ldj}efjdm }gd jnlds fb sfld fb }gfsd md}nejdm n} }gdsnld `fon}efj* Se}g ydcnym }f }gd ofjme}efjs ej geog }gdu gnm iddjmd}nejdm, gd gnm cerdj n md}ne`dm mdsoye{}efj fb }gd }ydn}ldj} geog }gdugnm n``dcdm`u stbbdydm ge`d idejc ej}dyyfcn}dm8 }gdu gnm iddj s}ye{{dm,gtjc t{, sdrdyd`u idn}dj njm s{ynudm e}g of`m n}dy* Gd gnm s}n}dm }gn}, fjfjd foonsefj, gd njm }f fy }gydd f}gdy md}nejdds gnm iddj }nadj }f }gd}fy}tyd yffl }fcd}gdy* Fjd fb }gdl gnm iddj Ldgld} Dy}na, gf, `eadgel, gnm iddj s}ye{{dm njm gtjc t{* Ns bny ns Nimtyyngel Mdley oft`m }d``,

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    9; DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    ges fj e``}ydn}ldj} gnm `ns}dm bfy nj gfty, ge`d Ldgld} Dy}na gnm jf}iddj iyftcg} inoa tj}e` }dj gftys `n}dy* Nimtyyngel Mdley gnm lnmd }gd

    bf``fejc s}n}dldj}8 Sgdj Ldgld} Dy}na ns iyftcg} inoa }f }gd od`` gdns tjni`d }f s{dna1 gd ns mdnm }gn} es }f snu, gd gnm idofld s}ebb* E nl55$ ody}nej }gn} gd ns mdnm* ]f fy }gydd lejt}ds `n}dy }gdu mynccdm gelft} iu }gd `dcs* Fjd fb ges sgfds ns `db} idgejm ej }gd od``* Sd jdrdy sngel ncnej*

    75* ]gd Ofllessefj ydcyd}}dm }gn} }gd Cfrdyjldj} gnm jf} {yfmtodm}gd be`d fb }gd ejrds}ecn}efj f{djdm iu }gd yjna {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy#s fbbeodbty}gdy }f }gd n{{`eonj}#s oyelejn` ofl{`nej} fb 9 Jfrdlidy >559 njm }gn}}gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy Ngld} Idyad gnm jf} n{{dnydm idbfyd }gd md`dcn}ds* E}ns o`dny byfl }gd ln}dyen` ej }gd be`d {yd{nydm iu }gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeodyUngun In` }gn} }gd `n}}dy gnm jf} ej}dyreddm Nimtyyngel Mdley ns nj

    dude}jdss*5;* ]gd Ofllessefj fisdyrdm }gn} n`` Nimtyyngel Mdley#s mdsoye{}efjs

    fb gdyd }gd md}nejdds dyd gd`m njm ej}dyyfcn}dm ofyyfifyn}dm }gd rdysefjcerdj iu _dymny dreyld, gf gnm n`sf nmle}}dm }gn} }gdyd gnm iddj nognf}eo n}lfs{gdyd nyftjm }gd }eld fb }gd ejoemdj}s fb >4 }f >7 Ntcts} njm}gn} gtjmydms fb {df{`d gnm iddj }nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmu* ]gdOfllessefj bty}gdy jf}dm }gn} gdj ej}dyreddm iu }gd md`dcn}ds }gd yjna

    {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy gnm noajf`dmcdm }gn} gd gnm ld} ej ges fbbeod {dysfjsgf gnm n``dcdm }gn} }gdu gnm sddj Ldgld} Dy}na ge`d ej {f`eod ots}fmu*Ej {ny}eot`ny, gd nmle}}dm }gn} gd gnm ej}dyreddm nj dude}jdss*

    5>* ]gd Ofllessefj jf}dm }gn} Nimtyyngel Mdley gnm cerdj {ydoesd,md}ne`dm yd{ eds }f n` }gd ~tds}efjs {t} iu }gd md`dcn}ds njm }gdyd{ydsdj}n}erds fb }gd {ny}eds, {ny}eot`ny`u e}g ydcnym }f }gd e``}ydn}ldj}stbbdydm mtyejc }gd ej}dyyfcn}efj sdssefjs, njm }gn} gd gnm s}n}dmon}dcfyeon``u fj sdrdyn` foonsefjs }gn} Ldgld} Dy}na gnm iddj mdnm gdjgd ns }gyfj ej}f }gd od``* E} noofymejc`u bftjm ges s}n}dldj} }gn} gd gnmsddj Ldgld} Dy}na mdnm n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys }f id {`ntsei`d*

    =* ]gd ejrds}ecn}efj ej}f Ldgld} Dy}na#s n``dcdm mesn{{dnynjod

    59* ]gd Ofllessefj jf}dm }gn} }gd n{{`eonj} gnm lnmd yd{ydsdj}n}efjsnjm {t} ~tds}efjs }f }gd yjna {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy njm {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy ej

    ofjjdo}efj e}g Ldgld} Dy}na#s mesn{{dnynjod* Ydcnymejc }gdejmd{djmdjod fb }gd ifmeds geog, bf``fejc }gd yjna {yfrejoen`cfrdyjfy#s ye}}dj yd~tds} fb = Jfrdlidy >559 }f }gd jn}efjn` {f`eodgdnm~tny}dys, onyyedm ft} }gd {yd`elejnyu ej~teyeds ot`lejn}ejc ej n mdoesefjjf} }f {yfsdot}d, }gd Ofllessefj fisdyrdm }gn} }gdu gnm ofl{yesdm njejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody njm ldlidys fb }gd yjna Nmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe`*]gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody gnm iddj n md}do}erd sdycdnj} id`fjcejc }f }gdsnld nmlejes}yn}erd gedynyogu ns }gd ldlidys fb }gd sdotye}u bfyods ejyds{do} fb gfl gd ns onyyuejc ft} ges ejrds}ecn}efj* ]gd Nmlejes}yn}erdOftjoe`, geog, fj n {yf{fsn` byfl }gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody, gnm mdoemdm }f

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] 9>

    mesofj}ejtd }gd {yfoddmejcs, gnm iddj ogneydm iu }gd md{t}u {yfrejoen`cfrdyjfy njm lnmd t{ fb sdjefy {yfrejoen` fbbeoen`s }gn} es }f snu, }gd

    meydo}fys fy md{t}u meydo}fys fb }gd odj}yn` nt}gfye}eds# rnyefts md{ny}ldj}s*]gd sdjefy fbbeoen`s gnm iddj tjmdy }gd nt}gfye}u fb }gd {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy,gf gnm n} }gd snld }eld iddj `eni`d, byfl n `dcn` s}njm{fej}, bfy }gd no}soflle}}dm iu }gd sdotye}u bfyods {dysfjjd` el{`eon}dm ej }gd onsd* ]gdmd}do}erd sdycdnj} n{{fej}dm ns ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody njm }gd ldlidys fb }gdNmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe` gnm }gdydbfyd jf} {yfremdm }gd ft}nym secjs fbejmd{djmdjod, }gd ctnynj}dds fb eyydlfrdnie`e}u njm }gd `dcn` snbdctnyms}gn} lecg} gnrd {yf}do}dm }gdl ncnejs} {ydsstyd byfl }gdey st{dyefys*

