Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan...Microsoft Word - Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan.docx Author...

9
BME Lesson Title Cardiovascular Stents Grade Level 68 Time for Activity The activity can take 3 – 5 days depending on the options that are selected, as well as the amount of information on the heart and heart attacks that is discussed. An estimate of the time required for each section is as follows: Engagement: Approximately one 45 minute class period Exploration: 1520 minutes, if stent partially completed in advance 3035 minutes, if full construction done by students Explanation: 4590 minutes depending on the length of the discussion Elaboration: Option 1: 3045 minutes Option 2: The time required depends on the amount of time the students are given during the class period to do their research. Authors Dr. Brian Davis, Tracy Davis, Dr. Carin Helfer, Melissa Boswell, Visar Berki Purpose This activity aims at using everyday materials to design and develop devices and approaches to reopen clogged arteries. Objectives Students will learn about the heart, coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and treatments for coronary artery disease. Students will learn about the circulatory system and biomedical engineering. Students will understand the use of cardiovascular stents to open arteries. Students will be able to define the criteria and constraints for designing a cardiovascular stent. Optional: Students will learn about fluid flow rate, resistance to flow, viscosity, and Poiseuille’s Law. Materials For each stent: o One piece of cut hose approximately 1 in. diameter by 3.5 in. length o 32 push pins; If allowing students to create a second stent during the elaboration section, additional push pins will be necessary for designs that use more pins o 6 ft. thin wire (easily bent, but stiff enough to hold form); If allowing students to create a second stent, twice as

Transcript of Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan...Microsoft Word - Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan.docx Author...

Page 1: Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan...Microsoft Word - Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan.docx Author Helfer,Carin A Created Date 11/7/2013 1:02:30 AM ...

BME    Lesson  Title    Cardiovascular  Stents    

Grade  Level    6-­‐8  

Time  for  Activity  The  activity  can  take  3  –  5  days  depending  on  the  options  that  are  selected,  as  well  as  the  amount  of  information  on  the  heart  and  heart  attacks  that  is  discussed.    An  estimate  of  the  time  required  for  each  section  is  as  follows:  Engagement:    Approximately  one  45  minute  class  period  Exploration:      15-­‐20  minutes,  if  stent  partially  completed  in  advance                                30-­‐35  minutes,  if  full  construction  done  by  students  Explanation:      45-­‐90  minutes  depending  on  the  length  of  the  discussion  Elaboration:          Option  1:  30-­‐45  minutes  Option  2:  The  time  required  depends  on  the  amount  of  time  the  students  are  given  during  the  class  period  to  do  their  research.  

Authors  Dr.  Brian  Davis,  Tracy  Davis,  Dr.  Carin  Helfer,  Melissa  Boswell,  Visar  Berki  

Purpose  This  activity  aims  at  using  everyday  materials  to  design  and  develop  devices  and  approaches  to  reopen  clogged  arteries.  

Objectives  Students  will  learn  about  the  heart,  coronary  artery  disease,  heart  attacks,  and  treatments  for  coronary  artery  disease.  Students  will  learn  about  the  circulatory  system  and  biomedical  engineering.  Students  will  understand  the  use  of  cardiovascular  stents  to  open  arteries.  Students  will  be  able  to  define  the  criteria  and  constraints  for  designing  a  cardiovascular  stent.  Optional:    Students  will  learn  about  fluid  flow  rate,  resistance  to  flow,  viscosity,  and  Poiseuille’s  Law.  

Materials  • For  each  stent:  

o One  piece  of  cut  hose  approximately  1  in.  diameter  by  3.5  in.  length  o 32  push  pins;  If  allowing  students  to  create  a  second  stent  during  the  elaboration  section,  additional  push  pins  

will  be  necessary  for  designs  that  use  more  pins  o 6  ft.  thin  wire  (easily  bent,  but  stiff  enough  to  hold  form);  If  allowing  students  to  create  a  second  stent,  twice  as  

Page 2: Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan...Microsoft Word - Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan.docx Author Helfer,Carin A Created Date 11/7/2013 1:02:30 AM ...

