Careers in Oceanography
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MINISTRY OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT (MOSTE)
NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY
DIRECTORATE
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CAREERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
and OCEANOGRAPHY
By Prof. Dr. Ho Sinn-
Chye
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SCIENCE is the systematic discovery of knowledge about the natural world.
MARINE SCIENCE is the general term for research conducted in oceans, coastal or inland waters connected to the sea.
Note: To be a good marine scientist one must first learn to be a good scientist.
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What is Oceanography?1. It is a multi-disciplinary science
concerned with knowledge of the oceans and improvements in technology based on such knowledge.
2. It incorporates many scientific fields that can be applied to the marine environment (physics, chemistry, biology, geology, meteorology, geography, geodesy, etc…).
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What do oceanographers do?Most oceanographers work in fields that use science to solve a particular problem in the ocean.
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SOME CHALLENGING QUESTIONS:
1. What is the role of the ocean in limiting the greenhouse effects?
2. What kinds of pharmaceuticals can be found naturally in marine organisms?
3. How does sea-floor spreading relate to the movement of tectonic plates?
4. What economic deposits are there on the sea floor?
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5. Can rogue waves be predicted?
6. What is the role of long-shore transport in the distribution of sand on the beach?
7. How does a particular pollutant affect organisms in the marine environment?
8. What …? How …? Why …? etc …
SOME CHALLENGING QUESTIONS:
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The study of oceanography is typically divided into different academic disciplines of study:1. Physical oceanography
2. Chemical oceanography
3. Biological oceanography
4. Geological oceanography
5. Other disciplines (ocean engineering, marine archaeology, marine policy, etc…)
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Physical OceanographyIt is the study of how and why oceans moves, including examination of waves, currents, eddies, gyres and tides; the ocean-atmosphere relationship that influences weather and climate; and transmission of light and sound in the oceans.
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Chemical OceanographyIt is the study of the chemical composition and properties of seawater; its processes and cycles; how to extract certain chemicals from seawater; the effects of pollutants; and chemical exchanges between atmosphere and ocean.
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Biological OceanographyIt is the study of marine organisms and their relationships to one another; their adaptations to the marine environment; and developing ecologically sound methods of harvesting seafood.
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Geological OceanographyIt is the study of ocean basins, ocean floor and the coastline to learn about the history of the earth; to search for mineral resources (oil or metals); and gather information on global warming, sea-level rise and coastal erosion.
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Ocean EngineeringIt is involved with the design and construction of scientific equipment and installations for use at sea.
It also studies the interaction of the sea with the works of humankind.
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Marine Policy and Law:It covers a broad range of ocean resource management issues including the laws, regulations and policies concerning ocean environmental quality, fisheries, coastal zone management, marine biodiversity, marine archaeology and aquaculture.
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JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR
OCEANOGRAPHERS
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WHAT KINDS OF JOBS ARE AVAILABLE TO PEOPLE WITH AN EDUCATION IN
OCEANOGRAPHY?
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Job positions include:1. Physical oceanographers
2. Chemical oceanographers, geochemists
3. Biological oceanographers, marine biologists, fisheries scientists
4. Geological oceanographers, geophysicists
5. Marine and ocean engineers
6. Marine archaeologists
7. Marine policy experts
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1. Universities, colleges and scientific research institutions
2. Federal, state and local government agencies
3. Private-sector companies
4. International organizations
5. Non-Governmental Organizations
Where do oceanographers work?
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National Oceanography National Oceanography Directorate (NOD)Directorate (NOD)
… … as the national as the national Focal PointFocal Point for for Oceanography Research and Oceanography Research and Development in MalaysiaDevelopment in Malaysia
Committed to Excellence in the Marine SciencesCommitted to Excellence in the Marine Sciences
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NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY DIRECTORATEFUNCTIONFUNCTIONAs a national focal point and to spearhead As a national focal point and to spearhead marine science R&D through the promotion of marine science R&D through the promotion of quality research, human resource development quality research, human resource development and sustainable utilization of marine resources and sustainable utilization of marine resources and commercialization of R&D outputs. and commercialization of R&D outputs.
KD Perantau (TLDM)
RV Mirai (JAMSTEC)
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Hydrographic ResearchHydrographic Research Vertical profiling of seawater Vertical profiling of seawater
propertiesproperties Identification of water massesIdentification of water masses Ocean mix-layered dynamicsOcean mix-layered dynamics Ocean modellingOcean modelling
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Hydrographic Research Hydrographic Research and Hydro-informaticsand Hydro-informatics
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Ocean-Coastal Dynamics
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Ocean-Atmospheric InteractionsOcean-Atmospheric InteractionsGLOBALWARMING
CLIMATE CHANGE
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Video Clip: Courtesy of NOAA
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Marine Ecosystem Health
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Ecology (biodiversity, habitats)Ecology (biodiversity, habitats) Living and non-living resources Living and non-living resources Aesthetic values (natural vista)Aesthetic values (natural vista) Recreational valuesRecreational values Historical & archaeological valuesHistorical & archaeological values Educational & cultural values Educational & cultural values Development (tourism, energy, water) Development (tourism, energy, water)
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Epicenter of Marine Biodiversity Epicenter of Marine Biodiversity
Source: J.E.N. Veron and Mary Stafford-Smith. Corals of the World (AIMS 2000)
Reef-Building Reef-Building Coral SpeciesCoral Species(Scleractinia)
GLOBAL EPICENTER
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Coral Reef Hot-SpotsHot-Spots
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Integrated Coastal ManagementIntegrated Coastal ManagementEnhancing the
sustainable development of
coastal resources and the marine
environment
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Marine and Estuarine Marine and Estuarine Environmental Effects AnalysisEnvironmental Effects Analysis Fishery resource damage assessmentFishery resource damage assessment Coastal wetland habitats restorationCoastal wetland habitats restoration Coral bleaching indicatorsCoral bleaching indicators Ecosystem analysis and sensitivity Ecosystem analysis and sensitivity
mappingmapping Environmental Risk AssessmentEnvironmental Risk Assessment Harmful algal blooms (e.g. red-tides)Harmful algal blooms (e.g. red-tides)
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MALAYSIAN CENTRE FOR REMOTE SENSING (MACRES)
To develop remote sensing technology, GIS and other relevant technology through research and applying them in areas of environmental and resource management.