    5?* ]gd Ofllessefj fisdyrdm }gn} }gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody gnm~tds}efjdm bfty e}jdssds ej n yffl n} yjna {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* E} jf}dmej }gn} ofjjdo}efj }gn} }gd `fon` {f`eod gnm of``do}dm }gd e}jdssds byfl }gdey

    gflds njm }nadj }gdl }f }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* Ej }gd s}n}dldj}s }gtsfi}nejdm, }gd e}jdssds gnm ofl{`d}d`u mdjedm }gd n{{`eonj}#s n``dcn}efjs*]gd Ofllessefj n sf bftjm }gn} }gd s}n}dldj}s dyd mynb}dm ej ns}dydf}u{eon` bfyl njm dyd cdjdyn``u rdyu sele`ny ej ofj}dj}* E} jf}dm }gn}}gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody gnm jf} ej}dyreddm }gd n{{`eonj} njm fisdyrdm ej}gn} ofjjdo}efj }gn} }gd {f`eod gnm mynj t{ n ldlfynjmtl s}n}ejc }gn}slne` Dy}na gnm `db} ges gfld njm gnm {yfini`u cfjd }f _e`f{e* E} ns o`dnybyfl }gd bno}s }gn} }gd dude}jdssds gf lecg} gnrd iddj ni`d }f {yfremdyd`drnj} ejbfyln}efj bfy }gd ejrds}ecn}efj gnm iddj ydbdyydm }f ej }gdofl{`nej} geog }gd n{{`eonj} gnm `fmcdm e}g }gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy#s fbbeodfj 9 Jfrdlidy >559* Gfdrdy, }gd nmlejes}yn}erd ifmeds yds{fjsei`d bfy}gd ejrds}ecn}efj gnm jf} lnmd nju yd~tds} }f ej}dyred }gfsd e}jdssds,drdj }gftcg }gd }ds}elfju fb fjd fb }gdl Nimt``ng Dy}ty gnm iddj ejofl{`d}d ofj}ynmeo}efj }f }gd s}n}dldj}s gd gnm lnmd }f }gd {yfrejoen`cfrdyjfy, Lts}nbn Ln`nu*

    EE* YD@DRNJ] MFLD_]EO @NS NJM [YNO]EOD

    5=* ]gd Cfrdyjldj} gnrd jf} stile}}dm ej }gdey ldlfyen` nju md}ne`s fjmflds}eo `dcn` {yfresefjs geog gnrd n idnyejc fj }gd oeyotls}njods fb }gesonsd* ]gd Ofty} noofymejc`u ydbdys }f }gd frdyred fb mflds}eo `n sd} ft}

    ej f}gdy htmcldj}s, ej {ny}eot`ny }gd Aty} r* ]tyadu htmcldj} fb 94 Lnu>557,Yd{fy}s fb Htmcldj}s njm Mdoesefjs >557EEE, {{* >>253;, 42291}gd ]daej r* ]tyadu htmcldj} fb 5 Htjd >557, Yd{fy}s >557ER,

    {{* >4>9>?, 94951 njm nao r* ]tyadu QCO\, jf* 9?243&5=, 4223,DOGY >555ER*

    N* _}n}d fb dldycdjou

    54* _ejod n{{yfweln}d`u >574, sdyefts mes}tyinjods gnrd yncdm ej }gdsft}gdns} fb ]tyadu id}ddj }gd sdotye}u bfyods njm }gd ldlidys fb }gd

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    99 DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    [AA* ]ges ofjbyfj}n}efj gns, noofymejc }f }gd Cfrdyjldj}, o`neldm }gd`erds fb }gftsnjms fb oere`enjs njm ldlidys fb }gd sdotye}u bfyods*

    52* ]f {yejoe{n` mdoydds yd`n}ejc }f }gd sft}gdns}dyj ydcefj gnrd iddjlnmd tjmdy }gd @n fj }gd _}n}d fb Dldycdjou '@n jf* 95?4,94 Fo}fidy >57?%* ]gd beys}, Mdoydd jf* 974 '>; Ht`u >573%, ds}ni`esgdm nydcefjn` cfrdyjfysge{ fb }gd s}n}d fb dldycdjou ej }dj fb }gd d`drdj

    {yfrejods fb sft}gdns}dyj ]tyadu* Tjmdy Ny}eo`d = 'i% njm 'm% fb }gd mdoydd,n`` sdotye}u bfyods njm }gd Cdjmnyldyed [ti`eo [dnod Ofllnjm nyd n} }gdmes{fsn` fb }gd ydcefjn` cfrdyjfy*

    53* ]gd sdofjm, Mdoydd jf* =?; '>2 Mdodlidy >55;%, ydejbfyodm }gd{fdys fb }gd ydcefjn` cfrdyjfy, bfy dwnl{`d }f fymdy }ynjsbdys ft} fb }gdydcefj fb {ti`eo fbbeoen`s njm dl{`fudds, ejo`tmejc htmcds njm {yfsdot}fys,njm {yfremdm ej Ny}eo`d 78

    Jf oyelejn`, bejnjoen` fy `dcn` yds{fjseie`e}u lnu id o`neldm ncnejs} }gd s}n}d fbdldycdjou ydcefjn` cfrdyjfy fy n {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy e}gej n s}n}d fb dldycdjouydcefj ej yds{do} fb }gdey mdoesefjs fy no}s ofjjdo}dm e}g }gd dwdyoesd fb }gd {fdysdj}yts}dm }f }gdl iu }ges Mdoydd, njm jf n{{`eon}efj sgn`` id lnmd }f nju htmeoen`nt}gfye}u }f }ges djm* ]ges es e}gft} {ydhtmeod }f }gd yecg}s fb ejmeremtn`s }f o`nelejmdlje}u byfl }gd _}n}d bfy mnlncd stbbdydm iu }gdl e}gft} hts}ebeon}efj*

    I* Ofjs}e}t}efjn` {yfresefjs fj nmlejes}yn}erd `enie`e}u

    57* Ny}eo`d >94 > njm 3 fb }gd ]tyaesg Ofjs}e}t}efj {yfremds ns

    bf``fs8N`` no}s fy mdoesefjs fb }gd nmlejes}yn}efj nyd stihdo} }f htmeoen` ydred ***

    ***

    ]gd nmlejes}yn}efj sgn`` id `eni`d }f lnad yd{nyn}efj bfy nju mnlncd ontsdm iu e}sfj no}s njm ldnstyds*

    55* ]ges {yfresefj es jf} stihdo} }f nju yds}yeo}efjs drdj ej n s}n}d fbdldycdjou fy ny* ]gd `n}}dy yd~teydldj} fb }gd {yfresefj mfds jf}jdodssnye`u yd~teyd {yffb fb }gd dwes}djod fb nju bnt`} fj }gd {ny} fb }gdnmlejes}yn}efj, gfsd `enie`e}u es fb nj nisf`t}d, fihdo}erd jn}tyd, insdm fj

    }gd }gdfyu fb sfoen` yesa* ]gts, }gd nmlejes}yn}efj lnu ejmdljebu {df{`dgf gnrd stbbdydm mnlncd byfl no}s oflle}}dm iu tjajfj fy }dyyfyes}nt}gfys gdj }gd _}n}d lnu id snem }f gnrd bne`dm ej e}s mt}u }f lnej}nej

    {ti`eo fymdy njm snbd}u, fy ej e}s mt}u }f snbdctnym ejmeremtn` `ebd njm{yf{dy}u*

    >;;* [yfoddmejcs ncnejs} }gd nmlejes}yn}efj lnu id iyftcg} idbfyd }gdnmlejes}yn}erd ofty}s, gfsd {yfoddmejcs nyd ej ye}ejc*

    O* Oyelejn` `n njm {yfodmtyd

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] 9?