much  wire  will  be  necessary  • Several  260Q  balloons  (thin,  long  balloons  for  balloon  animals)  • Balloon  hand  pump  • Wire  cutters  • Optional  if  doing  calculation  of  wire  length  

o Ruler  o Paper  and  pencil  o Calculator  

Procedure    Preparation  Based  on  the  time  available  for  the  activity,  the  students  can  create  the  entire  stent  during  the  lesson  or  a  portion  of  the  stent  can  be  constructed  in  advance.    The  following  steps  will  be  completed  and  the  approximate  times  for  completion  are  as  follows:  

Steps  1  and  2:   5  minutes  Steps  3  and  4:   8  minutes    Steps  5  and  6:   15  minutes  

These  times  are  only  estimates;  some  students  will  complete  quickly  and  others  may  need  additional  time.                                      

Step   1.     Insert   8   pushpins  evenly   spaced   around   one   end  of  the  tube.  

Step  2.    Insert  3  more  rows  of  8  pushpins   evenly   spaced   down  the   tube.   Pins   should   not   be  flush  against   tube;  wire  will  be  wrapped  around  pushpins.  

Step   3.     Find   the   center  of   the  wire,   fold   in   half,   and   loop  around  a  pushpin  in  one  of   the  middle  rows.  

Page 3: Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan...Microsoft Word - Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan.docx Author Helfer,Carin A Created Date 11/7/2013 1:02:30 AM ...

Step  6.    Repeat  this  procedure  on  the  other  end   of   tube   and   remove   remaining   pins.    The   wires   should   end   by   going   under   the  first   loop  a   second   time  with  another  wrap  around  the  loop  before  the  extra  wire  is  cut  off.  

                                                                       

Extra  wrap  around  the  first  and  last  loop  

2.  Under  and  through  loop  to  the  left  

Step  5.  After  the  wires  are  twisted,  choose  one  end  of  wire   and   loop   it   under   and   through   the   loop   to   its  LEFT.     Continue   an   over   the   pin-­‐under   and   through  the  loop  pattern  to  the  RIGHT  until  the  wire  is  back  to  the  first  loop.  

3.  Over  pin  to  right  

Step   4.  Begin  wrapping   around   the   center  pins   in  an  over-­‐under  pattern.   Use  one  end  of   the  wire   to  wrap  half  of   the  pins  (4  pins  on  top,  4  pins  from  a  center  row)  and  the  other  end  of  the  wire  to  wrap  the   other   half   in   the   opposite   direction,   until   the  wire   ends   meet.   Once   the   wires   meet,   twist  together   one   time   and   pull   to   opposite   sides.     For  next   steps,   leave   center   row   pins   in   place   and  remove  as  necessary  to  loop  wire.**  

1.  Wires  twisted  

4.  Under  and  through  loop  to  the  right  

Page 4: Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan...Microsoft Word - Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan.docx Author Helfer,Carin A Created Date 11/7/2013 1:02:30 AM ...

Step  7.    Remove  the  stent   from  the  tube.     Insert  a  balloon  inside  of  the  stent  and  inflate.    Then  deflate  the  balloon  and  observe  how  the  stent  maintains  its  form.  

                                           **    If  creating  a  portion  of  the  stent  for  the  students  ahead  of  time,  this  is  a  good  stopping  point  and  it  should  look  like  this:    

       For  neater  storage  until  use,  wrap  the  extra  wire  around  the  tube,  at  both  ends,  as  shown.          

   

Page 5: Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan...Microsoft Word - Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan.docx Author Helfer,Carin A Created Date 11/7/2013 1:02:30 AM ...

