Cardiopulmonary Physiology - University Of...
Transcript of Cardiopulmonary Physiology - University Of...
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Cardiopulmonary Physiology• Discussion of the project for the Physiology section!• The cardiovascular system!• Gravitational effects!• Acceleration effects!• G-induced loss of consciousness!• The pulmonary system!• Oxygen transport!• Effects of altitude
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© 2013 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Space Physiology Assignment• This unit covers five topics!
– Cardiopulmonary system!– Musculoskeletal system!– Neurovestibular system!– Decompression!– Radiation effects!
• Find papers relevant to human space flight in two of these areas!
• Post the papers and a one-page synopsis of each to the Canvas site for this course!
• No duplications! (It’s good to do this early.)!• Due Feb. 16
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
The Human Circulatory System
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Blood Pressure in Circulatory System
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Gas Exchange in the Lungs
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Gas Exchange in the Tissues
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Gravity Effects on Arterial Pressure
120/80 mmHg
95/55 mmHg
210/170 mmHg
320 mm
1200 mm
1000 mmH2O = 74.1 mmHg
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
The Human Circulatory System, Revisited
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Cardiovascular Regulatory System
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Flight Change in Leg Volume
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
In-Flight Change in Body Mass
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Change in Leg Volume (Skylab)
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP)
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Cardiovascular Effects of Microgravity• Cardiovascular deconditioning!• Upper body blood pooling!• Changes in blood volume!• Increased calcium content
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Acceleration Effects on Arterial Pressure
120/80 mmHg
25/–– mmHg
475/435 mmHg
320 mm
1200 mm
At 4 g’s longitudinal:1000 mmH2O = 296 mmHg
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Inertial Acceleration Nomenclature+gx (forward) “transverse anterior-posterior G”, “supine G”, “eyeballs in”!-gx (rearward) “transverse P-A G”, “prone G”, “eyeballs out”!+gz (headward) “positive G”, “eyeballs down”!-gz (footward) “negative G”, “eyeballs up”!+gy (to left) “right lateral G”, “eyeballs right”:!-gy (to right) “left lateral G”, “eyeballs left”
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Tolerance to Sustained Acceleration
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Variation in G Tolerance
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F-16 seat orientation, gradual onset, no G-suit
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
G Tolerance to ACM (PLL Criteria)
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sustained Linear G Limits (+Gx)
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sustained Linear G Limits (-Gx)
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sustained Linear G Limits (+Gz)
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Sustained Linear G Limits (-Gz)
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND 24
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Symptomatology of GLOC
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A. G/sec rate of onset!B. Asymptomatic
(eye/brain tissue reserves) !
C. GLOC!D. Blackout!E. Light loss!F. Asymptomatic
(vasoconstriction)
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
The Human Respiratory System
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Lung Measurements
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Respiratory Volume vs. Exertion
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
VO2 Metabolic Workload Measurement
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
VO2 Measurement in (Simulated) Suit
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Metabolic Processes• Respiratory Quotient (“RQ”)!""
• Function of activity and dietary balance!– Sugar:!– Protein:!– Fat:!
• For well-balanced diet, RQ~0.85
€
RQ =Exhaled volume of CO2Inhaled volume of O2
€
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H 2O RQ =1.0( )
€
2C3H 7O2N + 6O2 → 5CO2 + 5H2O RQ = 0.83( )
€
C57H104O6 + 80O2 → 57CO2 + 52H2O RQ = 0.71( )
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Gas Exchange in the Lungs
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Gas Exchange in the Tissues
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Partial Pressures of Gases in Respiration
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Respiratory Gas ppO2 ppCO2 ppN2 ppH2O Total
Inspired Air 159 0.3 595 5.7 760
Tracheal Air 149 0.3 563.7 47 760
Expired Air 116 32 565 47 760
Alvolar Air 100 40 573 47 760Arterial Blood 95 40 573 47 755
Venous Blood 40 46 573 47 706
Tissues ≤40 ≥46 573 47 ≤706
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Respiratory Problems• Hypoxia!
– Hypoxic!– Hypemic!– Stagnant!– Histotoxic!
• Hyperoxia!• Hypocapnia!• Hypercapnia
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Types of Hypoxia• Hypoxic (insufficient O2 present)!
– Decompression!– Pneumonia!
• Hypemic (insufficient blood capacity)!– Hemorrhage!– Anemia!
• Stagnant (insufficient blood transport)!– Excessive acceleration!– Heart failure!
• Histotoxic (insufficient tissue absorption)!– Poisoning
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Effects of Altitude on Respiration
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Altitude (m) SL 3700 5500 6700 7600
Altitude (ft) SL 12,000 18,000 22,000 25,000
Volumetric Rate (L/min) 8.5 9.7 11.1 15.3 –
Respiratory Rate (per minute) 12 14 12 15 –
Tidal Volume (L) 0.71 0.69 0.92 1.02 –
Alveolar ppO2 103 54.3 37.8 32.8 30.4
Alveolar ppCO2 40 33.8 30.4 28.4 27
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Pressure Effects on Blood Oxygenation
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From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1996
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Pressure Effects on Blood Oxygenation
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From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1996
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Blood Oxygen Saturation with Altitude
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Hypoxia Effective Performance Time
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Effects of Supplemental Oxygen
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Effective Performance Time at Altitude
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Altitude, m Altitude, ft Effective Performance Time5500 18,000 20-30 minutes6700 22,000 10 minutes7600 25,000 3-5 minutes8500 28,000 2.5-3 minutes9100 30,000 1-2 minutes
10,700 35,000 0.5-1 minute12,200 40,000 15-20 seconds13,100 43,000 9-12 seconds15,200 50,000 9-12 seconds
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Oxygen Toxicity
From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Effects of ppCO2
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From James T. Joiner, NOAA Diving Manual, Fourth Edition, 2001
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Cardiopulmonary Physiology ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Acute Effects of Hyperventilation
46
From James T. Joiner, NOAA Diving Manual, Fourth Edition, 2001