    >;>* ]gd ]tyaesg Oyelejn` Ofmd lnads e} n oyelejn` fbbdjod'n% }f md{yerd nj ejmeremtn` tj`nbt``u fb ges fy gdy `eidy}u 'Ny}eo`d >35

    cdjdyn``u, Ny}eo`d >7> ej yds{do} fb oere` sdyrnj}s%1'i% }f esstd }gydn}s 'Ny}eo`d >5>%1'o% }f stihdo} nj ejmeremtn` }f }fy}tyd fy e``}ydn}ldj} 'Ny}eo`ds 9=? njm

    9=4%1 njm'm% }f oflle} tjej}dj}efjn` gfleoemd 'Ny}eo`ds =49, =45%, ej}dj}efjn`

    gfleoemd 'Ny}eo`d ==7% njm ltymdy 'Ny}eo`d =4;%*>;9* Bfy n`` }gdsd fbbdjods ofl{`nej}s lnu id `fmcdm, {tystnj} }f

    Ny}eo`ds >4> njm >4? fb }gd Ofmd fb Oyelejn` [yfodmtyd, e}g }gd {ti`eo{yfsdot}fy fy }gd `fon` nmlejes}yn}erd nt}gfye}eds* N {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy gfes ejbfyldm iu nju ldnjs gn}sfdrdy fb n se}tn}efj }gn} cerds yesd }f }gdsts{eoefj }gn} nj fbbdjod gns iddj oflle}}dm es fi`ecdm }f ejrds}ecn}d }gd

    bno}s ej fymdy }f mdoemd gd}gdy fy jf} }f iyejc n {yfsdot}efj 'Ny}eo`d >4?%*Ofl{`nej}s lnu id lnmd ej ye}ejc fy fyn``u* N ofl{`nejnj} lnu n{{dn`ncnejs} }gd mdoesefj fb }gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy jf} }f ejs}e}t}d oyelejn`

    {yfoddmejcs*

    M* Oere``n {yfresefjs

    >;?* Nju e``dcn` no} iu oere` sdyrnj}s, id e} n oyeld fy n }fy}, geogontsds ln}dyen` fy lfyn` mnlncd lnu id }gd stihdo} fb n o`nel bfyofl{djsn}efj idbfyd }gd fymejnyu oere` ofty}s* [tystnj} }f Ny}eo`d => fb }gd

    Ofmd fb Fi`ecn}efjs, nj ejhtydm {dysfj lnu be`d n o`nel bfy ofl{djsn}efjncnejs} nj n``dcdm {dy{d}yn}fy gf gns ontsdm mnlncd ej nj tj`nbt`lnjjdy gd}gdy e`bt``u, jdc`ecdj}`u fy el{ytmdj}`u* [dotjenyu `fss lnu idofl{djsn}dm bfy iu }gd oere` ofty}s {tystnj} }f Ny}eo`d =2 fb }gd Ofmd fbFi`ecn}efjs njm nnyms lnu id lnmd bfy jfj{dotjenyu fy lfyn` mnlncdtjmdy Ny}eo`d =3*

    D* El{no} fb Mdoydd jf* 974

    >;=* Ej }gd onsd fb n``dcdm }dyyfyes} fbbdjods, }gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy esmd{yerdm fb htyesmeo}efj ej bnrfty fb n sd{nyn}d sus}dl fb jn}efjn` sdotye}u

    {yfsdot}fys njm ofty}s ds}ni`esgdm }gyftcgft} ]tyadu*>;4* ]gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy es n`sf md{yerdm fb htyesmeo}efj e}g ydcnym }f

    fbbdjods n``dcdm ncnejs} ldlidys fb }gd sdotye}u bfyods ej }gd s}n}d fbdldycdjou ydcefj* Mdoydd jf* 974, Ny}eo`d = >, {yfremds }gn} n`` sdotye}ubfyods tjmdy }gd ofllnjm fb }gd ydcefjn` cfrdyjfy sgn`` id stihdo}, ejyds{do} fb no}s {dybfyldm ej }gd oftysd fb }gdey mt}eds, }f }gd @n fb >5>= fj}gd {yfsdot}efj fb oere` sdyrnj}s* ]gts, nju {yfsdot}fy gf ydoderds nofl{`nej} n``dcejc n oyelejn` no} iu n ldlidy fb }gd sdotye}u bfyods lts}lnad n mdoesefj fb jfjhtyesmeo}efj njm }ynjsbdy }gd be d }f }gdNmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe`* ]gdsd oftjoe`s nyd lnmd t{ fb oere` sdyrnj}s,

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    9= DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    ogneydm iu }gd cfrdyjfy* N mdoesefj iu }gd Oftjoe` jf} }f {yfsdot}d esstihdo} }f nj nt}fln}eo n{{dn` }f }gd _t{ydld Nmlejes}yn}erd Ofty}* Fjod n

    mdoesefj }f {yfsdot}d gns iddj }nadj, e} es bfy }gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy }fejrds}ecn}d }gd onsd*

    EEE* YD@DRNJ] EJ]DYJN]EFJN@ LN]DYEN@

    >;2* Ej ges ye}}dj stilessefjs }f }gd Ofty}, }gd n{{`eonj} myd n}}dj}efj}f ej}dyjn}efjn` ln}dyen` fj }gd esstd fb bfyodm mesn{{dnynjods, stog ns

    'n% }gd Tje}dm Jn}efjs Mdo`nyn}efj fj }gd [yf}do}efj fb N`` [dysfjs byflDjbfyodm Mesn{{dnynjod 'CN yds* =3&>??, >7 Mdodlidy >559%1

    'i% }gd onsd`n fb }gd Tje}dm Jn}efjs Gtlnj Yecg}s Oflle}}dd 'GYO%1njm

    'o% }gd onsd n fb }gd Ej}dyNldyeonj Ofty} fb Gtlnj Yecg}s, ej{ny}eot`ny }gd Rd`s~tdx Yfmyctdx r* Gfjmtyns htmcldj} fb 95 Ht`u >577'Ej}dyNl* O}* GY '_dy* O% jf* = '>577%%1 }gd Cfmjdx Oytx r* Gfjmtyns

    htmcldj} fb 9; Hnjtnyu >575 'Ej}dyNl* O}* GY '_dy* O% jf* 4 '>575%%1 njm}gd Onid``dyfMd`cnmf njm _nj}njn r* Of`flien htmcldj} fb 7 Mdodlidy>554 'Ej}dyNl* O}* GY%*

    [YFODDMEJC_ IDBFYD ]GD OFLLE__EFJ

    >;3* slne` Dy}na n{{`edm }f }gd Ofllessefj fj > Fo}fidy >559* Gdn``dcdm }gn} ges sfj Ldgld} Dy}na gnm iddj }nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmu, gnmmesn{{dnydm njm gnm ej n`` {yfinie`e}u iddj ae``dm iu }gd {f`eod mtyejc~tds}efjejc* Gd yd`edm fj Ny}eo`d 9 fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj*

    >;7* ]gd Ofllessefj mdo`nydm }gd n{{ eon}efj 'jf* 9;32=&59%nmlessei`d fj = Mdodlidy >554* Ej e}s yd{fy} fb = Mdodlidy >557 'bfyldyNy}eo`d ?> fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj%>, e} dw{ydssdm }gd f{ejefj }gn} }gdyd gnm iddjn ref`n}efj fb Ny}eo`d 9 fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj fj nooftj} fb }gd mdn}g fbLdgld} Dy}na n} }gd gnjms fb ncdj}s fb }gd _}n}d njm }gd `noa fb nj nmd~tn}dnjm dbbdo}erd ejrds}ecn}efj ej}f }gd oeyotls}njods styyftjmejc ges

    mesn{{dnynjod 'tjnjelfts`u%, njm }gn} }gdyd gnm iddj jf ref`n}efj fb bfyldyNy}eo`d 94 fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj 'iu }dj}udecg} rf}ds }f }f%*

