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Enlightened by lasersQ. Charles Su

Intense Laser Physics Theory Unit

Illinois State University

CAS Lecture 2006 Illinois State University April 25, 2006

Support

National Science Foundation

US Department of Energy

Research Corporation

College of Arts & Sciences

Department of Physics

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Light

Newton, Edison (1879) lights up Manhattan (1882)

Laser usages

CD writer, player, laser pointer, scanner,

light knife, cosmetic treatment, laser show

Whats in a laser

active medium, stimulated emission, resonatorMaiman, Townes, MIT echo off moon

Probing matter with lasers

Ionization process, world mapMedical imaging, patent

Matter creation, Klein

Research vs education

ILP approach

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In the beginning there was no light

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fire makes us happy

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IN THE BEGINNING - (c 4.5 Billion BC)

THE SUN - (c 4 Billion BC)

THE EARTH - (c 4 Billion BC)

EARLY LIFE - (c 3 Billion BC)PHOTOSYNTHESIS - (c 2 Billion BC)

FIRST MAN - (c 1 Million BC)

EARLY MAN - (c 500,000 BC)

FIRE, FLAME and TORCH - (c 400,000 BC)

PRIMITIVE LAMPS - (c 13,000 BC)

ANIMAL LAMPS - (c 5000 BC)

EARLY LIGHTING - (3000 BC)

SUNDIAL - (c 1500 BC)

OIL POTTERY LAMPS - GREEK - (600 BC)

OIL RESERVOIR LAMP - (500 BC)

ROMAN - LIFE & LIGHT - (400 BC - 80 AD)

COLOR AND MUSIC (SOUND) - (c 350 BC)

EARLY OPTICS & LENSES - (c 300 BC)

HORN LANTERN - (c 100 AD)

CANDLE - (c 400)CAMERA OBSCURA - (c 1000)

COLORS OF THE SPECTRUM - (1666)

POLARIZATION/POLARIZED LIGHT - (1678)

PHOTOGRAPHY, EARLY - (1727)

ADDITIVE COLOR MIXING - (1769)

BETTY LAMP (& BETSY LAMP) - (1790)

FIRST - GAS LIGHTING - (1792)

INFRARED - (c 1800)

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT (UV) - (1801)

ELECTRIC ARC LIGHT/ CARBON ARC LIGHT - (1809)

PHOTOGRAPHY, MODERN - (1826)

SPEED OF LIGHT - (1849)

SPECTROSCOPE - (c 1850)

KEROSENE LAMP - (1853)

FIRST - FOLLOWSPOT SPOTLIGHT - (c 1856)

PHOTOGRAPHY, MOTION PICTURES - EARLY - (1872)

FIRST - ELECTRIC FILAMENT (INCANDESCENT) LAMP - (1874)

EDISON LAMP - (1879)

SWAN LAMP - (1879)FIRST - PHOTOCELL - (1880)

ELECTRICITY - (1899)

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP - (1901)

MERCURY-VAPOR LAMP - (1901)

TUNGSTEN FILAMENT LAMP - (1907)

GAS FILLED LAMP - (1913)

FLASHBULB - (1930)

SODIUM LAMP - (LOW PRESSURE) - (1932)

FLUORESCENT LAMP - (1937)

PHOTOGRAPHY - POLAROID CAMERA - (1947)

FIBER OPTICS - (1955)

LASER - (1960)

HOLOGRAM/HOLOGRAPHY - (a 1960)

QUARTZ HALOGEN LAMP - (1960)

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE - (a 1965)

A very brief history of light

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wave theory

corpuscular theory

Christiaan Huygens

16291695

James Clerk Maxwell

18311879

SirIsaac Newton

16431727

Electromagnetic waves

Albert Einstein18791955

photons

Theories of light

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laying of the mains and installation of the world's first permanent, commercial central

power system in lower Manhattan, which became operative in September 1882.

