Cascao Slovenia Transboundary Water Resources Power
15
Transboundary Water Resources – Transboundary Water Resources – Power, Conflict and Cooperation Power, Conflict and Cooperation Ana Cascão Ana Cascão King’s College of London King’s College of London WISC CONFERENCE 2008 WISC CONFERENCE 2008 Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Transcript of Cascao Slovenia Transboundary Water Resources Power
Transboundary Water Resources –Transboundary Water Resources –Power, Conflict and Cooperation Power, Conflict and Cooperation
Ana CascãoAna CascãoKing’s College of LondonKing’s College of London
WISC CONFERENCE 2008WISC CONFERENCE 2008Ljubljana, SloveniaLjubljana, Slovenia
WATERWATER – Complex Puzzle– Complex Puzzle
Agriculture
Industry
HydropowerTourism
Services
Domestic Use
Users
Politicians
Inst
itutio
ns
Infra-
structuresLaws Markets Environment Religion
INTERNATIONAL
BOUNDARY
INTERNATIONALBOUNDARY
WATER –WATER – Natural,Natural, Political and Political and Transboundary Transboundary ResourceResource
69
59
5740
38
263 Transboundary River Basins
Source: TFDD Oregon State Univeristy, 2001
MIDLLE EAST –MIDLLE EAST – 3 HYDRO-HOTSPOTS 3 HYDRO-HOTSPOTS
NileJordan
Tigris-Euphrates
NILE BASINNILE BASIN10 riparian states
JORDAN BASINJORDAN BASIN5 riparian states
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASINBASIN
3 riparian states
WATER WARS – WATER WARS – Alarmism and Misconceptions
... SCARCITY, WATER WARS, ARMED CONFLICTS, NATIONAL SECURITY... ...WATER, THE OIL OF THE 21st CENTURY, THE BLUE GOLD...
WATER COOPERATION – WATER COOPERATION – Jargons and Business
... HYDRO-SOLIDARITY, WATER FOR PEACE, WATER CONFLICTS PREVENTION...
... WATER A A CATALYST FOR REGIONAL PEACE AND COPERATION... ... NEGOTIATIONS, AGREEMENTS, BASIN COMMISSIONS, INVESTMENT,
INFRASTRUCTURES...
... Sharing water with the neighbours...... Sharing water with the neighbours...
Inequitable control, distribution and
allocation of the water resources among
riparians of the same River Basin
Asymmetric Power
WHY?
HYDRO-HEGEMONY – HYDRO-HEGEMONY – Dimensions of Power
Geography Material power
Bargaining power
Ideationalpower
4 PILLARS OF POWER
Zeitoun and Warner, 2006
UNRAVELLING POWER ASYMMETRIESUNRAVELLING POWER ASYMMETRIES
EGYPT (HH)SUDANETHIOPIAGeography
Geography
Geography Material power
Material power
Material power
Bargaining power
Bargaining power
Bargaining power
Ideationalpower
Ideationalpower
Ideationalpower
Adapted from Zeitoun and Warner, 2006
TURKEY (HH)
Bargaining power
Ideationalpower
SYRIA
Geography
Material power
Bargaining power
Ideationalpower
IRAQGeography Material
powerBargaining
powerIdeational
power
Nile Basin
Tigris-Euphrates Basin
Geography Material power
GEOGRAPHY - GEOGRAPHY - A Powerful Tool?A Powerful Tool?
NileJordan
Tigris-Euphrates
TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASINTIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASINHegemon: TURKEYUpstream riparian
JORDAN BASINJORDAN BASINHegemon: ISRAELMidstream riparian
NILE BASINNILE BASINHegemon: EGYPT
Downstream riparian
Asymmetric Distribution
and Utilisation of water resources
ASYMMETRIC POWER
RELATIONS
HYDRO-HEGEMONY
MATERIAL POWER – MATERIAL POWER – Economic, Military and Technical
“Resource Capture” Strategy
Aswan High Dam (Egypt)
Southern Eastern Anatolia Project GAP (Turkey)
National Water Carrier (Israel)
Israel, Egypt and Turkey
3 major recipients of US economic and military aid
3 Industrialised economies
3 Regional military powers
BARGAINING POWER -BARGAINING POWER -Who controls the “rules of the game”, controls the
water
WHO CONTROLS THE NEGOTIATIONS?
WHO CONTROLS
THE AGREEMENTS?
WHO CONTROLS
THE NUMBERS?
WHO CONTROLS
THE AGENDA?
WHO CONTROLS THE LEGITIMACY?
WHO PLAYS BETTER WITH
INTERNATIONAL LAW?
WHO HAS ACCESS TO
INVESTMENT?
IDEATIONAL POWER –IDEATIONAL POWER –Who controls the perceptions, controls the water
Asymmetric Knowledge
SanctionedDiscourse
Incentives
Playingwith time
Silent
Co-option
Ambiguity
Diplomacy/Cooperation
HYDRO-HEGEMONY CAN BE CHALLENGED!HYDRO-HEGEMONY CAN BE CHALLENGED!