    BEJN@ _TILE__EFJ_ ]F ]GD OFTY]

    >;5* Ej ges ldlfyen` }gd n{{`eonj} yd~tds}dm }gd Ofty} }f bejm }gn} }gdyds{fjmdj} _}n}d gnm ref`n}dm Ny}eo`d 9 fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj* Gd yd~tds}dm }gd

    >* Jf}d iu }gd Ydces}yu* ]gd yd{fy} es fi}nejni`d byfl }gd Ydces}yu*

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] 94

    Ofty} }f nnym gel njm ges sfj#s emf njm bfty oge`mydj hts} sn}esbno}efjtjmdy Ny}eo`d => fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj*

    >>;* ]gd Cfrdyjldj}, bfy }gdey {ny}, yd~tds}dm }gd Ofty} ej }gdeyldlfyen` }f mdo`nyd }gd onsd ejnmlessei`d bfy bne`tyd }f dwgnts} mflds}eoydldmeds* Ej }gd n`}dyjn}erd, }gdu nyctdm }gn} }gd n{{`eonj}#s ofl{`nej}s dydjf} stis}nj}en}dm iu nju dremdjod*

    ]GD @NS

    E* ]GD OFTY]#_ N__D__LDJ] FB ]GD BNO]_

    >>>* ]gd Ofty} yde}dyn}ds }gn} e} gns ofjses}dj}`u gd`m }gn} tjmdy }gdOfjrdj}efj sus}dl {yefy }f > Jfrdlidy >557 }gd ds}ni esgldj} njmrdyebeon}efj fb }gd bno}s dyd {yelnye`u n ln}}dy bfy }gd Ofllessefj 'bfyldyNy}eo`ds 97 > njm ?>%* Sge`d }gd Ofty} es jf} iftjm iu }gd Ofllessefj#sbejmejcs fb bno} njm ydlnejs bydd }f lnad e}s fj nssdssldj} ej }gd `ecg} fbn`` }gd ln}dyen` idbfyd e}, e} es fj`u ej dwod{}efjn` oeyotls}njods }gn} e} e``dwdyoesd e}s {fdys ej }ges nydn 'sdd, nlfjc f}gdy nt}gfye}eds, }gd Namernynjm F}gdys r* ]tyadu htmcldj} fb >2 _d{}dlidy >552, Yd{fy}s >552ER,

    {* >9>=, 37%*>>9* ]gd Cfrdyjldj}, ej }gdey ldlfyen` njm fyn` {`dnmejcs, stile}}dm

    }gn} }gd Ofllessefj#s nssdssldj} fb }gd dremdjod ns mdbdo}erd ej }gn} e}gnm, ej}dy n`en, bne`dm }f }nad nooftj} fb ody}nej ofj}ynmeo}efjs njmdnajdssds ej }gd }ds}elfju fb _`dulnj Dy}na njm Nimtyyngel Mdley,gnm yd`edm sd`do}erd`u njm dwo`tserd`u fj }gd dremdjod cerdj iu }gd `n}}dynjm gnm }nadj n``dcdm eyydct`nye}eds ej ots}fmu ydces}dys ej}f ofjsemdyn}efj*]gdu noofymejc`u yd~tds}dm }gd Ofty} }f ydred }gd Ofllessefj#s bejmejcsfb bno}*

    >>?* Ej }gd ejs}nj} onsd, }gd Ofty} jf}ds }gn} }gd Ofllessefj ydnogdm e}sbejmejcs fb bno} nb}dy n md`dcn}efj gnm gdnym e}jdss dremdjod ej Njanyn 'sdd

    {nyncyn{gs ??35 nifrd%* E} bejms }gn} }gd Ofllessefj n{{yfnogdm e}s }nsa

    fb nssdssejc }gd dremdjod idbfyd e} e}g }gd yd~tese}d ont}efj, cerejc md}ne`dmofjsemdyn}efj }f }gd d`dldj}s geog st{{fy}dm }gd n{{`eonj}#s nooftj} njm}gfsd geog ons} mfti} fj e}s oydmeie`e}u* Ej {ny}eot`ny, }gd Ofllessefjonydbt``u soyt}ejesdm }gd dremdjod cerdj iu _`dulnj Dy}na, NimtyyngelMdley njm Lts}nbn Ln`nu*

    >>=* Ej }gd Ofty}#s red, }gd Cfrdyjldj}#s oye}eoesls mf jf} meso`fsd njuln}}dy fb stis}njod geog lecg} nyynj} }gd Ofty}#s dwdyoesejc e}s fj

    {fdys fb rdyebuejc }gd bno}s*

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    92 DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    >>4* ]gn} idejc sf, njm ej }gd nisdjod fb nju bydsg dremdjod stile}}dmiu }gfsd n{{dnyejc idbfyd e}, }gd Ofty} e`` yd`u fj }gd dremdjod cn}gdydm iu

    }gd Ofllessefj, it} e`` nssdss e}s decg}*>>2* ]gd Ofty} jf}ds }gn} }gd Ofllessefj ydhdo}dm }gd n{{`eonj}#s

    n``dcn}efjs }gn} mfotldj}s ofjodyjejc ges n{{`eon}efj gnm iddj ofjbeson}dmnjm jf} yd}tyjdm gdj ]ngey D`e, ges yd{ydsdj}n}erd n} }gd }eld gdj gd`fmcdm }gd n{{`eon}efj, ns nyyds}dm* ]gd Ofllessefj bftjm }gn} }gd sdextydfymdy njm }gd mdoesefj fb }gd Meunyinay Jn}efjn` _dotye}u Ofty} gnm `es}dmn`` }gd mfotldj}s yd}tyjdm }f ]ngey D`e njm }gn} }gd `es} gnm jf} ejo`tmdm}gd be`d fj }gd n{{`eon}efj `fmcdm e}g }gd Ofllessefj* E} bty}gdy jf}dm }gn}]ngey D`e gnm ejbfyldm }gd md`dcn}ds }gn} gd gnm jf} }nadj dremdjod byfl}gd e}jdssds njm }gn} gd gnm iddj tjni`d }f cerd nju md}ne`s fb }gd ofj}dj}fb }gd be`d*

    Ofjsd~tdj}`u, }gd Ofty} ofjbeyls }gd bejmejc lnmd iu }gd Ofllessefjej e}s yd{fy} '{nyncyn{g >75% }gn} }gdyd ns jf ydnsfj }f ofjo`tmd ej }gdejs}nj} onsd }gn} }gd Cfrdyjldj} gnm jf} bt`be``dm }gdey fi`ecn}efjs tjmdybfyldy Ny}eo`d 97 > 'n% fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj*

    EE* ]GD CFRDYJLDJ]#_ [YD@ELEJNYU FIHDO]EFJ

    >>3* ]gd Cfrdyjldj} lnej}nejdm }gn} }gd n{{`eonj} gnm jf} dwgnts}dmmflds}eo ydldmeds ns yd~teydm iu Ny}eo`d ?4 fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj iu lnaejc

