Case History: Surface Water Development
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Transcript of Case History: Surface Water Development
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GLY 2030C 1
Case History: Surface Water Development
Aral Sea
• Location – central Asia
• Tourism, Commercial fishing
• 1918: Soviet instituted water diversion for agriculture-Uzbek cotton
• Results: 20-m water level drop, climate modification, desertification, health issues, increased salinity
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GLY 2030C 2
Land Ethic – responsibility to more than just humans & society
• Species vs. individual • Humanity is an integral part of the
environment• A moral obligation to those who follow• The Land Ethic and American
Experience• Aldo Leopold: Sand County Almanac• Set the stage for modern
conservationist movement
Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
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GLY 2030C 3
Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
•Land Ethic – American Experience• Pilgrims
• Technology (ax, gun, wheel)• Organizational skills• Concept of land ownership
• Myth of Superabundance – inexhaustible resources
• Hydraulic Mining• Seeds of Conservation
• John Wesley Powell
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GLY 2030C 4
Deforestation and soil erosion Mining
Surface and groundwater development
Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
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Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
Concept 1: Population Growth
•#1 environmental “problem”
•From 1830 to 1930, population doubled to 2 billion
•From 1930 to 1970, doubled again to 4 billion
•2000 estimate is about 6 billion
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Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
Concept 1: Population Growth in Florida
Florida in the 1980s and 1990s, averaged ~2%/year (same rate as a developing country)
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GLY 2030C 7
Constant Doubling time
•Exponential growth curve (J-shaped)
• Blackboard example of equation:
•N=Noekt
Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
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GLY 2030C 8
Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
Concept 2: Sustainability
•Resources•Food• Leads to idea of a Global Economy
•Populations in harmony with ecosystem•Energy policy (pollution-free or acceptable risk)•Use plan for renewable resources•Use plan and reservation of non-renewable resources•Sustainable legal, political, and legal systems
•To achieve sustainable global economy:•Effective population control•Restructured energy program•Global economic planning•Social, legal, political, and educational systems to support global environment
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GLY 2030C 9
Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
Concept 3: SystemsHydrosphereBiosphereAtmosphereLithosphere
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GLY 2030C 10
Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
•Open system- energy exchanges•Closed system- material is continuously recycled;
•Earth is a coalition of closed systems•Feedback-output becomes input; causes change (e.g. neighbor and loud music)
•Negative- outcome moderates/decreases process(river model)•Positive -outcome of change amplifies the initiating event(Off-road vehicles)
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GLY 2030C 11
Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
• Growth rates• Measured as a percentage
– N=N0ekt or t=(1/k)ln (N/N0)
• Doubling time – 70 divided by rate of change
• Predicting Change in Systems
• Input-Output analysis • Blackboard Example of Avg.
residence time
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GLY 2030C 12
Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
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GLY 2030C 13
Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
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GLY 2030C 14
Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
•Complex systems and Earth System Science•Natural systems are seldom at equilibrium•Systems are often complex with thresholds and disturbance (chaos)
•Earth system science: studying entire Earth
•Gaia Hypothesis•James Hutton (Father of Geology) believed the Earth is a super organism•James Lovelock and his ideas stimulated interdisciplinary studies on how the planet works
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GLY 2030C 15
Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
•Concept 4: Limitation of Resources•Earth
•Only place to live that is accessible•Resources are limited; some renewable, some not
•Natural resources•Cornucopian concept (we’ll find a way)•Resource crisis
•Medical technology and overpopulation•Economies based on waste and obsolescence •Finite accessible mineral base•Irreversible environmental damage from all the above
•Concept 5: Uniformitarianism (James Hutton)•The present is the key to the past•Uniformity of Process, not magnitude and frequency•EG-The present is the key to the future
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GLY 2030C 16
Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
•Concept 6: Hazardous Earth Processes
•There have always been geohazards•Can be recognized and avoided where possible•Minimize threat to human life and property
•Concept 7: Geology: Basic Environmental Science
•Fundamental component of everyone’s environment•environment requires an understanding:
•Engineering geology•Economic geology•Hydrology•Geomorphology•Sedimentology
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Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts
• Concept 8: Our Obligation to the Future• Early Hominids didn’t influence the Earth until the discovery and use of fire
• Development of agriculture (5,000 B.C.) spurred population growth driving increased land clearing (positive feedback)
• Human activity (45 GT/yr) – cf. tectonic activity (34 GT/yr), river transport (24 GT/yr)
• Ducktown, Tennessee (1840s-1850s, copper rush) - Beginning of environmental law