Edison practically lit up the world

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Light

Newton, Edison lights (1879) up Manhattan (1882)

Laser usages



Whats in a laser






ILP approach

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Laser usagesprecision

CD player

scannerprinter

power

cutting, laser surgery

temporal precision

probe fast processes

high temperature

fusion

photodynamic therapy

cheaper / safer imagingphoto density waves

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In the movies

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Laser shows

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Light


Laser usages



Whats in a laser






ILP approach

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Active medium (hurdles in a stadium)

Hurdles ~ Atoms

Hurdle in up position~ population inversion

Hurdle reset after fall down

~ external pumping

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A hurdle goes down, energy releases, a pigeon flies away

pigeon ~ photon

down randomly

~spontaneous emission of light

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After many hurdles are down

No laser

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Now a pigeon with the right energy knocks down a hurdle

+ = hurdle is down +

2 pigeons fly off exactly the same way

~stimulated emission of light (Einstein)

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2 4 8 16 32

64 128 256 512 1024

2048 4096 8192 16384 32768

(after 29 rounds) 536,870,912 > US population

(after 33 rounds) 8,589,934,592 > world population

all in concert with each other

~light amplification

Start with one pigeon

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Let pigeons turn around in the stadium and work hard

Then open up the stadium gate from time to time

~Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission ofRadiation

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Ingredients of a laser

(1) Active medium with population inversion

(2) Stimulated emission

(3) Light amplification with resonator

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Light


Laser usages



Whats in a laser






ILP approach

L l b t i d h th l t d t h

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Laser laboratories and how they are related to my research

Lab for Laser Energetics (U. Rochester)Laser fusion experiments

Diagnostics

temperature and density determinationsx-ray imaging

ISU-UR collaboration through the DOE NLUF grants

Intense laser facilities around the worldSaclay-France FOM-Holland MPQ-Germany Lund-Sweden

SIOFM-China U Tokyo-Japan QOLS-UK URC-Canada

ATT BrookHaven U Michigan LLL

ISU: Numerical/Gedanken experiments

Ultra relativistic laser experiments planedDESY, Hamburg GSI-Darmstadt

SLAC-Stanford CUOS-Ann Arbor

ISU: Computer simulations, NSF grants

Bio-optical imaging researchLabs: U Penn, UC Irvine, U Mass, UI

ISU: light scattering lab and MC computations

M d li l ti t

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Modeling laser action on computers

Physics and

equations

Computer

programming

Simulations of

experiments

Result visualization Explanation More simulations

Great space for (undergraduate) student involvement

bp(t )bp' p U(t) p'

p' dn'

p U(t) n'

n'

dn

(t) bp' n U(t) p' p' dn'

n U(t)n'

n'

bp(t)Wp(x) p dn

(t)Wn(x)

n(x,t)

U(t)=T exp{i0tdt [c p A(x,t)+bc2+V(x,t)]}

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Laboratory experiments guide theoryMultiphoton ionization 1960s

Above threshold ionization 1979

Higher order harmonic generation 1980s

Computer experiments predict new physics?

Atomic stabilization 1990

Cycloatom 2000

Klein paradox 2004Bioimaging 2005

Fishing or cleaning fish ?

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Laser atom

+

+

+

Laser-atom interaction

A microscopic view

Outcome 1: bound Outcome 2: ionized

How does ionization vary with laser intensity ?QuickTime and a

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V(x) 1/ 1 x2

J. Javanainen, J.H. Eberly and Q. Su

Phys. Rev. A 38, 3430 (1988)

Computer simulation of atomic ionization

Pick a laser intensity I

Model atom (Rochester model)

Interaction with laser

Solve: Schrdinger

equation

Compute ionization for each state

Current QM state future state

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Gedanken experiment on computer:Ionization beyond 1016 W/cm2

ionization

100%

0 laser intensity

?IN

weak

all ionized

strong

superstrong

106 P(t)

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10 6

104

L

A

S

ER

I

NT

E

N

S

I

T

Y

P(t)

P(t)

P(t)

P(t)

P(t)

P(t)

P(t)

P(t)

I1

I3

I2

I4

I4

I5

I6

I7

Su, Eberly, Javanainen PRL, 64, 862, 90

10-1

100

10-2

100

102

P(T

,I)

I (a.u.)

