Case 21 Review

1st 9 weeks objectives

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

____ IS THE WAY OR PROCESS OF SOLVING PROBLEMS IN THE WORLD AROUND YOU.

Science

THE WAY OR METHOD OF SOLVING PROBLEMS IN SCIENCE IS CALLED _________________.

The scientific method

WHAT ARE THE 7 STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?

1. State the _________2. Make ____________3. Form the _________4. Perform the _______5. Analyze ______6. Draw ____________7. Communicate the _________

1. State the question2. Make observations3. Form the hypothesis4. Perform the experiment5. Analyze data6. Draw conclusions7. Communicate the results

_____ IS AN EDUCATED GUESS WHICH MUST BE PROVEN OR DISPROVEN

Hypothesis

HOW DO YOU PROVE OR DISPROVE A HYPOTHESIS?

Perform an experiment

WHAT IS A THEORY?

An educated guess based on research which cannot be proven or disproven

IN EVERY EXPERIMENT, EVERYTHING MUST BE KEPT ____ EXCEPT FOR WHAT IS BEING _____

Constant Tested

WHAT ARE CONSTANTS?

Parts of the experiment that are kept the same

WHAT ARE VARIABLES?

Parts of the experiment that change

WHAT IS THE INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE?

• Independent variable: the one thing that you change in the experiment

• Dependent variable: the thing in the experiment that changes because of the independent variable– What is being measured

• Mr. Krabs wants to make Bikini Bottoms a nicer place to live. He has created a new sauce that he thinks will reduce the production of body gas associated with eating krabby patties from the Krusty Krab. He recruits 100 customers with a history of gas problems. He has 50 of them (group A) eat krabby patties with the new sauce. The other 50 (group B) eat krabby patties with sauce that looks just like the new sauce but is really just a mixture of mayonnaise and food coloring. Both groups were told that they were getting the sauce that would reduce gas production. Two hours after eating the krabby patties, 30 customers in group a reported having fewer gas problems and 8 customers in group B reported having fewer gas problems.– Which people are in the control group?– What is the independent variable?– What is the dependent variable?– What should Mr. Krab’s conclusion be?– Why did 8 customers in group B report having fewer gas problems?

• Group b• Sauce• Amount of body gas• The sauce worked• Placebo effect

• Spongebob loves to garden and wants to grow lots of pink flowers for his pal Sandy. He bought a special flower power fertilizer to see if it will help plants produce more flowers. He plants two plants of the same size in separate containers with the same amount of potting soil. He places one plant in a sunny window and waters it every day with fertilized water. He places the other plant on a shelf in a closet and waters it with plain water every other day.– What did Spongebob do wrong in the experiment? – What should Spongebob do to test the effectiveness of flower

power fertilizer?

• Changed more than one thing• Should have given one plant the flower power

fertilizer and not the other and kept everything else the same

CHEMISTRY

WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE SCIENTIST WHO DEVELOPED THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS?

Mendeleev

HOW IS THE PERIODIC TABLE ARRANGED?

In order of increasing atomic number

WHAT IS THE SMALLEST BUILDING BLOCK OF ALL MATTER?

Atom

WHAT IS MATTER WHICH IS MADE UP OF ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOM?

Element

EVERY ATOM HAS ____ BASIC PARTS

3

POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLE OF THE ATOM?

Proton

NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLE OF THE ATOM?

Electron

NEUTRAL PARTICLE OF THE ATOM

Neutron

WHERE ARE THE PROTONS FOUND IN AN ATOM?

Nucleus

WHERE ARE THE ELECTRONS FOUND IN AN ATOM?

Around the nucleus: electron cloud

WHERE ARE THE NEUTRONS FOUND IN THE ATOM?

Nucleus

WHAT IS THE NUMBER AT THE TOP OF EVERY ELEMENT BOX CALLED?

Atomic number

WHAT IS THE NUMBER AT THE BOTTOM OF EVERY ELEMENT BOX CALLED?

Atomic mass

HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY ELECTRONS AN ATOM HAS?

Look at the atomic number

HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY PROTONS AN ATOM HAS?

Look at the atomic number

HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY NEUTRONS AN ATOM HAS?