    {yf{dy tsd fb }gd ydldmeds nrne`ni`d* Gd oft`m gnrd iyftcg} oyelejn`

    {yfoddmejcs, fy n{{`edm }f }gd oere` fy nmlejes}yn}erd ofty}s* Ej }gn}ofjjdo}efj, }gdu ydbdyydm }f }gd Ofty}#s htmcldj} ej }gd Nu}daej onsd'Nu}daej r* ]tyadu htmcldj} fb 9? _d{}dlidy >557, Yd{fy}s >557REE% nsnt}gfye}u bfy }gdey nyctldj} }gn} }gd ]tyaesg nt}gfye}eds sgfdm jfyd`to}njod ej ejs}e}t}ejc oyelejn` {yfoddmejcs ncnejs} ldlidys fb }gdsdotye}u bfyods njm }gn} oere` njm nmlejes}yn}erd ydldmeds dyd dbbdo}erd*Ydcnymejc ej {ny}eot`ny nj no}efj ej nmlejes}yn}erd `n tjmdy Ny}eo`d >94 fb}gd Ofjs}e}t}efj, }gd Cfrdyjldj} ydbdyydm }f }gd nitjmnjod fb onsd`ne}g geog }gdu gnm st{{`edm }gd Ofty}, geog ej }gdey red mdlfjs}yn}dm}gd ydldmu#s dbbdo}erdjdss*

    >>7* ]gd Cfrdyjldj} s}n}dm, ej}dy n`en, }gn} }gd n{{`eonj} gnm `fmcdm ges

    n{{`eon}efj fjd njm n gn`b lfj}gs nb}dy }gd mn}d fj geog }gd n``dcn}efjs fbges sfj#s mesn{{dnynjod gnm iddj lnmd }gn} es }f snu, fj > Fo}fidy >559 njm }gn} gd gnm jf} n{{ edm }f }gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy#s fbbeod, ns gdlnej}nejdm* ]gd ofl{`nej} fb 9 Fo}fidy >559, geog gnm jf} ifyjd njunmmydss fy s}nl{ ejmeon}ejc }gn} e} gnm nyyerdm fy iddj ydces}dydm n} }gd

    {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy#s fbbeod, gnm ldyd`u iddj n {ti`eo s}n}dldj}* ]gdCfrdyjldj} {fej}dm ft} ej }gn} ofjjdo}efj }gn} }gd n{{`eonj} gnm jf}nrne`dm gelsd`b fb nju mflds}eo ydldmeds n{ny} byfl ges {d}e}efj }f }gdyjna {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy njm, gnrejc ldyd`u yd~tds}dm ejbfyln}efj, gnm}gdj sgfj jf ej}dyds} ej }gd ydst`} fb ges dj~teyeds* Ydbdyyejc }f }gd Ofty}#s

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] 93

    htmcldj}s ej }gd onsds fb Onymf} r* Bynjod 'htmcldj} fb >5 Lnyog >55>,_dyeds N jf* 9;;%, Ngld} _nma r* Cyddod 'htmcldj} fb >4 Jfrdlidy >552,

    Yd{fy}s >552R%, njm Nu}daej 'oe}dm nifrd%, }gd Cfrdyjldj} noofymejc`ustile}}dm }gn} }gd n{{`eon}efj sgft`m id mdo`nydm ejnmlessei`d bfy bne`tyd }fdwgnts} mflds}eo ydldmeds*

    >>5* ]gd n{{`eonj} lnej}nejdm }gn} gd gnm `fmcdm n ofl{`nej} e}g }gdyjna {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy bf``fejc ges sfj#s mesn{{dnynjod njm }gn} e} gnm

    iddj mdoemdm }f }nad jf no}efj fj }gd ofl{`nej}, {tystnj} }f nj fymdy esstdmiu }gd Nmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe` nb}dy }gd Ofllessefj gnm oflltjeon}dm }gdn{{`eon}efj }f }gd Cfrdyjldj}* Gd nssdy}dm }gn} }gd fymdy gnm iddj t{gd`m

    iu }gd _t{ydld Nmlejes}yn}erd Ofty} ej n htmcldj} fb 99 Mdodlidy >55?njm }gn} gd gnm ofjsd~tdj}`u dwgnts}dm mflds}eo ydldmeds*

    >9;* Ej e}s mdoesefj fj nmlesseie e}u }gd Ofllessefj, ydhdo}ejc }gd

    Cfrdyjldj}#s nyctldj}s, bftjm }gn} }gd n{{`eonj} oft`m id ydcnymdm nsgnrejc iyftcg} ges ofl{`nej}s idbfyd }gd yd`drnj} nt}gfye}eds njm ns gnrejcsn}esbedm }gd yd~teydldj} }f dwgnts} mflds}eo ydldmeds*

    >9>* ]gd Ofty} jf}ds }gn} }gd n{{`eonj} mem drdyu}gejc }gn} oft`m iddw{do}dm fb gel }f sdda ydmydss ej yds{do} fb ges ofl{`nej}s* Gd dj} }f sdd}gd yjna {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy ej }gd {ydsdjod fb n e}jdss gf lnej}nejdm}gn} gd gnm sddj Ldgld} Dy}na n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys* ]gd yjna

    {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy, Lts}nbn Ln`nu, }f`m }gd Ofllessefj md`dcn}ds }gn}slne` Dy}na gnm bf``fdm t{ }gd ln}}dy njm gnm ofld inoa }f sdd gel ejges fbbeod berd fy sew }elds e}g }gd snld n``dcn}efjs* Fj 9 Fo}fidy >559slne` Dy}na `fmcdm n ofl{`nej} e}g }gd yjna {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy, n``dcejc}gn} ges sfj gnm iddj nyyds}dm fj 9; Ntcts} >559 ge`d tjmdycfejc njemdj}e}u ogdoa fj ges nu gfld byfl fya, njm cnrd }gd jnlds fbdude}jdssds gf snem }gn} }gdu gnm sddj ges sfj ge`d gd ns ej {f`eodots}fmu* Gfdrdy, ges n``dcn}efj ns jf} cerdj sdyefts ofjsemdyn}efj* E} eso`dny byfl }gd be`d fj }gd ejrds}ecn}efj `ntjogdm ej yds{fjsd }f }gd yjna

    {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy#s ye}}dj yd~tds} fb = Jfrdlidy >559 }f }gd jn}efjn`{f`eod gdnm~tny}dys }gn} jf n{{yf{yen}d s}d{s dyd }nadj }f bejm e}jdssdsgf gnm snem }gn} }gdu gnm sddj Ldgld} Dy}na ge`d ej ots}fmu fy,ejmddm, }f ej}dyred }gd ofl{`nejnj} njm }gn} }gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody nsjf} ej {fssdssefj fb }gd be`d fj }gd ejrds}ecn}efj f{djdm iu }gd {ti`eo

    {yfsdot}fy bf``fejc }gd ofl{`nej} `fmcdm iu slne` Dy}na* Ej }gd nisdjodfb nj dbbdo}erd ejrds}ecn}efj iu }gd nt}gfye}eds ej}f }gd n``dcdmmesn{{dnynjod njm ej }gd `ecg} fb }gdey yd{dn}dm mdjen` }gn} Ldgld} Dy}nagnm iddj nyyds}dm, }gd Ofty} bejms }gn} }gdyd ns jf inses bfy njuldnjejcbt` ydoftysd iu }gd n{{ eonj} }f }gd oere njm nmlejes}yn}erdydldmeds ydbdyydm }f iu }gd Cfrdyjldj}1 e} ofjsemdys }gn} }gd n{{`eonj} memdrdyu}gejc }gn} oft`m ydnsfjni`u id dw{do}dm fb gel }f dwgnts} }gd mflds}eoydldmeds nrne`ni`d }f gel 'sdd, nlfjc f}gdy nt}gfye}eds, }gd Aty} htmcldj}oe}dm nifrd, {{* >>3433, 357?, njm nao oe}dm nifrd, 337;%*

