Cardiovascular System ( Ch 5)
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Transcript of Cardiovascular System ( Ch 5)
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Cardiovascular System (Ch 5)
Diagnostics, Pathology, & Treatments
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Cardiovascular Specialists• Cardiologist• Hematologist-specialist who treats
diseases and disorders of the blood
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DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
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Diagnostic procedures• Angiography – radiographic study of the
blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
• Angiocardiography – uses a contrast medium and chest x-rays to visualize the dimensions of the heart and large blood vessels
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Diagnostic Procedures• History & Physical
– Checking for symptoms of disease• Chest pain, shortness of breath, awareness of
heartbeat (palpitation), fatigue, dizziness or loss of consciousness, edema, pain in the legs while walking (claudication)
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Diagnostic Procedures• Cardiac catheterization – a procedure in
which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and is guided into the heart– X-rays taken during the procedure– Dye is also injected
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Diagnostic procedures• Electrocardiography-tracing electricity
– Electrocardiogram – ECG – EKG– Holter monitor – portable EKG that is worn by
an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24-hour period.
– Stress tests– Thallium stress test – uses a
radiopharmaceutical to test heart function
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Diagnostic procedures• Ultrasonic diagnostic procedures• Ultra sound
– Echocardiography – the use of sound waves to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart
• Pulse ox
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PATHOLOGY
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Blood Vessel Pathology
• Angiitis• Angionecrosis-tissue death of the
walls of blood vessels• Angiostenosis
– Abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel– Angiospasm– Angina pectoris – severe episodes of
spasmodic, choking chest pain
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Pathology • Arteries
– Aneurysm – a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery that can rupture
– Arteritis– Polyarteritis– Arteriosclerosis-hardening of the arteries– Raynaud’s phenomenon – intermittent attacks
of pallor, cyanosis, and redness of the fingers and toes due to arterial contraction.
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Pathology• Atherosclerosis
– Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries
– Causes• Increased blood lipids• High blood presssure• Smoking• Obesity• Physical inactivity• Tension• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvid
eos/000006.htm
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Atherosclerosis can lead to;• Angina pectoris-coronary arteries are
temporarily blocked-reduced blood supply to the heart – chest pain
• ischemia – oxygen deprived heart muscle, injured muscle
• Myocardial Infarction, heart attack– necrosis of the heart muscle due to severe, prolonged ischemia,
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Pathology • Coronary artery disease (CAD) • Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
– Pumping action is diminished– Fluid accumulates and is retained in the
tissues• Carditis
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Congenital Heart Disease• Defects in the heart that occurred during
fetal development• Involves defective communication
between the chambers, malformation of the valves, and malformation of the septa
• Cyanotic – inability of the individual to get adequate oxygen so they turn blue
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Pathology • Arrhythmias-abnomality in
rate, rhythm, or conduction of the heart beat– Fibrillation-rapid, irregular,
ineffective contractions, quivering
• Atrial fibrillation-irregular quivering action of the atria. Results in very rapid ventricular heartbeat
• V fib – fatal unless reversed– Flutter – Bradycardia-abnormally slow
heartbeat– Tachycardia
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Pathology • Veins
– Phlebitis – inflammation of a vein– Varicose veins-enlarged veins which can be inflammed
• Hemorrhoids – varicose veins of the rectal & anal area– Valvulitis-inflammation of a heart valve – Phlebostenosis – narrowing of the lumen of a vein from any cause
• Thrombus-blood clot circulating in the blood stream• Thrombosis-abnormal condition of clot formation• Embolisms – any foreign object circulating in the blood
stream; clot, air, fat particle, plastic from IV catheters, etc.• Blood disorders
– Dyscrasia – any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood– Hemochromatosis– Septicemia – also known as blood poisoning, is the presence of
pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood.
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Pathology • Blood cells
– Erythrocytosis – abnormal increase in the number of circulating red blood cells
– Thrombocytopenia – also known as thrombopenia, is an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets
– Leukopenia – an abnormal decrease in the number of white blood cells. May affect one or all types.
– Leukemia
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Pathology • Anemias – a disorder characterized by lower
than normal levels of red blood cells in the blood– Aplastic – an absence of all formed blood elements– Hemolytic – red blood cells are destroyed faster
than the bone marrow can replace them– Iron deficient– Megaloblastic – large abnormal red blood cells
(megaloblasts) with a reduced capacity to carry oxygen are produced by the bone marrow
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Pathology • Anemias continued
– Sickle cell– Pernicious– Thalassemia – Cooley’s anemia, group of
genetic disorders characterized by short-lived red blood cells that lack the normal ability to produce hemoglobin
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Pathology • Hypertension (HTN)
– Essential – primary – idiopathic – consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown origin 90% of cases
– Secondary – caused by a different medical problem such as a kidney disorder or a tumor on the adrenal glands 10% of cases
– Malignant – characterized by the sudden onset of severely elevated blood pressure
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TREATMENTS
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Treatments • Antihypertensive medications
– ACE inhibitors– Beta-blockers– Calcium channel blockers– Diuretics
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Treatments • Additional medications
– Statins– Digoxin– Nitroglycerin– Anticoagulant – thrombolytic– Antiarrhythmic-controls irregularities of
the heartbeat– Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)-used
to dissolve clots
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Treatments • Coronary artery bypass graft – CABG –
bypass surgery• Heart
– Defibrillation – Cardioversion– Pacemaker – CPR
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Treatments • Clearing blocked arteries
– Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty – PTCA – balloon angioplasty, opens the blocked artery but doesn’t actually remove the plaque
– http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000096.htm
– Atherectomy – surgical removal of plaque from the interior lining of an artery
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Treatments– Endarterectomy – surgical removal of the
lining of an artery that is clogged with plaque
– Carotid endarterectomy – same as above for a carotid artery