Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad

8/3/2019 Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad

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Carrot and Stick for drinking water

protection and recharge inFaridabad

Chetan Agarwal

Winrock India (WII)Commons Initiative (FES)



Drinking water source sustainability

Running Pure study of 105 cities - 33 of thelargest cities (or 1/3) obtain a significant % of drinking water from protected areas

For many cities, time is running out.

Protecting forests around water catchment areas is no longer a luxury but a necessity.

When they are gone, the costs of providingclean and safe drinking water to urban areaswill increase dramatically.(Dudley et al, 2003)



Aravalli hills high potential recharge zone

AND have sweet water

Ridge land has high infiltration rates

upto 85% of water is available for percolation

into the ground (CGWB report in SupremeCourt)

Sweet water in Aravalli (low EC)



Securing Aravalli for Faridabad & Gurgaon Delhi

drinking water



Sweeter water in

Aravalli (low EC)



Direction of flow

from aravalli to

adjoining areas



Status of Aravalli lakes in Faridabad /Gurgaon

Historical Water

Status

Water status 209-10

1 Surajkund perennial seasonal

2 Peacock Lake

(adjacent to Suraj Kund )

perennial seasonal

3 Badhkhal Lake perennial seasonal

4 Dhauj jheel perennial seasonal

5

Embankment and lake at LalaKherli (village Mandawar)

seasonal seasonal

6 Damdama lake perennial perennial



High Recharge in Aravalli

High secondary porosity

± because of joints and fractures.

± storage capacity and yield may be low

± Likely high transmission capacities because of fractures.

± The ridges are therefore likely to be importantrecharge zones for the surrounding alluvial plains

Need to protect through zoning as criticalgroundwater recharge zones.



Suggest Recharge zones in Manger/Kot/Dhauj

gair mumkin pahar (ACWADAM, Pune)



Boundary of Aravalli hills

Gurga

on

Faridaba

dMangar

bani

sacredforest

Damda

ma lake

Sohn

a

Delhi



Context

Faridabad (95%+) depends on Ground Water

MCs

± Cash strapped ± Investing in physical infrastructure for water

pipes and pumps

± Selling Natural Ecological Assets - pahadi land

important recharge zone



Aravalli hills high potential recharge zone

AND have sweet water

Ridge land has high infiltration rates

upto 85% of water is available for percolation

into the ground (CGWB report in SupremeCourt)

Sweet water in Aravalli (low EC)



At a moderate infiltration level of 33.6% of

annual rainfall

and 10 paise per litre as the value of infiltration,

the infiltration value is Rs 2.0 lakhs /ha per

year, and the NPV value (6%, 20 yrs) is Rs

23.5 lakhs /ha



Unique tenurial context

Panchayat / MCF own shamlat deh land

Farmers own shamlat deh land - jointly

Value increases after partition, demarcation, and landusechange

± Joint Private undivided 1x

± Joint Private divided 4x

± Private demarcated on paper 8x

± Private demarcated on ground 10x

± Private land use converted 100 -300x

Supreme court Aravalli case has supressed land values in theshort term, but cessation of mining has increased real estateinterest.



Source protection zones

Legislative

backing

Increme

ntal

financin

g

Earmarki

ng Zoning

land

acquisitio

n

easement

s

deedrestriction

s to

reduce

value

Land

exchang

e

Partne

rship

Monitor

regulato

ry

compliance

outside

jurisdicti

on

Catskills

/NY SFDA y y y y

Pine

Barrens

SFDA and LongIsland Pine

Barrens

Protection Act y y y y

Edwards

aquifer SFDA y y y y

San

Antonio SFDA y y yPortland SFDA y y

Salt Lake

city

SFDA, and 1914

federal public

law 199 y y y

Seattle

SDWA, and Cedar River

Watershed Act 1992 y y y

Chester SFDA y

Syracuse SFDA y y y



Berlin

zones

three protection zones 230 km2: ± well head protection area (Zone I).

± closer (Zone II),

± wider (Zone III),

40% - green, lake, river



Austin City region, Texas

Landuse plan identified:

Drinking water protection zone 1/3 area

Desired Development Zone 2/3 area

Purchased land and easements

Large scale funding by city through long

term bonds.



Actions in NYC catchment

Land Acquisition

± purchase environmentally sensitivelands

± brought 128,000 acres.

Land Management

± passive use - hiking

Forestry:

± to protect water quality

W astewater Treatment Plant Upgrades

W atershed Agricultural Program.

± implement pollution preventionpractices on watershed farms.

± Pay farmers to reestablishvegetative buffers



Legislative Mandate for source

protection and incentive programs.