1strecovery

2nd3rd

Ionizat

ion

P(T)

Laser intensity, I

12

3

4 567

IonizationSuppression!

I > 1016 W/cm2

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Electron spatial density

Su,Laser Phys. 3, 241 (1993)

Gavrila,Atoms in Intense Fields (1992)

Laser

intensity

space0

atom Outcome 1:bound

+

stabilization+

Outcome 3:

stabilized

ionization+

Outcome 2:

ionized

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Computer prediction: Stabilization

Normally

Increased intensity increases ionizationmore chance for electron to pick up energy around nucleus

At super-strong fields

Laser also distorts electron orbits

reduces the chance of interaction with nucleus

Other theoretical studies and experimental evidence

Kulander et al, Atoms in Intense Laser Fields Ed Gavrila, (1992)

Keitel and Knight, Phys. Rev. A 51,1420 (1995)

van Druten, et al Phys. Rev. A 55 622(1997)

Longhi, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 073002 (2005)

+

+

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10-1

100

10-2

100

102

P

(T,

I)

I (a.u.)

1strecovery

2nd3rd

n = S

S

Stabilization and recoveries of ionization

Su, Irving*, Johnson*, Eberly, J. Phys. B 29, 5755 (1996)

Su, Irving*, Eberly, Laser Phys. 7, 568 (1997)

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> 128 groups in 23 countries

Users of the Rochester model atom

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Li ht

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Light


Laser usages



Whats in a laser



Ionization process, world map

Medical imaging, patent



ILP approach

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safer than x-ray CT

cheaper than MRI

better resolved than ultrasound

Dream: to build an imaging device

Possible solution: IR laser based imaging

Imaging schemes

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Imaging schemes

shadowx-ray

shadow-gram (like x-ray, CAT)

reflection-gram (like ultra-sound)

scatter-gram (infrared lasers)

ultra-

sound

laser

F d bl ( di t th f t )

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medium> scattered light

medium

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Light-medium interaction computer simulations

Pane of glass Random medium

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QuickTime an d aVideo decompressor


FFT on the grid method Wanare, Su and Grobe, PRE 62, 8705 (2000)

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X-rays vs laser light

QuickTime and aGIF decompressor


Monte Carlo Simulation

S. L. Jacques and L.-H. Wang, in Optical Thermal Response of Laser Irradiated Tissue,

edited by A. J. Welch and M. J. C. van Gemert (Plenum Press, New York, 1995), pp. 73-100.

C li i f l b d i i

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Complication of laser-based image reconstruction

X-ray

Laser

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Modulation of light induces beam narrowing

= 0

0

wide beam

narrow beam

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Transverse light beam waist

Pulse width () shrinks with increasing frequency

Distance from

optical axis

()

Intensity I()

ISU filed patent application in 2005

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()

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Beyond theory: experiment?

Input

LaserOutput

Fiber

z

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Laboratory measurements for on axis light intensityS. Campbell, A. OConnell, S. Menon, Q. Su and R. Grobe, PRE, submitted

0

4

8

0 10 20 30 40z [cm]

Log(N

)

experiment

simulation

theory I

theory II

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

2

4

6

8

y [cm]

z=0cm

z=10cm

z=5cm

Light

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Light


Laser usages



Whats in a laser







ILP approach

M i f li h ?

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Matter creation from light?

E = mc2

Light = electron + positron

Mourou, Yanovsky

Opt. Ph. News 15, 40 (2004)

1026

Laser intensity >

P l i ti l tt ti f li ht

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Conjuring matter from light

Science, Aug, 29, 1997Real photons create matter

Physics News, Sept. 18, 1997

Light workNew Scientist, Sept. 27, 1997

Boom! From light comes matterPhotonics Spectra, Nov. 1997

Matter from lightCERN Courier, Nov. 1997

E=mc2, reallyScientific American, Dec. 1997

Let there be matterDiscover, Dec. 1997

Gamma rays create matter by plowing into laser lightPhys. Today, Feb 1998

Popular science articles on matter creation from light

W ti l d i ti f tt ?