Engagement  Have  a  discussion  about  heart  attacks.    Ask  the  students  what  they  know  about  this  medical  condition.    Review  the  basics  of  the  anatomy  of  the  heart  (see  Useful  Resources  section  for  websites  with  information  on  the  heart  and  heart  attacks).    Students  can  be  given  the  Heart  worksheet  and  asked  to  fill  in  the  parts  of  the  heart  when  discussed  or  the  worksheet  can  be  used  as  an  assessment.    Review  the  PowerPoint  Presentation  Cardiovascular  Stents  by  Dr.  Davis.  When  at  the  “Create  a  Stent”  slide,  tell  students  that  they  will  create  a  stent  using  the  items  provided.    Exploration  Have  the  students  work  individually  or  in  pairs  to  create  a  stent.    Provide  the  students  with  the  Steps  for  Creating  Stent  sheet  and  have  them  read  through  all  of  the  steps  before  starting  to  construct.        (Optional)    Have  the  students  estimate  and  record  the  total  length  of  wire  needed,  given  the  geometry  of  the  pins  and  tube  used  to  make  the  stent.    Hint:    A  rough  estimate  is  the  length  of  the  tube  multiplied  by  8  and  then  multiplied  by  2.    Eight  is  the  number  of  pins  around  the  tube.    Have  the  students  record  the  starting  length  of  the  wire  and  after  the  stent  is  created,  the  length  of  the  wire  cut  off  that  is  not  used.    Have  them  subtract  the  leftover  wire  value  from  the  starting  length  to  find  the  actual  length  of  wire  that  was  used.    See  Wire  Length  Estimation  worksheet.    When  students  have  a  stent  created,  use  a  balloon  to  expand  the  stent  as  shown  in  the  steps  above.    Note:    Several  balloons  can  be  partially  inflated  and  tied.    When  needed,  insert  the  partially  inflated  balloon  into  the  stent  and  squeeze  part  of  the  balloon  so  that  the  balloon  section  inside  the  stent  will  expand.    This  process  will  eliminate  the  need  to  pump  up  a  balloon  for  each  student’s  stent,  which  is  time  consuming.    Explanation  Have  the  students  describe  their  experiences  of  making  their  stent.    If  the  optional  calculation  of  wire  length  needed  was  completed,  have  the  students  share  their  results.    If  the  estimate  and  usage  differed,  have  the  students  offer  suggestions  to  explain  these  differences.    As  a  class  discuss  the  following  questions:  

1) What  challenges  might  an  engineer  face  when  creating  a  similar  technology  for  real  arteries?    Discuss  the  criteria  and  constraints  for  this  engineering  problem.      Material  selection  is  critical.    The  material  must  be  strong  to  survive  being  inserted  into  the  artery  and  threaded  into  the  location  of  the  blockage.    However,  it  must  also  be  flexible  for  placement  at  the  blockage.  The  material  must  be  

Page 6: Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan...Microsoft Word - Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan.docx Author Helfer,Carin A Created Date 11/7/2013 1:02:30 AM ...

biocompatible  to  not  create  an  immune  response  or  cause  blood  to  clot.    The  stent  must  hold  its  shape  after  being  expanded  (both  design  and  material  selection  important).    The  device  must  be  small  enough  to  fit  into  the  artery.  Also,  the  material  cannot  corrode  over  time  while  it  is  in  place  in  the  artery.    Currently,  bioabsorbable  stents  are  being  developed  that  will  degrade  in  less  than  12  months.    Technical  challenges  require  the  materials  and  designs  to  balance  mechanical  properties,  degradation  time,  and  biocompatibility.  A  2013  journal  article  (Lanzer,  Strupp,  Schmidt,  Topoleski,  2013)  cites  that  over  200  different  stent  types  are  available.    The  choice  is  made  based  on  sizing,  pricing,  design,  material,  coating,  drug  loading,  and  mode  of  expansion.  

2) What  differences  might  there  be  between  this  setup  and  the  actual  artery  and  its  location?      The  stent  developed  in  class  is  much  larger  than  an  actual  stent.  The  wire  being  used  is  not  biocompatible.    The  method  of  testing  the  stent  in  class  does  not  replicate  the  actual  use  of  the  stent  as  the  stent  is  on  a  catheter  that  is  inserted  and  threaded  in  the  artery  to  the  site  of  blockage.  

3) What  happens  to  the  plaque  after  using  a  stent?  The  plaque  is  compressed  against  the  arterial  wall.  

4) What  would  happen  if  only  part  of  the  blocked  artery  is  cleared?  o How  might  a  partially  blocked  blood  vessel  affect  a  person's  body?  

Full  blood  flow  will  not  be  restored.    Also,  if  some  of  the  plaque  particles  break  free  and  flow  downstream,  they  can  cause  additional  blockage.  