Safe Drinking Water Act ( USA):

a. Source Assessment for all public water systems

b. Mandate for maintaining water quality, linked to

national funds

c. Single Source designation

a. (if source > 50% of supply, then critical)

d. State Revolving Funds



Practioners tool box for drinking water source protection

1. Identify source areas and threats

1. Delineate aquifers critical zones

2. identify threats

2. Protection activities and rules1. Zoning, Land purchase, Land Management

2. Conservation easements

3. Forest management

4. Agricultural practice changes including riparian buffers

3. Finance

1. Surcharge on or earmarking portion of water supply fee

2. Local Bonds , Surcharge on sales tax

3. Leveraging funds externally

4. Institutions - U/S D/S and intermediaries1. Watershed Agricultural council (New York), Aquifer Authority (San

Antonio, Texas)

2. Protected Area management authorities,

3. Upstream communites have legal tenure right to protect and contractfor payments



Practioners tool box for drinking water source protection..2

1. Partnerships1. Between Forest & Park departments, Water Supply,

Planning, Environment Protection, and civil society

2. Legislation provides mandate

1. Local1. Long Island Pine Barrens Protection Act 1993 (in New

Jersey state, USA)

2. Cedar River Watershed Act of 1992 in Seattle, USA.

2. National

1. Safe Drinking Water Act (in the USA)

3. Judicial1. Enforcement backup e.g. to spur action and enforce

protection for maintaining water quality



Steps in Urban Areas

1.Restrictions on new borewells.

2. Urban Rainwater harvesting

± Mandatory rainwater harvesting requirement innew buildings in urban areas

± Efforts to facilitate RWH in older publicestablishments and areas schools, parks etc

3. Early efforts at promoting water efficiency4. Right to groundwater

(based on sustainable availability)



Relative retail pricing of water

1 L mineral water Rs 30 40 per litre

1 L Bottled water Rs 10-12 per litre

20 L bottle Rs 2-3 per litre Tanker supply Rs 10-50 per 1000 litre

Municipal supply Rs 4 per 1000 litre

RO treated water supply Rs 0.20 litre(self collection)



Financing Rainwater Harvesting and Biodiversity Conservation

Options Benefit Feasibility

Earmarking a portion External

Development Charges levied forurban landuse change (huge funds

collected much of which are unspent)

Increased recharge High as existing pot of funds with large inflows

with a local spending mandate and unspent

balances.

RWH cess on new buildings to

contribute towards city and peri-urban,

in lieu of building their own

injection borewell.

No net financial cost

instead of self-

construction, contribute to

community recharge

High as no net financial cost, in fact could lead to

savings for some.

Graded Charges on monthly

water bills and use for sustainability

investments.

High users pay more.

Regular flow of funds.

Moderate as a new payment. However, basic

level of water supply can be exempted to increase

political acceptability. May promote efficiency

investments as well. A key challenge will bemetering borewells in private sector.

Seasonal monsoon Credit for

roof rainwater harvesting

Can be used to offset the

cess on water use and

incentivize RWH on a

regular basis

High as incentivizes good behavior.



Options Benefit Feasibility

Earmarking a portion External

Development Charges levied for

urban landuse change (huge funds

collected much of which are

unspent)

Reducing risk of landuse

change on privately owned

hills and linking to fund

collected expressly for

external development

High as existing pot of funds with large

inflows with a local spending mandate

and unspent balances.

TransferableDevelopment Rights

acquire privately owned hills

and pay thru marketable TDRs

that can be applied in urban MC

areas.

No financial cost. High as no financial cost, Utilized

extensively in other Indian metros for

road widening and other purposes.

Regulatory provisions in gurgaon as well.

Needs careful structuring to prevent

perverse outcomes targeting low value

land of preferred owners.

One time cess on private borewell

registration new and old

borewells

Linking capital investments in

groundwater infrastructure to

capital investments in land for

groundwater recharge

Moderate as a new payment that will

have to be levied which is likely to be

resisted widely, especially as those

obtaining canal water have no such

requirement

Cess on property registration and

land use conversion charges

Regularly levied Low, as the state views it as their

revenue and will resist earmarking

fiercely

Contributions from the State

Compensatory Afforestation and

Can be earmarked for

biodiversity protection and

Limited funds in the state as low forest

cover to start with



Ways forward

Contamination risk map

High Recharge Zones Map

Zoning to protect high recharge zones in theAravalli

Registrar of tubewells ?

Water quality ± Task certified path labs for water testing along

with blood, urine, stool.



GW levels fine scale monitoring in urban areas

± Dark sectors / dark colonies not just blocks

Nehar Par area new area can do a freshstart

± Water efficiency standards

± Water meters in individual flats

± No private swimming pools

± Bulk meters on private wells

Carrot and Stick for Drinking Water in Faridabad

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