Subtract the atomic mass and atomic number

WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS TO THE LEFT HAND SIDE OF THE ZIG ZAG LINE CALLED?

Metals

WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS ON THE RIGHT OF THE ZIG ZAG LINE CALLED?

Nonmetals

WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT TOUCH THE ZIG ZAG LINE CALLED?

Metalloids

WHAT ARE THE HORIZONTAL ROWS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE CALLED?

Periods

WHAT ARE THE VERTICAL COLUMNS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE CALLED?

Families or groups

WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT ARE GREAT CONDUCTORS, HAVE A SHINY LUSTER, AND ARE MALLEABLE AND DUCTILE?

Metals

WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT ARE GASES OR BRITTLE SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE – THEY ARE INSULATORS, NONMALLEABLE, AND NONDUCTILE?

Nonmetals

WHAT ELEMENTS HAVE PROPERTIES OF BOTH METALS AND NONMETALS?

Metalloids

WHAT DOES MALLEABLE MEAN?

Pounded into thin sheets

WHAT DOES DUCTILE MEAN?

Stretched into thin wires

WHAT IS FAMILY ONE CALLED?

Alkali earth metals

WHAT IS FAMILY 2 CALLED?

Alkaline earth metals

WHAT ARE FAMILIES 3-12 CALLED?

Transition metals

WHAT IS FAMILY 13 CALLED?

Boron family

WHAT IS FAMILY 14 CALLED?

Carbon family

WHAT IS FAMILY 15 CALLED?

Nitrogen family

WHAT IS FAMILY 16 CALLED?

Oxygen family

WHAT IS FAMILY 17 CALLED?

Halogens

WHAT IS FAMILY 18 CALLED?

Noble gases

WHAT ARE THE ELECTRONS IN AN ATOM’S OUTERMOST ELECTRON SHELL CALLED?

Valence

HOW MANY VALENCE ELECTRONS DOES FAMILY 13 HAVE?

3

HOW MANY VALENCE ELECTRONS DOES FAMILY 17 HAVE?

7

ALL OF THE ATOMS IN FAMILY 18 HAVE ___ VALENCE ELECTRONS EXCEPT FOR _____ WHICH HAS __ VALENCE ELECTRONS

• 8• Helium• 2

THE FIRST ELECTRON SHELL AROUND THE NUCLEUS CAN HOLD A MAXIMUM OF ___ ELECTRONS

2

THE 2ND ELECTRON SHELL CAN HOLD A MAXIMUM OF ___ ELECTRONS

8

WHAT ARE THE 2 ROWS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TABLE CALLED?

Synthetic

THE FIRST ROW OF SYNTHETIC ELEMENTS ARE CALLED?

Lanthanides

THE 2ND ROW OF SYNTHETIC ELEMENTS ARE CALLED?

Actinides

HOW MANY PROTONS?HOW MANY ELECTRONS?HOW MANY NEUTRONS?

22

Titanium

Ti

48

• 22• 22• 26

Complete the chart

Protons Electrons Neutrons Atomic # Atomic mass

13 27

36 36 84

9 19

26 26 56

82 125

Protons Electrons Neutrons Atomic # Atomic mass

13 13 14 13 27

36 36 48 36 84

9 9 10 9 19

26 26 30 26 56

82 82 125 82 207

ALL OF THE ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE ZIGZAG LINE ARE METALS EXCEPT FOR _____

Hydrogen

ALL OF THE ELEMENTS TOUCHING THE ZIGZAG LINE ARE METALLOIDS EXCEPT FOR ____

Aluminum

ALL OF THE NOBLE GASES HAVE 8 VALENCE ELECTRONS EXCEPT FOR _____

Helium

WHICH FAMILY ON THE PERIODIC TABLE WILL NEVER BOND WITH ANOTHER ELEMENT?

• Noble Gases– They are non-active

IF AN ATOM LOSES AN ELECTRON, IT WILL HAVE A ____ CHARGE

Positive

IF AN ATOM GAINS AN ELECTRON, IT WILL HAVE A _____ CHARGE

Negative

ATOMS CANNOT BE ____ OR ____ IN A CHEMICAL REACTION

• Created• Destroyed

IN A CHEMICAL EQUATION, THE SUBSTANCES ON THE LEFT SIDE ARE CALLED?