5) What  additional  complications  could  occur  from  use  of  a  stent?  Complications  could  include  an  allergic  reaction  to  the  contrast  dye.  This  dye  allows  for  the  arteries  to  be  seen  on  the  X-­‐ray.    There  could  be  a  weakening  of  the  artery  wall  caused  by  the  procedure.    As  noted  above,  if  plaque  particles  break  free  and  flow  downstream,  additional  blockage  can  occur.    Bleeding  at  the  catheter  insertion  site  can  occur.  Approximately  1-­‐2%  of  patients  with  a  stent  develop  a  blood  clot  at  the  location  of  the  stent.      

 If  appropriate  for  the  students,  Poiseuille’s  Law  can  be  introduced.    Poiseuille’s  Law  describes  laminar  flow  of  a  Newtonian  Fluid  through  a  pipe.    ΔP  =  !!"#

!!!   (Equation  1)  

 where  ΔP  is  the  pressure  difference  across  the  pipe,  μ  is  the  viscosity  of  the  fluid,  L  is  the  length  of  the  pipe,  Q  is  the  volume  flow  rate,  π  is  a  mathematical  constant  equal  to  3.14159…,  and  r  is  the  radius  of  the  pipe.    Equation  1  can  be  written  as    ΔP  =  QR   (Equation  2)    where  R  is  defined  as  the  resistance  to  flow      

Page 7: Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan...Microsoft Word - Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan.docx Author Helfer,Carin A Created Date 11/7/2013 1:02:30 AM ...

R  =  !!"!!!     (Equation  3)  

 The  resistance  to  flow  is  inversely  proportional  to  the  fourth  power  of  the  radius,  which  means  for  a  small  decrease  in  radius,  a  much  larger  increase  in  the  resistance  to  flow  is  observed.    Therefore,  when  even  a  small  amount  of  plaque  is  in  an  artery,  the  resistance  to  flow  increases  substantially.    Rearranging  Equation  2      Q  =  ∆!

!   (Equation  4)  

 shows  that  an  increase  in  the  resistance  to  flow  decreases  the  volume  flow  rate  of  blood  in  the  artery.    Blood  is  actually  a  Non-­‐Newtonian  fluid,  but  Poiseuille’s  Law  still  can  be  used  to  provide  a  basic  understanding  of  blood  flow.    Additional  blood  flow  examples,  can  be  found  at:  http://hyperphysics.phy-­‐astr.gsu.edu/hbase/ppois2.html    Elaboration  Option  1:      Many  different  wire  patterns  can  be  attempted.    Individually  or  with  their  partners,  if  paired,  have  students  brainstorm  different  wire  patterns  for  the  stent.    After  the  students  determine  a  different  wire  pattern  to  try,  allow  them  to  create  and  expand  the  stents.    Option  2:  Have  the  students  research  the  prevention  or  other  medical  treatments  for  heart  disease  and  write  a  short  report  or  presentation  based  on  the  research.    Assessment  Informal  assessment  is  ongoing  during  the  lesson.    Be  sure  that  the  students  are  following  lab  safety  procedures.    If  the  students  estimate  the  amount  of  wire  needed  to  make  the  stent,  their  calculations  and  measurements  can  be  used  as  an  assessment.    Final  assessment  for  Elaboration,  Option  1:  Have  the  students  report  their  results  of  the  second  stent.    They  should  discuss  the  success  of  the  stent,  any  advantages  or  disadvantages,  and  further  modifications  that  would  improve  the  stent.    Final  assessment  for  Elaboration,  Option  2  is  the  written  report  or  presentation.    

Page 8: Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan...Microsoft Word - Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan.docx Author Helfer,Carin A Created Date 11/7/2013 1:02:30 AM ...

Useful  Resources      Heart:  http://www.texasheartinstitute.org/HIC/Anatomy/anatomy2.cfm;  Image  of  the  heart    http://www.webmd.com/heart/picture-­‐of-­‐the-­‐heart;  also  has  definitions  of  heart  conditions,  heart  tests,  and  heart  treatments  http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio202/cyberheart/hartint0.htm  Heart  attacks:  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/  (select  “Heart  Attack”  for  a  tutorial  with  animation  of  the  heart.  Specifically,  see  “Heart  Anatomy”)  

http://www.womentowomen.com/heartdiseaseandstroke/symptoms.aspx  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000195.htm  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-­‐attack/DS00094  Stents:  http://www.vascularweb.org/vascularhealth/pages/angioplasty-­‐and-­‐stenting.aspx  Angioplasty  and  Stent  Education  Guide:  http://www.bostonscientific.com/templatedata/imports/collateral/ePatientGuides/StentEducationGuide_90627944-­‐02B_01_us.pdf  

Lanzer  P,  Strupp  G,  Schmidt  W,  Timmie  Topoleski  LD.  2013.    The  need  for  stent-­‐lesion  matching  to  optimize  outcomes  of  intracoronary  stent  implantation.    J  Biomed  Mater  Res  Part  B  2013:  101B:  1560-­‐1570.  

