Cardiomyopathy Prepared By Dr. Hanan Said Ali. Objectives Define cardiomyopathy. Classify of...
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Transcript of Cardiomyopathy Prepared By Dr. Hanan Said Ali. Objectives Define cardiomyopathy. Classify of...
Objectives
Define cardiomyopathy. Classify of cardiomyopathy.Enumerate etiology of cardiomyopathy.Enumerate clinical manifestation.Identify diagnostic studies of the disease.State the complications.Describe how to manage cardiomyopathy.
Cardiomyopathy
Definition
is a heart muscle disease associated with cardiac dysfunction.
Cardiomyopathy may lead to severe heart failure, dysrhythmias.
CardiomyopathyClassification of cardiomyopathy
PrimaryThere is primary structural and functional disability of the myocardium
The heart muscle is the only structure affected and other cardiac structure are not affected.
SecondaryIs usually precipitated by a cause, such as ischemia, viral infection, alcohol intake, drug abuse or pregnancy
Cardiomyopathy
Classification according to anatomic and Pathophysiologic process
1. Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyIt is recognized by inappropriate left ventricular hypertrophy, decreased cardiac output and outflow obstruction.
2. Restrictive CardiomyopathyIt is characterized by myocardial muscle mass. There is impairment of diastolic filling of the heart. It due to ventricular thrombosis
Cardiomyopathy
Classification according to anatomic and Pathophysiologic process Cont.
3. Dilated cardiomyopathy
It is characterized by dilatation of the ventricles with subsequent impairment of systolic function.
Cardiomyopathy
Etiology
Ineffective calcium binding by the myocardium results in decreased left ventricular contractility caused by:-
An autoimmune process related to a viral disease .
A focal transient spasm of small blood vessels.
Cardiomyopathy
Clinical Manifestation
Flu like symptoms:-Fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, mylagia.
Gastrointestinal symptoms:-Hepatitis.
Others
orchitis ( inflammation of tests).
encephalitis.
Cardiomyopathy
Clinical Manifestation Cont.
Cardiac & Respiratory symptoms:-
Change in exercise tolerance, fatigue, dry cough, dyspnea, orthopnea, palpitation, and anorexia.
Signs
Tachycardia, oedema, weak peripheral pulses, pallor, hepatomegaly, jugular venous distention, dysrhythmias.
Cardiomyopathy
Diagnostic StudiesPatients history.
Chest x- ray show cardiomegaly.
ECG reveals tachycardia, and ST segment elevation, T Wave flattening or inversion. Ventricular arrhythmia’s
Echocardiography.
Thickness of the heart muscle can be measured.
Cardiac catheterisation and coronary angiography.
CardiomyopathyComplicationsEmbolus formation
Decrease ejection fraction allow stasis of blood to occur in Lt ventricle.
Thrombus may lodged in spleen kidney, extremities, cerebral or coronary circulation.
Dysarrhythmias
Sudden cardiac death.
Causes
Ischemic heart disease, electrolyte imbalance
( hypokalemia, Hyponatremia)
Cardiomyopathy
Management
1. Hemodynamic Management
Diuretic therapy to reduce intravascular
volume.
Potassium supplements or potassium
sparing diuretics.
Nitrates which reduce venous return to the heart.
Cardiomyopathy
Management
Hemodynamic Management Cont.
Sodium nitroprusside ( Nipride)
To treat the lowering in cardiac output.
It is given in the dosage of 100 mg in 250 ml
of 5% dextrose and started at 20
mcg/kg/minute.
Cardiomyopathy
Management Cont.
2. Enhancing Contractility
E.g. Dopamine
It improves the contractility by intracellular release and utilization of calcium.
3. Cardiac Transplantation
CardiomyopathyNursing Management
Alteration in cardiac output related to decreased ventricular function.
Outcome criteria Nursing Intervention
Patient will have adequate cardiac output
Assess mental status every hour
Measure and record U/every hour
Maintain intake and output
Weigh and record the weight daily
Administer O2 & medication
Limit the activity of the patient.
CardiomyopathyNursing Management
Alteration in Cardiac output related to Dysarrhythmias.
Outcome criteria Nursing Intervention
Preventive treatment of dysrhythmias for high risk pt.
Assess and record ECG
Assess serum potassium levels
Assess pt. Mental status & VS
Support O2 and circulation
Evaluate pt. Response to therapy
Administer antiarrhythmic drugs.Provide a quit environment in an effort .
Cardiomyopathy
Nursing Management
Potential or actual ineffective coping related to life threatening illness.
Outcome criteria Nursing Intervention
Patient will participate in his own care
Assess the pt ability to cope e illness
Listen to the pt. & answer question
Explain about disease & outcome
Provide flexible visiting hours
Provide diversion activities.
Provide adequate rest & sleep
CardiomyopathyNursing Management
Activity intolerance related to low cardiac output.
Outcome criteria Nursing Intervention
Patient will have little or no discomfortPatient will not develop skin break down
Assess patients level of comfort and report s&s of discomfort
Monitor signs of skin break down.
Turn and change position every 2 hours
Limit the activity.
Plan and provide adequate rest.
CardiomyopathyNursing Management
Alteration in fluid volume: Excess related to ventricular dysfunction
Outcome criteria Nursing Intervention
Oedema is reduced Maintain normal body weight.Maintain balance between intake and out put
Assess CVP.
Check weight.
Maintain intake and output change
Administer diuretics as ordered.