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    97 DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    >99* Ofjsd~tdj}`u, }gd Ofty} meslessds }gd Cfrdyjldj}#s {yd`elejnyufihdo}efj*

    EEE* N@@DCDM REF@N]EFJ_ FB NY]EO@D 9 FB ]GD OFJRDJ]EFJ

    >9?* ]gd n{{`eonj} n``dcdm }gn} ges sfj, Ldgld} Dy}na, gf gnm iddj}nadj ej}f {f`eod ots}fmu fj 9; Ntcts} >559, gnm mesn{{dnydm ge`d ejots}fmu njm gnm ej n` {yfinie`e}u iddj ae `dm iu }gd {f`eod mtyejc~tds}efjejc* Gd nyctdm fj }gn} nooftj} }gn} }gdyd gnm iddj n iydnog fbNy}eo`d 9 fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj, geog {yfremds8

    >* Drdyufjd#s yecg} }f `ebd sgn`` id {yf}do}dm iu `n* Jf fjd sgn`` id md{yerdm fbges `ebd ej}dj}efjn``u snrd ej }gd dwdot}efj fb n sdj}djod fb n ofty} bf``fejc gesofjreo}efj fb n oyeld bfy geog }ges {djn`}u es {yfremdm iu `n*

    9* Md{yern}efj fb `ebd sgn`` jf} id ydcnymdm ns ejb`eo}dm ej ofj}ynrdj}efj fb }gesNy}eo`d gdj e} ydst`}s byfl }gd tsd fb bfyod geog es jf lfyd }gnj nisf`t}d`ujdodssnyu8

    'n% ej mdbdjod fb nju {dysfj byfl tj`nbt` ref`djod1

    'i% ej fymdy }f dbbdo} n `nbt` nyyds} fy }f {ydrdj} }gd dson{d fb n {dysfj `nbt``umd}nejdm1

    'o% ej no}efj `nbt``u }nadj bfy }gd {ty{fsd fb ~td `ejc n yef} fy ejstyydo}efj*

    N* Nyctldj}s fb }gfsd n{{dnyejc idbfyd }gd Ofty}

    >* ]gd n{{`eonj}

    >9=* ]gd n{{`eonj} ydbdyydm }f }gd Ofllessefj#s bejmejcs }gn} Ldgld}Dy}na#s mdn}g ns ontsdm iu ncdj}s fb }gd _}n}d nb}dy ges nyyds}, ns n ydst`} fb}ydn}ldj} bfy geog }gd Cfrdyjldj} ifyd yds{fjseie`e}u* Gd stile}}dm }gn} ncfrdyjldj} gnm n {ny}eot`ny yds{fjseie`e}u bfy djstyejc }gd snbd}u njm }gdyecg} }f `ebd fb md}nejdds njm dyd tjmdy n {fse}erd fi`ecn}efj }f nooftj} bfyejmeremtn` md}nejdds njm }f {yfrd }gn} }gdu dyd n`erd*

    >94* Gnrejc ydcnym }f }gd n{{yfnog }nadj iu }gd Ofty} ej e}s ]flnser* Bynjod htmcldj} fb 93 Ntcts} >559 '_dyeds N jf* 9=>N%, e}s Yeie}sogr* Nts}yen htmcldj} fb = Mdodlidy >554 '_dyeds N jf* ??2% njm _d`lftjer* Bynjod 'QCO\, jf* 947;?&5=, DOGY >555R% }f dremdjod fb e``}ydn}ldj}fb n md}nejdd, }gd n{{`eonj} nyctdm }gn} n sele`ny n{{yfnog sgft`m id }nadj,lt}n}es lt}njmes, ej yds{do} fb ges sfj#s mdn}g* Gd stile}}dm }gn} }gdyd gnm

    iddj jtldyfts nl{`u stis}nj}en}dm ejs}njods fb }fy}tyd, tjdw{`nejdm mdn}gsej ots}fmu njm mesn{{dnynjods ej sft}gdns}dyj ]tyadu ej >55?1noofymejc`u, e} ns ydnsfjni`d }f {ydstld }gn} }gd nt}gfye}eds gnm iydnogdm}gdey fi`ecn}efj }f {yf}do} ges sfj#s `ebd tjmdy Ny}eo`d 9, stog ejoemdj}s

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] 95

    ofjs}e}t}ejc stbbeoedj} dremdjod fb n {yno}eod fb mesn{{dnynjods }f hts}ebu nofl{`nej} }gn} ges sfj gnm n`sf iddj }gd reo}el fb nj nccynrn}dm ref`n}efj fb

    }gn} {yfresefj* Ej nmme}efj, ydbdyyejc ej {ny}eot`ny }f }gd LoOnjj njm F}gdysr* }gd Tje}dm Aejcmfl htmcldj} fb 93 _d{}dlidy >554 '_dyeds N jf* ?9=%,}gd Anun r* ]tyadu htmcldj} fb >5 Bdiytnyu >557 'Yd{fy}s >557E% njm }gdC`d r* ]tyadu htmcldj} fb 93 Ht`u >557 'Yd{fy}s >557ER%, }gd n{{`eonj}yd~tds}dm }gd Ofty} }f bejm }gn} }gd bne`tyd fb }gd nt}gfye}eds }f ofjmto} n

    {yfl{}, }gfyftcg njm dbbdo}erd ejrds}ecn}efj ej}f ges sfj#s mesn{{dnynjodnlftj}dm }f n sd{nyn}d ref`n}efj fb Ny}eo`d 9*

    9* ]gd Cfrdyjldj}

    >92* ]gd Cfrdyjldj} lnej}nejdm }gn} }gd n{{`eonj}#s n``dcn}efjs dyd

    tjbftjmdm njm }gn}, ofjsd~tdj}`u, jf esstd nyfsd tjmdy Ny}eo`d 9 fb }gdOfjrdj}efj* ]gdu on}dcfyeon``u mdjedm }gn} }gdyd ns nju ofjjdo}efj e}g}gd n``dcn}efjs fb sus}dln}eo mesn{{dnynjods njm nyctdm }gn} lnju {df{`dgf gnm n``dcdm`u mesn{{dnydm gnm stisd~tdj}`u ydstybnodm fy gnm iddjmesofrdydm ej }gd }dyyfyes} fycnjesn}efj#s onl{s iu }gd yd`drnj} nt}gfye}eds*