Poiseuille’s  Law:  http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/jp/fluids/viscosity.pdf  http://hyperphysics.phy-­‐astr.gsu.edu/hbase/ppois2.html  http://hyperphysics.phy-­‐astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pturb.html  Newtonian  and  non-­‐Newtonian  Fluids:  http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/liquids/faq/non-­‐newtonian.shtml  http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Non-­‐Newtonian_fluid.html  Viscosity:  http://www.princeton.edu/~gasdyn/Research/T-­‐C_Research_Folder/Viscosity_def.html  http://www.spacegrant.hawaii.edu/class_acts/ViscosityTe.html  http://www.wisegeek.org/what-­‐is-­‐viscosity.htm    Prerequisites  The  ability  to  follow  written  directions  is  required.    If  wire  length  estimate  activity  is  completed,  basic  measurement  skills  with  a  ruler  are  necessary.        Safety  

Page 9: Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan...Microsoft Word - Cardiovascular Stents Lesson Plan.docx Author Helfer,Carin A Created Date 11/7/2013 1:02:30 AM ...

Be  sure  that  students  are  using  good  lab  safety  practices.  Tell  the  students  that  they  need  to  handle  push  pins  and  the  wire  carefully  to  avoid  injuries.    In  addition,  request  that  students  check  their  work  areas  for  push  pins  on  the  floor.  Materials  can  be  disposed  in  the  trash.    Alignment  with  Standards  Next  Generation  Science  Standards:    MS-­‐ETS1-­‐1:    Define  the  criteria  and  constraints  of  a  design  problem  with  sufficient  precision  to  ensure  a  successful  solution,  taking  into  account  relevant  scientific  principles  and  potential  impacts  on  people  and  the  natural  environment  that  may  limit  possible  solutions.  Common  Core  State  Standards:  CCSS.ELA-­‐Literacy.WHST.6-­‐8.2a  Introduce  a  topic  clearly,  previewing  what  is  to  follow;  organize  ideas,  concepts,  and  information  into  broader  categories  as  appropriate  to  achieving  purpose;  include  formatting  (e.g.,  headings),  graphics  (e.g.,  charts,  tables),  and  multimedia  when  useful  to  aiding  comprehension.  CCSS.ELA-­‐Literacy.WHST.6-­‐8.2d  Use  precise  language  and  domain-­‐specific  vocabulary  to  inform  about  or  explain  the  topic.  CCSS.ELA-­‐Literacy.WHST.6-­‐8.6  Use  technology,  including  the  Internet,  to  produce  and  publish  writing  and  present  the  relationships  between  information  and  ideas  clearly  and  efficiently.  CCSS.ELA-­‐Literacy.RST.6-­‐8.3  Follow  precisely  a  multistep  procedure  when  carrying  out  experiments,  taking  measurements,  or  performing  technical  tasks.  CCSS.ELA-­‐Literacy.RST.6-­‐8.4  Determine  the  meaning  of  symbols,  key  terms,  and  other  domain-­‐specific  words  and  phrases  as  they  are  used  in  a  specific  scientific  or  technical  context  relevant  to  grades  6–8  texts  and  topics.  CCSS.ELA-­‐Literacy.WHST.6-­‐8.8  Gather  relevant  information  from  multiple  print  and  digital  sources,  using  search  terms  effectively;  assess  the  credibility  and  accuracy  of  each  source;  and  quote  or  paraphrase  the  data  and  conclusions  of  others  while  avoiding  plagiarism  and  following  a  standard  format  for  citation.    Worksheets    Heart  Worksheet  for  Students  Heart  Worksheet  for  Teachers  Steps  for  Creating  Stent  Wire  Length  Estimation  Worksheet