Cardio System Review 112809 18633 Print4
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Transcript of Cardio System Review 112809 18633 Print4
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Elongated
cellssimple
EndothelialcellsstorefactorVIIIinWeibelPaladebodies
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Heart:
EndotheliumsubendothelialCT(thinelasticand
collaenfiberswithSMCconnectstomocardium(Purkinjefibers);valvesofheart
Myocardium(tunicamedia):
cardiacmyocytesw/branching,intercalateddisks,striations,centralnuclei
Epicardium(tunicaadventitia):
thinlayerofCT(viscerallayerofserous
percarum,rouspercarum,nerves,anbloodvessels
Nointercalateddisc
BetweenEndocardiumandmyocardiumLieinsubendocardiumSpecializedcardiacmusclewithincrease
glycogenandmitochondriaanddecrease
Purkinjefibersspecializedcardiacmuscleswith increasedlcoenandmitochondriaand
decreasedmyofibrilsLargercellsandpalestaining
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CardiacMuscle
ElasticArteryCloseupontheTunicaIntimaandMedia
ELASTIC(Conducting)e.g..Aorta&itsmajorbranches,pulmonarytrunk
TunicaIntima
Endotheliumnonthrombogenic
SubendothelialCTSMC,collagenI&II,elastic,GroundSubstance+macrophages
IELpresentbutnotdistinct,mergeswithelasticfibersofT.media
Tunicamedia(mostdevelopedlayer)
40-70layersofimbricatedelasticfibers,aidindistensionandrecoil
InterspersedamongelasticfibersarecircularlyarrangedSMC,collagenfibersandGroundSubstance
Largeamountofelasticfibersinthetunicamedia
SMCsynthesizesextracellularfibersandgroundsubstance.
TunicaAdventitia
DenseIrregularCT,
wrnnrrrhvvrnnrvvrhv ,,,.
Guardsagainstoverexpansionofthevesselsbeyondphysiologiclimits.
Vesselsmaintainuniformandcontinuousmovementofbloodalongthevasculature.Insystole,elasticarteriesexpand,while
indiastolethevesselsrecoil.
Laminaeofelasticsheetshavefenestratedcapillariestosupplysmoothmusclethatrunbetweentosupplybloodvesselsand
nutrients
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ElasticArteryElasticStain,allthreetalers
ELASTIC(Conducting)i.eAorta&itsmajorbranches,pulmonarytrunk
TunicaIntima
Endotheliumnonthrombogenic
SubendothelialCTSMC,collagenI&II,elastic,GroundSubstance+macrophages
IELpresentbutnotdistinct,mergeswithelasticfibersofT.media
Tunicamedia(mostdevelopedlayer)
40-70layersofimbricatedelasticfibers,aidindistensionandrecoil
InterspersedamongelasticfibersarecircularlyarrangedSMC,collagenfibersandGroundSubstance
Largeamountofelasticfibersinthetunicamedia
SMCsynthesizesextracellularfibersandgroundsubstance.
TunicaAdventitia
DenseIrregularCT,
wrnnrrrhvvrnnrvvrhv ,,,.
Guardsagainstoverexpansionofthevesselsbeyondphysiologiclimits.
Vesselsmaintainuniformandcontinuousmovementofbloodalongthevasculature.Insystole,elasticarteriesexpand,while
indiastolethevesselsrecoil.
Laminaeofelasticsheetshavefenestratedcapillariestosupplysmoothmusclethatrunbetweentosupplybloodvesselsand
nutrients
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.
OnceyouseevasovasoruminTA(circled
nue
NV=nervivascularissympathetics
Tunica
Intima
Tunica
Media
unca
Adventitia
Characteristics:
AutosomaldominantCTdisorderwithCVDandocular
manifestations(lensmoveslessb/cfibersnotbeingheldin)
Fibrillinene1defectfibrillinlcoroteinthatmakesascaffoldonwhichelastinisdepositedelastic
fibers)
fibersoft.mediaweakenedwallaorticaneurysmanddissectiondeath.