    >93* ]gd Cfrdyjldj} yd{dn}dm }gdey oye}eoesls fb nju bejmejcs geogyd`edm fj }gd ejofjses}dj}, lnjebds} u e``bftjmdm njm ofj}ynmeo}fyus}n}dldj}s iu _`dulnj Dy}na njm Nimtyyngel Mdley ofjodyjejc Ldgld}Dy}na#s n``dcdm nyyds} njm md}dj}efj njm }gd e``}ydn}ldj} }f geog gd gnmst{{fsdm`u iddj stihdo}dm* ]gdu oye}eoesdm }gd Ofllessefj bfy fj`uofjsemdyejc dremdjod byfl ody}nej e}jdssds njm ofj}djmdm }gn} }gd Ofty},

    bfy e}s {ny}, sgft`m dwnlejd n`` }gd s}n}dldj}s fi}nejdm n} }gd gdnyejcs* ]gdu{fej}dm ft} ej }gn} ofjjdo}efj }gn} }gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody Ungun In` gnrejc ofjsemdydm }gd dremdjod cerdj iu bfty e}jdssds ldj}efjdm if}g ej}gd {d}e}efj geog }gd n{{`eonj} gnm `fmcdm e}g }gd {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy njmej }gd ye}}dj yd~tds} stile}}dm }f }gd Jn}efjn` Nssdli`u iu n ldlidy fb[ny`enldj}, Fygnj Mfnj, njm gnrejc n`sf dwnlejdm }gd ots}fmu ydces}dys gnm drdyu ydnsfj }f ofjo`tmd ej ges yd{fy} }gn} }gd ofl{`nej}s dyd e``bftjmdm* ]gd Cfrdyjldj} oye}eoesdm }gd Ofllessefj bfy nood{}ejc }gn}}gdyd dyd f}gdy e}jdssds }gd md`dcn}ds gnm iddj tjni`d }f ej}dyred,

    insejc }gn} bejmejc sf`d`u fj }gd n{{`eonj}#s n``dcn}efjs njm NimtyyngelMdley#s s}n}dldj}* ]gdu mesncyddm e}g }gd Ofllessefj#s bejmejc }gn} e}

    gns iddj ds}ni`esgdm idufjm ydnsfjni`d mfti} }gn} Ldgld} Dy}na#s mdn}gns ontsdm iu ncdj}s fb }gd _}n}d, ofj}djmejc }gn} }gn} bejmejc gnm iddj

    insdm sf`d`u fj }gd dremdjod cerdj iu Nimtyyngel Mdley*>97* ]gd Cfrdyjldj} lnej}nejdm }gn} nj dbbdo}erd ejrds}ecn}efj ej}f }gd

    n{{`eonj}#s ofl{`nej}s gnm iddj onyyedm ft} iu }gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody* ]gdfbbeody#s yd{fy} gnm iddj dwnlejdm iu }gd Nmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe`, gfsdmdoesefj }f }nad jf bty}gdy no}efj gnm iddj t{gd`m iu }gd _t{ydldNmlejes}yn}erd Ofty}, }f geog }gd ln}}dy gnm iddj ydbdyydm nt}fln}eon``uej noofymnjod e}g }gd yd`drnj} `dces`n}efj* Fbbeods sd} t{ byfl > Ntcts}>554 }f mdn` e}g ofl{`nej}s ofjodyjejc mesn{{dnynjods gnm bftjm }gn} }gd

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    ?; DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    }dyyfyes} fycnjesn}efj gnm nimto}dm {df{`d byfl re``ncds e}g n red }fsd` ejc }gd ynjas fb e}s le e}nj}s1 }gd nt}gfye}eds gnm stisd~tdj}`u

    mesofrdydm }gdsd {dysfjs ej }gd fycnjesn}efj#s onl{s*

    ?* ]gd Ofllessefj

    >95* ]gd Ofllessefj ofjsemdydm }gn} e} gnm iddj ds}ni`esgdm idufjmydnsfjni`d mfti} }gn} Ldgld} Dy}na#s mdn}g gnm iddj ontsdm iu ncdj}s fb}gd _}n}d nb}dy ges nyyds}, ns n ydst`} fb }ydn}ldj} bfy geog }gd Cfrdyjldj}

    ifyd yds{fjseie`e}u*>?;* Nb}dy dwnlejejc n jtlidy fb ns{do}s fb }gd nu ej geog }gd

    ejrds}ecn}efj ns ofjmto}dm ej }gd {ydsdj} onsd, }gd Ofllessefj jf}dmsdrdyn` sdyefts sgfy}oflejcs njm dw{ydssdm }gd f{ejefj }gn} Ny}eo`d 9 gnm

    n`sf iddj iydnogdm ej e}s {yfodmtyn` ns{do} 'sdd {nyncyn{gs 595? nifrd%*

    I* ]gd Ofty}#s nssdssldj}

    >* Ldgld} Dy}na#s bn}d

    >?>* ]gd Ofty} gns djmfysdm }gd Ofllessefj#s bejmejcs fb bno} 'sdd{nyncyn{gs >>?>4 nifrd%* E} es jf} mes{t}dm }gn} }gdyd dyd o`nsgds ejyjna id}ddj >7 njm 9; Ntcts} >559 njm }gn}, noofymejc }f }gd dremdjodcerdj iu ldlidys fb }gd sdotye}u bfyods, lfyd }gnj n gtjmydm {df{`d dydnyyds}dm, emdj}e}u ogdoas dyd onyyedm ft} n} }gd dj}ynjod }f }gd }fj njm

    {dysfjs sts{do}dm fb }dyyfyes} no}ere}eds dyd }nadj meydo}`u }f }gd {f`eodgdnm~tny}dys iu ldlidys fb }gd yn{em ej}dyrdj}efj bfyod* Ns }gdOfllessefj {fej}dm ft}, rdyu s}yfjc ejbdydjods lnu id mynj byfl }gddremdjod cerdj }f }gd md`dcn}ds iu _`dulnj Dy}na 'ofjodyjejc Ldgld}Dy}na#s nyyds}%, Lts}nbn Ln`nu, }gd yjna {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfy 'gfnoajf`dmcdm }gn} gd gnm ld} {df{`d ej ges fbbeod gf snem }gn} }gdu gnmsddj Ldgld} Dy}na ge`d }gdu dyd ej {f`eod ots}fmu% njm NimtyyngelMdley 'gf lnej}nejdm }gn} gd gnm s{fadj }f Ldgld} Dy}na ge`d ejots}fmu njm }gn} gd gnm sddj gel mdnm n} }gd {f`eod gdnm~tny}dysbf``fejc }gd tsd fb }fy}tyd iu {f`eod fbbeodys%* ]gd Ofty} bejms fj }gn} inses}gn} }gdyd es stbbeoedj} dremdjod }f ofjo`tmd idufjm ydnsfjni`d mfti} }gn},nb}dy idejc nyyds}dm njm }nadj ej}f ots}fmu, Ldgld} Dy}na ns stihdo}dm }fsdrdyd njm tjnoajf`dmcdm e``}ydn}ldj} njm medm ge`d ej }gd ots}fmu fb}gd sdotye}u bfyods* ]ges onsd lts} }gdydbfyd id mes}ejctesgdm byfl }gd Aty}onsd 'htmcldj} oe}dm nifrd, {* >>79, >;3;7%, ej geog }gd Ofty}dwnlejdm }gd n{{`eonj}#s ofl{`nej}s nift} }gd mesn{{dnynjod fb gdy sfjtjmdy Ny}eo`d 4* Ej }gd Aty} onsd, n`}gftcg }gd n{{`eonj}#s sfj gnm iddj}nadj ej}f ots}fmu, }gdyd ns jf f}gdy dremdjod fb }gd }ydn}ldj} }f geog gdgnm iddj stihdo}dm }gdydnb}dy fy ges stisd~tdj} bn}d*

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    DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ] ?>

    >?9* _}ydssejc }gn} }gd nt}gfye}eds nyd tjmdy nj fi`ecn}efj }f nooftj} bfyejmeremtn`s tjmdy }gdey ofj}yf`, }gd Ofty} fisdyrds }gn} jf dw{`njn}efj gns

    iddj fbbdydm ns }f gn} footyydm nb}dy Ldgld} Dy}na#s nyyds}*>??* Noofymejc`u, e} ofjsemdys }gn} ej }gd oeyotls}njods fb }gd onsd }gd