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Wave or particle description of matter ?

Traditional wave view

Dirac Equation (1928)deals with physics after creation

(no creation)

Particle viewQuantum Field Theory (1940s)

deals with # of creation

(no wave nature)

Computational QFTPhys. Rev. Lett. (2004)

wave nature during creation

(new framework)

?????????????

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What are these nice graphs?

Solution of the field operator for eand e+

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From quantum field theory to quantum mechanics

it (x,t)= [ c p A+bc2+V ] (x,t)

F(x,y,t) =

vacuumstate

positivefrequency

part

chargeconjugation

initialstate

S.S. Schweber, An introduction to relativistic quantum field theory

Krekora, Su, Grobe, PRL 92, 040406 (2004) ; PRL 93, 043004 (2004)Braun, Su, Grobe, PRA 59, 604 (1999)

C.H. Keitel, Cont. Phys. 42, 353 (2001)A.D. Bandrauk, H. Shen J. Phys. A, 7147 (1994)

Solution of the field operator for e and e

bp(t) bp' p U(t) p'

p' dn'

p U(t) n'

n'

dn

(t) bp' n U(t) p' p' dn'

n U(t)n'

n'

Dirac equation for field

Solution where

bp(t)Wp(x)p

dn(t)Wn(x)

n(x,t)

U(t)=T exp{i0tdt [c p A(x,t)+bc2+V(x,t)]}

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The space-time resolved pair creation

e e+energy

Sample projects that employed the new CQFT method

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Sample projects that employed the new CQFT method

(1) Space time resolved pair creation

(2) Klein paradox, 70 years old

Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 040406 (2004)

Phys. Rev. A 72, 064103 (2005)

(3) Localization and Zitterbewegung

Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 043004 (2004)

(4) EntanglementJ. Mod. Opt. 52, 489 (2005)

(5) Modified Schwinger formula

Las. Phys. 15, 282 (2005)

(6) Supercritical bound states

Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 070403 (2005)

(7) Interpretational difficulty in QED

Phys. Rev. A, 73, 022114 (2006)

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Experimental verification?

Time dependent colliding ions(existing)

Static supercritical field

Experimental plans:

CUOS Ann Arbor, Michigan

DESY Hamburg, Germany

GSI Darmstadt, Germany

SLAC Stanford, California

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Laser fields lead to new unions of

Particle

GravitationalAtomic

Plasma

Astro-physics

Cosmology

E li h d ?

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Enlightened ?

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Light

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g


Laser usages

CD writer, player, laser pointer, scanner,light knife, cosmetic treatment, laser show

Whats in a laser







ILP approach

Graduate or Undergraduate

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Graduate or Undergraduate

US, best graduate school system in the world

> 50% Nobel in Science after WWII

good research-industry relation

What about our pre-graduate education

Cuts in education funding

Flat science funding

Math/Science not cool in school

Do we need to change the perception?

Undergraduate physics research at ISU

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Large number of students

Large number faculty mentorsNational awards

Show cased at conferences

Center or Research and Education on Nanostructures

Center for Research and Instruction in Space PhysicsIntense Laser Physics Theory Unit

Surface Science Lab

Polarized Electron Lab

Atomic Structure

Statistical MechanicsNonlinear Dynamics

Mathematical Physics

Undergraduate physics research at ISU

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Undergraduate research at ILP

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Undergraduate research at ILP

Our approach

Start early

Small group collaboration

Project design, execution, completion

Know physics, math, programmingUse intuition, catch misconception

Communicate result with others

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Thanks to funding agencies

Big thanks to colleagues past and present

Support from CAS, RSP, Honors ProgramPhysics faculty colleagues

Postdoctoral fellows

All 35 undergraduate students

Especially Prof. Grobe for collaborations

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Thanks to Alex,

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Christina, and Jean!

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Thanks for attending

and

enjoy some refreshment !

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CAS Let Su 4-25-06

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