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Marine Biotechnology Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicineand Biomedicine Marine pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals & Marine pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals &
biomedical applicationsbiomedical applications Molecular biology research, genomics &
proteomics on marine organisms Commercial applications of marine Commercial applications of marine
substances and processes (e.g. anti-substances and processes (e.g. anti-biofouling agents & marine adhesives)biofouling agents & marine adhesives)
Marine pollution control & bioremediation Marine pollution control & bioremediation of degraded systemsof degraded systems
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New Uses of Living Marine Resources(Marine Biotechnology)
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Jellyfish Sting Prevention
Sun BlockAnti-Jellyfish
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Natural Co-ExistenceJellyfish Sting Prevention
Sun BlockAnti-Jellyfish
Sea Anemone
Clown Fish
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Analytical and Environmental Analytical and Environmental ChemistryChemistry
Trace contaminant analysisTrace contaminant analysis Hydrocarbon finger printing analysisHydrocarbon finger printing analysis Trace-element analysis of water, Trace-element analysis of water,
sediments and organismssediments and organisms Organometallic constituent analysisOrganometallic constituent analysis Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
metabolite analysismetabolite analysis
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Seabed Mining And Ocean Drilling
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Transport, Fate And Effects Transport, Fate And Effects Determinations For Marine Determinations For Marine
Contaminants and PollutantsContaminants and Pollutants Food chain analysis & bioaccumulation studiesFood chain analysis & bioaccumulation studies Toxicological evaluation of dredged sedimentsToxicological evaluation of dredged sediments Metal pollutants clean-up by microbesMetal pollutants clean-up by microbes Marine spill response support, cleanup Marine spill response support, cleanup
assessment & remedial techniquesassessment & remedial techniques Ocean waste disposal studiesOcean waste disposal studies
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Alternative Energy Sources From The SeaWind Energy
Wave Energy
Tidal Energy
Ocean Thermal Energy
SolarEnergy
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Instrumentation Development
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AKADEMI SAINS MALAYSIA
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Antarctica ResearchAntarctica Research1) Long range transport of biomass burning
aerosols2) Influence of gravity waves on dynamics
of Antarctica boundary layer3) Low elevation angle radio impairment
studies4) Microwave Remote Sensing Application5) Microbial Diversity
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RSV Aurora Australis
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RV MIRAI (JAMSTEC)
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EXTREMOPHILESOrganisms that thrive where other microbes don’t dare venture: boiling water holes, freezing lakes, and toxic waste dumps.
Example: Metanogens found in deep ice of Antarctica and elsewhere in the deep ocean trenches.
Metanogenium spp.
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UNCLOS Meeting At UN
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MARITIME ZONES UNDER UNCLOS 1982 200 + X 200 X 24 12
Nautical Miles HIGH
SEAS CONTINENTAL
SHELF THE
AREA EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE
(FISHING ZONE)
CONTIGUOUS ZONE
INTERNAL WATERS
TERRITORIAL SEA
Contiguous Zone Limit
EEZ Limit
Territorial Sea Baseline
Continental Shelf Limit
Territorial Sea Limit
Area within the Limits of National Jurisdiction The Area
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Marine SecurityMarine Security
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TERRITORIAL CLAIMS BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES
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Royal Scientific Expedition to the South China Sea (“ROSES”)
In the planning …
H.M. The Yang Di-Pertuan Agung has consented to become the royal patron of this scientific expedition.
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MV “REEF CHALLENGER”Oceanographic Research Vessel
Owned by the Halim Mazmin Group
Overall Length: 48.08 m
Gross Tonnage: 273 Ton
Breadth: 8.60 m
Designed Draft: 3.10 m
Speed: 11.5 Knots
Fuel Tank: 220.06 m3
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PREPARATION FOR PREPARATION FOR A CAREER IN A CAREER IN
OCEANOGRAPHYOCEANOGRAPHY
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Entry level positions for persons with:
1. High school certificate or diploma
2. Bachelor’s degree
3. Master’s degree
4. Doctorate (Ph.D.) degreeNote: Most entry level jobs minimally require a bachelor’s degree in a natural science from an accredited college or university.
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What high school courses are necessary to prepare for a career in oceanography?
• Mathematics
• Physics
• Chemistry
• Biology
Plus good knowledge
of computer applicatio
ns
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What university courses are relevant if you major in oceanography?
• Mathematics
• Physical oceanography; geophysics
• Chemical oceanography
• Marine biology; marine ecology
• Marine geology; geography
• Computer science
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Other relevant university courses if you wish to pursue a career in oceanography
• Marine engineering
• Marine archaeology (with background in archaeology or anthropology)
• Marine policy studies (with social science background, i.e. law, economics, political science)
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Malaysia’s First Floating Campus?Towards Vision 2020 …Towards Vision 2020 …
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http://www.womenoceanographers.org
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