Reactants

IN A CHEMICAL EQUATION, THE SUBSTANCES ON THE RIGHT SIDE ARE CALLED?

Products

THE LARGE NUMBERS IN FRONT OF THE ELEMENT OR COMPOUND IS CALLED?

Coefficient

THE SMALL NUMBER TO THE BOTTOM RIGHT SIDE OF THE ELEMENT OR COMPOUND IS CALLED?

Subscripts

WHAT IS THE SUBSCRIPT IN THE FOLLOWING COMPOUND: 6CO2

2

WHAT IS THE COEFFICIENT IN THE FOLLOWING COMPOUND: 6CO2

6

THE LAW OF ____ OF ____ STATES THAT MATTER CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED, ONLY CHANGED FROM ONE FORM INTO ANOTHER

Law of conservation of mass

BALANCE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION:NA + MGF2 NAF + MG

2Na + MgF2 2NaF + Mg

BALANCE THE FOLLOWING EQUATION?NA + HCL2 H +NACL

2Na + 2HCl2 H +2NaCl

• Make sure that if the same elements is listed more than once on the same side of the equation, you have to add them together!

ACIDS AND BASES

• An acid will have an H atom – example: HCl

• A base will have an OH atom– Example: KOH

FORCE AND MOTION

ALL MATTER IS CONSTANTLY IN _____

Motion

MOTION INVOLVES A CHANGE IN _____

Position

THE STARTING POINT OF MOTION IS CALLED A ______ ______

Reference point

THE TOTAL LENGTH OF MOTION IS YOUR ____

Distance

____ INCLUDES THE DISTANCE AND DIRECTION OF THE STOPPING POINT FROM YOUR REFERENCE POINT. (DISTANCE FROM WHERE YOU STARTED TO WHERE YOU FINISHED?

Displacement

DISTANCE TRAVELED DIVIDED BY THE TIME TAKEN TO TRAVEL THAT DISTANCE IS _____

Speed

THE UNITS FOR SPEED ARE ___

m/s

____ SPEED OCCURS WHEN AN OBJECT TRAVELS AT A STEADY RATE WITH THE SAME INSTANTANEOUS SPEED FOR SOME PERIOD OF TIME.

Constant

THE SPEED AND DIRECTION OF A MOVING OBJECT IS _____

Velocity

ON A SPEED GRAPH, THE STEEPER THE LINE THE GREATER THE _____

Speed

• Object A has the greater speed

» A

• Distance• B

• Time

A HORIZONTAL LINE ON A SPEED GRAPH INDICATES A SPEED OF ____

Zero

• The object is at rest. DO NOT FORGET TO LOOK AT THE Y AXIS TO DETERMINE WHAT TYPE OF GRAPH IS SHOWN.

• Distance

• Time

WHAT IS THE EQUATION FOR SPEED?

Distance divided by time

A CHANGE IN SPEED DIVIDED BY THE TIME IT TAKES FOR THE CHANGE TO OCCUR IS ______

Acceleration

WHAT ARE THE UNITS FOR ACCELERATION?

m/s2

AN OBJECT THAT SPEEDS UP HAS ___ ACCELERATION

Positive

AN OBJECT THAT SLOWS DOWN HAS ___ ACCELERATION

Negative

AN OBJECT THAT IS SPEEDING UP WILL HAVE A LINE ON THE ACCELERATION GRAPH THAT GOES WHAT DIRECTION?

Up • A straight diagonal line means constant. Because this is an

acceleration graph is means the object has a constant acceleration.

• Speed

• Time

AN OBJECT THAT IS SLOWING DOWN WILL HAVE A LINE ON THE ACCELERATION GRAPH THAT GOES WHAT DIRECTION?

Down

• Speed

• Time

A HORIZONTAL LINE ON THE ACCELERATION GRAPH INDICATES AN ACCELERATION OF ___, OR A ____ SPEED.

• Zero – because the object is going a constant speed, it is not accelerating

• Constant

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

THE TENDENCY OF AN OBJECT TO RESIST A CHANGE IN ITS MOTION IS _____

Inertia

STATE NEWTON’S 1ST LAW OF MOTION.

• An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion until acted on by an unbalanced force.

