Carin Smaller, IISD · Carin Smaller, IISD! Agriculture is driving deforestation FIGURE 2.1 LAND...
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Improving land governance in agricultural investments Carin Smaller, IISD
Transcript of Carin Smaller, IISD · Carin Smaller, IISD! Agriculture is driving deforestation FIGURE 2.1 LAND...
Improving land governance in agricultural investments
Carin Smaller, IISD!
Agriculture is driving deforestation
FIGURE 2.1
LAND AREA BY MAJOR LAND-USE CLASS, 2010
Agriculture Forest Other
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Africa Asia Europe Northand CentralAmerica
Oceania SouthAmerica
World
PERC
ENT
Note: “Other land” is all land not categorized as agricultural or forest land.SOURCE: FAO, 2015a, 2016a.
FIGURE 2.2
NET ANNUAL AVERAGE CHANGE IN FOREST AND AGRICULTURAL LAND, BY CLIMATIC DOMAIN, 2000–2010
FIGURE 2.3
NET ANNUAL AVERAGE FOREST AREA CHANGE, BY CLIMATIC DOMAIN (000 ha per year)
Net annual average changein forest area, 2000−2010
Net annual average changein agricultural area, 2000−2010
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
Boreal Temperate Subtropics Tropics
000
HA
SOURCE: FAO, 2015a, 2016a.
SOURCE: FAO, 2015a.
Boreal
Temperate
Subtropics
Tropics
-10 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
2000−2015 2000−2005 2005−2010 2010−2015
AN
NA
UL F
ORE
ST C
HA
NG
E (0
00 h
a)
Net annual average changein forest area, 2000−2010
Net annual average changein agricultural area, 2000−2010
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
Boreal Temperate Subtropics Tropics
000
HA
Boreal
Temperate
Subtropics
Tropics
-10 000
-8 000
-6 000
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
2000−2015 2000−2005 2005−2010 2010−2015
AN
NA
UL F
ORE
ST C
HA
NG
E (0
00 h
a)
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Recent rise in rate of land expansion for agriculture
Sources: World Bank, 2010, FAO, 2016!
3.8mn ha/yr 1960-2005
6mn ha/yr
2000 - 2010
Large-scale investment in land since 2009
50 million ha
Projects
1,500
Source: Land Matrix, Feb 2018!
Large-scale investment in land is driving deforestation• 40% of deforestation in the tropics and subtropics because of
commercial agriculture (FAO, 2016)!
• 1/3 of large-scale land investments since 2009 occurred on forest lands (CDE, 2014)!
How are countries responding?
• Moratorium & inventory on land deals – Lao PDR, Cambodia!• Making information publicly available – Liberia, Ethiopia, DRC,
Cambodia!• New laws and regulations to protect customary land rights – Benin,
DRC, Mali, Mozambique!• New investment contracts that protect forests – Ethiopia, Lao PDR!• Regional model contracts that protect forest conservation and local
communities – East African Community (EAC)!• Regional guidelines on responsible investment in agriculture and
forestry - ASEAN!
EAC Model Contract for Farmland Investments• Problem: Forest conservation conflicts with
land availability for agricultural production in EAC countries. There have been conflicts and forced evictions of forest communities in some cases.!
• Solutions: (1) Uphold national forestry and other environmental laws; (2) include forest conservations issues in environmental impact assessment and management plan !
!
ASEAN Guidelines on responsible investment in food, agriculture and forestry• Based on CFS principes for responsible investment in agriculture
and food systems (CFS-RAI)!• Special focus on forestry guidelines!• Forthcoming...!
• Problem: 30% of foreign investment projects for mining, agriculture and tree plantations located on forest land, including on conservation forests (CDE, 2016) !
!• Solution: New land concession contract
that protect forests and prohibits investment in protected areas !
Improved contracts in Lao PDR
A new land contract in Ethiopia
• Investor required to protect forests by registering and notifying trees on the site!
• Prevent encroachment on forest land!• Conserve tree plantations!
• New decree on community land rights – implementation of the VGGT!!• Land concessions that uphold and enforce national forestry laws !!
Community land decree & land concessions in DRC
Mixed public & private investments?• The rise of
agricultural growth poles in Africa!
• 23 African countries!• 3.5 million hectares
of land!
The way forward
• A combination of national, regional and global initiatives!• Implemented through principles, guidelines, policies and hard law!• A mix of public and private investment!• Enforced through coordination and cooperation!