    Cfrdyjldj} ifyd yds{fjseie`e}u bfy Ldgld} Dy}na#s mdn}g, geog nsontsdm iu ncdj}s fb }gd _}n}d nb}dy ges nyyds}1 }gdyd gns }gdydbfyd iddj nref`n}efj fb Ny}eo`d 9 fj }gn} nooftj}*

    9* Ejrds}ecn}efj ofjmto}dm iu }gd jn}efjn` nt}gfye}eds

    >?=* ]gd Ofty} yde}dyn}ds }gn} Ny}eo`d 9 ynjas ns fjd fb }gd lfs}btjmnldj}n` {yfresefjs ej }gd Ofjrdj}efj njm, }fcd}gdy e}g Ny}eo`d ?,djsgyejds fjd fb }gd inseo rn`tds fb }gd mdlfoyn}eo sfoed}eds lnaejc t{ }gd

    Oftjoe` fb Dtyf{d 'sdd }gd LoOnjj njm F}gdys htmcldj} oe}dm nifrd,{{* =4=2, >=2=3%* ]gd fi`ecn}efj el{fsdm es jf} dwo`tserd`u ofjodyjdme}g ej}dj}efjn` ae``ejc ydst`}ejc byfl }gd tsd fb bfyod iu ncdj}s fb }gd _}n}d

    it} n`sf dw}djms, ej }gd beys} sdj}djod fb Ny}eo`d 9 >, }f n {fse}erdfi`ecn}efj fj _}n}ds }f {yf}do} iu `n }gd yecg} }f `ebd* ]ges yd~teyds iuel{`eon}efj }gn} }gdyd sgft`m id sfld bfyl fb nmd~tn}d njm dbbdo}erdfbbeoen` ejrds}ecn}efj gdj ejmeremtn`s gnrd iddj ae``dm ns n ydst`} fb }gd tsdfb bfyod 'sdd, nlfjc f}gdy nt}gfye}eds, }gd Unn r* ]tyadu htmcldj} fb9 _d{}dlidy >557, Yd{fy}s >557RE, {* 9=?7, 57%* ]gd {yfodmtyn`

    {yf}do}efj fb }gd yecg} }f `ebd ejgdydj} ej Ny}eo`d 9 fb }gd Ofjrdj}efj dj}ne`snj fi`ecn}efj bfy ncdj}s fb }gd _}n}d }f nooftj} bfy }gdey tsd fb `d}gn` bfyod

    iu stihdo}ejc }gdey no}efjs }f sfld bfyl fb ejmd{djmdj} njm {ti`eo soyt}ejuon{ni`d fb md}dylejejc gd}gdy }gd bfyod tsdm ns fy ns jf} hts}ebedm ej n{ny}eot`ny sd} fb oeyotls}njods 'sdd }gd Anun htmcldj} oe}dm nifrd, {* ?9=, 73%*

    >?4* Ej }gd `ecg} fb }gd bno} }gn} }gd Ofty} gns djmfysdm }gdOfllessefj#s bejmejcs ydcnymejc }gd tjnoajf`dmcdm md}dj}efj fb }gdn{{ eonj}#s sfj, }gd e``}ydn}ldj} }f geog gd ns stihdo}dm njm gesmesn{{dnynjod ej oeyotls}njods byfl geog e} oft`m id {ydstldm }gn} gdns jf mdnm, }gd nifrd ofjsemdyn}efjs lts} n{{`u lt}n}es lt}njmes }f }gdejs}nj} onsd* E} bf``fs }gn} }gd nt}gfye}eds dyd tjmdy nj fi`ecn}efj }fofjmto} nj dbbdo}erd njm }gfyftcg ej~teyu ej}f }gd mesn{{dnynjod fb }gd

    n{{`eonj}#s sfj*]gd Ofllessefj dw{ydssdm }gd red }gn} }gd ejrds}ecn}efj n} jn}efjn`

    `drd` ej}f }gd n{{`eonj}#s n``dcn}efjs gnm jf} iddj ofjmto}dm iu ejmd{djmdj}ifmeds, gnm jf} iddj }gfyftcg njm gnm iddj onyyedm ft} e}gft} }gdn{{`eonj}#s idejc cerdj nj f{{fy}tje}u }f }nad {ny}*

    ]gd Ofty} jf}ds ej }gn} ofjjdo}efj }gn}, bty}gdy }f }gd {d}e}efj `fmcdm iu}gd n{{`eonj} fj >; _d{}dlidy >559, }gd yjna {yfrejoen` cfrdyjfyyd~tds}dm }gd jn}efjn` {f`eod gdnm~tny}dys }f n{{fej} nj ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody}f onyyu ft} ej~teyeds ej}f }gd n{{`eonj}#s n``dcn}efjs* Ej }gd ofl{`nej} geoggd `fmcdm e}g }gd {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy fj 9 Fo}fidy >559 }gd n{{`eonj} jnldm

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    ?9 DY]NA r* ]TYADU HTMCLDJ]

    sdrdyn` dude}jdssds gf snem }gn} }gdu gnm sddj Ldgld} Dy}na ge`d gdns ej {f`eod ots}fmu* Nimtyyngel Mdley lnej}nejdm }gn}, bty}gdy }f }gd

    oyelejn` ofl{`nej} `fmcdm iu slne` Dy}na, gd gnm iddj ej}dyreddm iu }gdMeunyinay {ti`eo {yfsdot}fy njm ej ges s}n}dldj} gnm ldj}efjdm }gd jnldsfb rnyefts {df{`d gf gnm iddj ej ots}fmu e}g gel* Ej ges fymdy fb 9> Ht`u>55? mdo`ejejc htyesmeo}efj yn}efjd ln}dyend, }gd yjna {ti`eo {yfsdot}fys}n}dm }gn} gd ns bfynymejc }gd be`d }f }gd yjna Nmlejes}yn}erd Oftjoe`*E} sgft`m id {fej}dm ft} }gn} }gd ejrds}ecn}ejc fbbeody mem jf} gnrd }gd be`d ejges {fssdssefj njm, ej }gd oftysd fb ges ej~teyeds, mem jf} }nad n s}n}dldj}byfl slne` Dy}na fy }gd {dysfjs jnldm ej ges ofl{`nej}*

    Gnrejc ydcnym }f {nyncyn{gs 59, 5? njm >9> nifrd njm }f }gd bfydcfejcofjsemdyn}efjs, }gd Ofty} ofjo`tmds }gn} }gd yds{fjmdj} _}n}d bne`dm }f bt`be`e}s fi`ecn}efj }f ofjmto} nj nmd~tn}d njm dbbdo}erd ejrds}ecn}efj ej}f }gd

    oeyotls}njods fb }gd n{{`eonj}#s sfj#s mesn{{dnynjod* ]gdyd gns }gdydbfydiddj n ref`n}efj fb Ny}eo`d 9 fj }gn} nooftj} n`sf*

    ER* N@@DCDM REF@N]EFJ FB BFYLDY NY]EO@D 94 > FB ]GDOFJRDJ]EFJ

    >?2* Idbfyd }gd Ofllessefj, }gd n{{`eonj}#s yd{ydsdj}n}erds stile}}dm}gn}, fj n mn}d nb}dy }gd n{{`eon}efj gnm iddj `fmcdm, n`` }gd mfotldj}syd`n}ejc }f }gd onsd