Cardiovascular System Chapter 17&18. Blood Connective tissue composed of fluid, cells, and fragments...
Transcript of Cardiovascular System Chapter 17&18. Blood Connective tissue composed of fluid, cells, and fragments...
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Cardiovascular SystemChapter 17&18
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Blood
• Connective tissue composed of fluid, cells, and fragments of cells
1. Plasma:
• fluid part of blood
• straw-colored
• 55% of blood volume
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Blood
2. Red blood cells: (erythrocytes)• round, disk-shaped cells• carry oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away
attached to hemoglobin• 44% of blood volume• produced in red bone marrow of long bones• lack a nucleus once enter blood stream• only live about 120 days
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Blood
3. White blood cells: (leukocytes)• 1% of blood volume• protect body from pathogens• large and many different types• contain a nucleus
neutrophils lymphocytes
eosinophils monocytes
basophils
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Blood
4. Platelets:
• cell fragments
• produced in bone marrow
• remain in blood for about 7 days
• clotting with fibrin (becomes scab)
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Blood Types
• Types: Red blood cells: Plasma:– IA i or IA IA A: A antigen B antibodies– IB i or IB IB B: B antigen A antibodies– IA IB AB: A and B antigens NO antibodies– i i O: NO antigens A and B antibodiesUniversal donor: Type O-negative (no antigens) is
compatible with all blood types because it has no antigens for other blood types to recognize with their antibodies
Universal Recipient: Type AB-positive has no antibodies in its plasma so it can accept any type without destroying those foreign cells
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Rh factor
• Rh factor is an additional antigen found on the red blood cells and it is a separate gene from the ABO gene.
• If a person has two (+) genes for Rh or one (+) and one (-) they will test (+).
• A person will be (-) ONLY if they have two (-) because Rh(+) is dominant.
• Positive means you have the Rh antigen, negative means you don’t.
• Other minor antigens include Kell, Lewis A, Lewis B, rho, P etc. and doctors also attempt to match as many of those minor antigens as possible when selecting blood for transfusions.
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Exchange of materials• Animal cells exchange material across
their cell membrane– Diffusion – Osmosis– Passive Transport– Active Transport
• If you are a 1-cell organism that’s easy!
• If you are many-celled that’s harder
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In circulation…• What needs to be transported
– Nutrients• from digestive system
– Gases• O2 & CO2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills
– Wastes• waste products from cells
– water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea)
– Protective• immune defenses
– Antibodies and white blood cells
• blood clotting agents
– Stimulants• hormones
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Closed circulatory system• Taxonomy
– Some Invertebrates• earthworms, squid,
octopuses
– Vertebrates
• Structure– blood confined to vessels
& separate from interstitial fluid
• 1 or more hearts• large vessels to smaller
vessels
• More effective at transporting fluids
closed system = higher pressures
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Vertebrate cardiovascular system
• Chambered heart– Atria = receive blood– Ventricles = pump blood out
• Blood vessels– Arteries = carry blood away from heart
• arterioles
– Veins = return blood to heart• venules
– Capillaries = thin wall, exchange / diffusion • capillary beds = networks of capillaries
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Blood vesselsArteries
arterioles
Capillaries
venules
Veins
artery
arteriolesvenules
veins
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Arteries: Built for high pressure pump• Thick wall
• provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood
Connective tissue
Smooth Muscle• elastic recoil helps
maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes
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Veins: Built for low pressure flow
• Veins– Thinner Connective tissue– Thinner Smooth Muscle
• blood travels back to heart at low velocity & pressure
• lower pressure– distant from heart– blood must flow by skeletal muscle contractions
when we move » squeeze blood through veins
– Contains valves• in larger veins one-way valves
allow blood to flow only toward heart
Open valve
Blood flowstoward heart
Closed valve
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Capillaries: Built for exchange• Small diameter
– No connective tissue or smooth muscle
• lack 2 outer wall layers • only endothelium
– enhances exchange across capillary
– This allows• exchange between blood
& cells
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Controlling blood flow to tissues• Blood flow in capillaries controlled by
pre-capillary Spincters• supply varies as blood is needed• after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases• during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from digestive
tract to skeletal muscles
– capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled to capacity
sphincters open sphincters closed
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Lymphatic system• Parallel circulatory system
– Part of Immune system• defending against infection
– collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood• maintains volume & protein
concentration of blood• drains into circulatory
system near junction of vena cava & right atrium
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Lymph systemProduction & transport of WBCs
Traps foreign invaders
lymph node
lymph vessels(intertwined amongst blood vessels)
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Mammaliancirculation
What do blue vs. red areas represent?What do blue vs. red areas represent?
pulmonary
systemic
systemic
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Mammalian heart
Coronary arteries
to neck & head& arms
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Coronary arteries
bypass surgery
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AV
SL
AV
Heart valves• 4 valves in the heart
– flaps of connective tissue– prevent backflow
• AV valves – between atrium & ventricle– keeps blood from flowing back
into atria when ventricles contract• “lub”
• SL valves– between ventricle & arteries– prevent backflow from arteries into
ventricles while they are relaxing• “dub”
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AV
SL
AV
Lub-dub, lub-dub• Heart sounds
– closing of valves– “Lub”
• recoil of blood against closed AV valves
– “Dub”• recoil of blood against
semilunar valves
• Heart murmur– defect in valves causes hissing sound when stream
of blood squirts backward through valve
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Cardiac cycle
systolic________diastolic
pump (peak pressure)_________________fill (minimum pressure)
• 1 complete sequence of pumping– heart contracts & pumps– heart relaxes & chambers fill – contraction phase
• Systolic• ventricles pumps blood out
– relaxation phase• Diastolic• atria refill with blood
120
____
80