Casara CASARA NATIONAL NAVIGATOR COURSE The Aircraft and Safety.
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Transcript of Casara CASARA NATIONAL NAVIGATOR COURSE The Aircraft and Safety.
Casara
CASARA NATIONAL
NAVIGATOR COURSE
The Aircraft and Safety
Casara
CASARA Aircraft CASARA Aircraft are aircraft with a normal C of A and
preferably a four place high wing configuration, however other aircraft with a normal C of A may be used.
As the aircraft is normally flown under Visual Flight Rules, navigation equipment may be minimal however GPS systems are more and more common and capable.
Normally they can carry enough fuel for approximately five (5) hours flying but weight limitations and a four person CASARA crew limits the fuel load.
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Engine Management
The following instruments and controls relate to the operation of the engine:
Tachometer – engine RPM– Normal indication of “power”
Throttle– Controls “power”
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Engine Management Mixture
– Controls leanness of fuel/air mixture. Carb Heat
– Controls temperature of air being fed to the engine (to prevent icing of the carburator)
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Fuel System Typically 2 or 4 fuel tanks
– Pilot must select the tank from which to draw fuel.
Fuel gauges are often unreliable and the fuel tanks must be dipped prior to flight to determine the correct fuel reading.
The amount of fuel carried is a function of the maximum weight of the aircraft and the weight of the “load” ie. Pax and cargo not including fuel.
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Fuel Load A Cessna 172 has a maximum weight (AUW) (A/C
basic weight + pax + cargo + fuel) of 2300 lbs AUW = 2300 lbs Basic weight = 1477 lbs Pax (4) = 700 lbs Cargo = 15 lbs Available fuel= 108 lbs or 18 US gal Endurance for this configuration is 18 US gal with a
fuel burn of 8 gph or 2 hrs + 12 min
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Fuel System Fuel use is measured in gallons/hour
– 172 is typically 8 US Gal/hour (approx 31 L)– 172 normal tanks hold 42 Gals or 159.0 L, (40
Usable or 151.5 L)
1 US Gal of Avgas weighs 6 Lbs
1 L = 1.6 lbs
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Speed vs Fuel
A/C speed will effect enroute times and the amount of fuel used.
Check with the pilot to determine speed en-route to the search (transit) and speed during the search.
Confirm fuel carried and fuel consumption figures with the pilot.
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Cockpit and Instrument Panel
On the next two slides we will review a typical light aircraft cockpit and instrument panel and highlight some of the controls and instruments.
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Cessna 172 Cockpit
Throttle Mixture
Circuit
BreakersFuel Selector
Fuel IndicatorsCarb heat
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“Typical” Aircraft Panel
Audio panel/Intercom
GPS
Nav/Comm 1
Nav/Comm 2
Transponder
Airspeed
Tacometer
Artificial
HorizonAltimeter
Directional
Gyro Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
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Navigation Instruments Compass:
– Primary source of heading information– Most accurate when read after a short time in level
flight
Directional Gyro (DG):– Stable heading info– Must be read in level flight– Must be reset to the Compass from time to time.
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Navigation Instruments
Altimeter:• Only as accurate as the Altimeter Setting.
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Navigation Instruments
VOR (VHF Omni Range)– Appropriate frequency must be set on the VOR
controller.– Provides a course to or from the VOR transmitter.– May be displayed as a pointer or an “on-track”
indication.– For “on-track” indication, the course to be flown
must be dialed in on the instrument.
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Navigation Instruments
ADF (automatic direction finder)– Appropriate frequency must be set on the ADF
controller.– Provides a bearing to / from the NDB (Beacon)
transmitter.
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Navigation Instruments
GPS (Global Positioning System)– Based on timed signal from satellites far in space.– Very accurate (down to 20 feet or less)– Shows position as a readout of Latitude and
Longitude or on a display of various levels of complexity (cont’d)
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Navigation Instruments GPS (Global Positioning System)
– Also shows: – ground speed, – track, – time to the next waypoint, – time to destination – as well as a number of other features depending
on the unit. (cont’d)
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Navigation Instruments GPS (Global Positioning System)
– Plotting Search Patterns. – In most units it is possible to lay out the search
pattern directly on the map page of the unit by slewing from position to position in the search pattern and entering them as way points (cont’d)
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Navigation Instruments GPS (Global Positioning System)
– Sightings. – When you have a sighting of a possible target it is
also possible to enter the position rapidly as a waypoint for later reference.
– It is critical that you are familiar with this procedure (cont’d)
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Navigation Instruments
GPS (Global Positioning System)– Nearest airport- Most GPSs have a feature which
allows you to display the bearing and distance to the nearest airports in the event of an emergency.
– Some aircraft systems depend on batteries versus aircraft power.(cont’d)
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Navigation Instruments GPS (Global Positioning System)
There are numerous types of GPS systems and all come with a comprehensive manual …
While the CASARA navigator must be able to operate effectively without the GPS, his/her accuracy is greatly enhanced if he/she is proficient with the GPS.
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Aircraft Instruments
This next slide shows a typical instrument panel.
Be sure to be familiar with the necessary controls in the aircraft in which you will be flying.
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Typical Flight InstrumentsCompass
Attitude Indicator
Air Speed
Turn Coordinator
AltimeterVOR
Directional Gyro
ADF
Fuel
Tach VSI
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Flight Instruments & Safety
While the navigators role is to navigate, he/she can also act as a SAFETY Member if he/she knows what to look for. (Ref: CASARA Trg Manual, p.109)
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Flight Instruments & Safety
Attitude Indicator– Indicated the bank angle and nose-up or nose-down
attitude of the A/C– Should reflect the visual horizon– SAFETY- If it exceeds 30 degrees of bank, advise the
pilot.
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Flight Instruments & Safety
Airspeed Indicator– Confirm with the pilot the minimum sped he/she
intends to fly and advise him/her if he/she slows below that speed.
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Flight Instruments & Safety
Altimeter– Advise the pilot if he/she goes below the search
altitude he/she has specified, without advising the crew.
– Also advise him/her if his/her altitude is within 500 feet of an obstacle of which you are aware.
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Clothing Be prepared.
Always dress as though you would have to walk out from the area over which you are operating in typical weather of the season.
Footwear should be comfortable and sturdy
If it is insect season, carry a mosquito net and/or an effective insect repellant.
(Cont’d)
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Clothing
As spotters, we know how small a target we are so carry some sort of signaling device such as a mirror.
If near or over water wear a personal flotation device and be familiar with its operation and features.
(Cont’d)
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Hazards of Low Level Navigation
There are a number of hazards and difficulties associated with low level navigation. Some of these are:
Birds – A frequent danger requiring a good lookout.
Towers/Power lines – These can be found anywhere and are often not on the map.
(Cont’d)
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Hazards of Low Level Navigation
Terrain – vegetation makes it hard to spot checkpoints requiring anticipation and good compass work.
Aircraft Traffic – Intense in a search area made worse by poor navigation and the possibility of sightseers in the area.
(Cont’d)
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Hazards of Low Level Navigation
Altitude – The shorter your visibility range for waypoints and navigation cues.
Airspeed – The lower you are the faster the relative speed over the ground and he more difficult it is to notice detail.
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