____ IS THE RUBBING FORCE THAT ACTS AGAINST MOTION BETWEEN TWO TOUCHING SURFACES

Friction

STATE NEWTON’S 2ND LAW OF MOTION

• Force = mass x acceleration

STATE NEWTON’S 3RD LAW OF MOTION.

• For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

A FORCE IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO THE MOTION OF THE OBJECT WILL CAUSE THE OBJECT TO ________

Slow down

THE SI UNIT FOR FORCE IS ____

Newton (N)

ELECTRICITY

ELECTRICITY IS ____ MOVING FROM PLACE TO PLACE

Electrons

THE PATHWAY NEEDED FOR ELECTRONS TO MOVE IS CALLED A

Circuit

THE CIRCUIT NEEDS TO BE MADE UP OF SOME SORT OF METAL OR OTHER ________

Conductor

THE CIRCUIT NEEDS TO BE WRAPPED WITH AN ______ WHICH WILL NOT ALLOW ELECTRICITY TO FLOW THROUGH EASILY

Insulator

A ____ CIRCUIT HAS MORE THAN ONE PATH FOR ELECTRICITY TO FLOW

Parallel

A ____ CIRCUIT HAS ONLY ONE PATH FOR ELECTRIC CURRENT TO FLOW

Series

A BATTERY IS CALLED A

Cell

A BULB IS CALLED A

Load

WHICH IS THE DEVICE CONNECTED TO A CIRCUIT THAT ALLOWS YOU TO CONTROL THE ELECTRICITY FLOWING THROUGH A CIRCUIT

Switch

THE MEASURE OF HOW MUCH ELECTRICITY A POWER SOURCE CAN PROVIDE IS KNOWN AS ____

Voltage

THE MEASURE OF HOW DIFFICULT IT IS FOR ELECTRONS TO FLOW THROUGH A CIRCUIT IS CALLED

Resistance

THE UNIT USED TO MEASURE HOW MUCH POWER AN ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE WILL USE IS KNOWN AS THE ____

Watts

THE BUILD-UP OF ELECTRICAL CHARGES ON AN OBJECT IS KNOWN AS

Static

Tell if each is an insulator or conductor

1. Glass2. Gold3. Plastic4. Wool5. Copper6. Your body7. Wood8. Rubber9. Aluminum

1. I2. C3. I4. I5. C6. C7. I8. I9. C

A THIN WIRE OFFERS A ____ RESISTANCE TO ELECTRICITY THAN A THICK WIRE

Greater

A SHORT WIRE OFFERS ____ RESISTANCE THAN A LONG WIRE

Less

IF A CIRCUIT’S RESISTANCE INCREASED, THE OBJECT WILL BE _____ CHARGED

Positively

IF AN OBJECT GAINS ELECTRONS, THE OBJECT WILL BE ___ CHARGED

Negatively

IN A BATTERY, ELECTRONS FLOW FROM THE ____ TERMINAL TO THE ____ TERMINAL

• Negative• Positive

WHAT DO SUBSTATIONS DO?

Increase or decrease voltage with a transformer

WHAT DO TRANSMISSION LINES DO?

Carry electricity from a step up substation to your city (a long way)

WHAT DO TRANSFORMERS DO?

Increase or decrease voltage of electricity

TURNS MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Generator

TURNS ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY

Motor

WHAT IS USED TO CHANGE THE VOLTAGE GOING THROUGH POWER LINES?

Transformer

ENERGY CONSERVATION

ENERGY RESOURCES THAT CAN BE REPLENISHED BY NATURE AS QUICKLY AS WE CAN USE IT IS CALLED _____ RESOURCE

Renewable

ENERGY RESOURCES THAT CANNOT BE RENEWED BY NATURE AS QUICKLY AS WE USED IT UP ARE CALLED ____ RESOURCES

Nonrenewable

• Certain gases in the atmosphere do not let Earth’s heat escape into the atmosphere, instead, they absorb Earth’s heat and send the heat back to the Earth’s surface. This process is known as the _____________

Greenhouse effect

IF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT GETS OUT OF CONTROL, IT COULD CAUSE A RISE IN TEMPERATURE ALL OVER THE WORLD CALLED

Global warming

WHAT GAS IS PUT OFF WHEN WE BURN FUELS?

Carbon dioxide