AorticDissection:Hematomatearintunicaintimabloodleaksintotunicamediacausesdeath
properlyformedbulgeout
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MUSCULARARTERY(Distributing)eg.Femoral,Coronaryulnar,radial,brachialetcecreaseeasticmateriaanincreaseMin.meia.
TIntimaendotheliumSubendothelialCT(maybescanty)DistinctIELadistinctcharacteristicfeature.Undulating(lollipop)appearance,scallopedappearance
T.Media
640layersofSMCrespondtoneuralstimulationandcontrolBPFewelasticfibers&collagen
T.AdventitiaDistinctEEL .Vasovasorumbloodvesselsofbloodvessels
MUSCULARARTERY
MUSCULARARTERY
MUSCULARARTERY
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MUSCULARARTERYEM
Endothelialcell
closetotheIELcharacteristic
appearanceofarteries
SMALLARTERY
NicescallopedappearanceknowitisarteriesdifferentiatefromvenuleorductuleTunicaadventitiagetslessinsmallermusculararteriesTunicaMedia38layersofsmoothmuscles
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Smallestarteries
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Thinnerwalls
SparsesubendothelialCT
T.adventitiaismoredevelopedthantheT.media
Illdefinedtunicswiderlumenmore
collapsiblecomparedtocorresponding
arteries.
Tunicaintimalfoldsconnectedby
suepeumsysem
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T.Intima
EndotheliumsubendothelialCT.
(unidirectionalflow)
T.Media
rcuaryarrange+coagen+eastcers
T.Adventitia
MostdevelopedlayerCollagenI+elasticfibersLongitudinallyarrangedSMCcontracttopushbloodback
.
VenaCava
enaava
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CAPILLARIES eareroeseenocaparessconnuous layerofsmoothmuscleintunicmediaprecapillary
sphincter
,.toformaprecapillarysphincter.
Regulatesbloodflowtoareasofneedexample-duringexercise.
constrictionregulatesflowtoparticularorgan)Luminaldiameter79microns(ofRBC)
Differentlevelsofmetabolicexchange
Singlelayerofendothelialcells+basallamina
injurytoformbloodvessels&CT.Leucocytessqueezethroughtheintercellularjunctioninto
.
Remark:notetherestrictedpermeabilitiesintheorgansbarriers...Blood-brain,retina,thymic,testis,etcbarriers
Pin
Endothelialcells
Continuous/somatic-Capillary(TypeI)Completecontroloverdiffusionandtranscytoticprocessespinocytoticand
exocytoticvesicles,includingreceptormediated-endocytosisContinuousbasallamina
NofenestrationincytoplasmicmembraneEndothelialcellsarejoinedbytightjunctions.
Tightjunctioncontinuousringwhateverpassthroughlumen
gyterecarryromnseFlattenedsquamoustypecells
Pinocyticvesicles(caveolae)fortransportacrossthewall+-Sites:
MuscleTissue
Nervoustissue(CNS)LungsExocrineglandsTendonetc
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Endothelialcellsfarfromeachother
Rmicrovilliofhepatocytes
Discontinuous/sinusoidal-Capillary(TypeIII)eroratonsargeanvaraetatcanreacoseveramcra.DiscontinuousbasallaminasurroundedbyreticularfibresDiscontinuousendothelialcells
notightjunctionbasallaminalessornotpresentFenestrationspresentForevengreaterexchangeSites:liver,spleen,Bonemarrow
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Large
fenestration
Atherosclerosis:causedbyatheroma(fattyplaques)intunica
intima;decreasesbloodflowandweakenstheunderlyingtunicamediapronetoclotformation(thrombus)whichcantravelasanemboli;
obstruconischemiaofmocardiu m
Hypertension:causesdamagetosmallerbloodvesselsbyscarring,hardeningandnarrowingthem;makesthemlesselastic
Arterioles:radiusisequaltothethicknessofthewall;resistanceisinverselyproportionaltodiameter
PeripheralArteryDisease:causedbyatherosclerosis;pronetoheartdisease/stroke;painandnumbness,gangrene,buildupinareres
VaricoseVeins:resultfromweaknessintunicamediaThrombus:clottedmassofblood;embolus:transportedmassof