Cardiac Cycle

Lesson 3.1

Developed by Geran Call as partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B

NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

Heart Anatomy: Four

Chambers

• Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

• Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs to receive oxygen

• Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

• Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to the body

Right Atrium

Left Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left VentricleDeveloped by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

Heart Anatomy: Valves

• Atrioventricular Valves: Allows blood to pass from atria to ventricles and closes to prevent back flow when the ventricle contracts (Right and Left)

• Semilunar Valves: pump blood between ventricles and associated arteries (right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary artery, left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta.)

Pulmonary artery

Left semilunar valvesRight semilunar valves

Left atrioventricular

valves

Right atrioventricular

valves

Aorta

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

Heart Anatomy: Vessels

• Pulmonary artery: carries blood to the lungs.

• Pulmonary veins: carries blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart.

• Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood to the body.

Pulmonary artery

Aorta

Pulmonary veins

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

Heart Anatomy: Electrical

Nodes• Sinoatrial Node (SA

node): known as the “pacemaker of the heart,” sets the heart’s beating rhythm.

• Atrioventricular Node (AV node): passes the signal from the SA node to the ventricles, causing a delay in the cardiac cycle.

SA Node

AV Node

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

Heart Anatomy: Electrical

Nodes• Punkinje Fibers: is

muscle fiber that creates a network and carries electrical signals throughout the heart

Punkinje Fibers

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

How the heart pumps blood

The circulation of the blood is an endless cycle. For our purpose,

let’s begin the cycle at the right

atrium and left atrium. The blue is deoxygenated blood in the right

atrium. The red is oxygenated blood in the left atrium. With the

Atrioventricular Valves open blood drains into the ventricles.

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

How the heart pumps blood

When the muscles contract around the atria the deoxygenated blood

moves through the atrioventricular

valves into the ventricles making sure they are full.

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

How the heart pumps blood

Once the muscles around the ventricles contract, the

deoxygenated and oxygenated

blood leaves the ventricles through the semilunar valve.

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

How the heart pumps blood

The deoxygenated blood (blue) leaves through the pulmonary

arteries traveling to the capillaries

contained in the lungs where the blood is oxygenated. Once

oxygenated the blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary

veins.

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

How the heart pumps blood

The oxygenated blood (red) is pushed out the semilunar valve

into the aorta. The aorta transports

the oxygenated blood to capillaries of the abdominal organs, hind

limbs, head, and forelimbs. After the blood is deoxygenated, it

returns to the heart.

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

Electrical Activity

• What drives the cardiac cycle is the sinoatrial

node (SA node). The

SA node is also known as the pacemaker,

which sets the beat of the heart. The SA node

is located in the right atrium and triggers an

electrical impulse.

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

Electrical Activity

• The SA Node

impulse causes the

atria to contract,

emptying their blood

into the ventricles

through the now

open atrioventricular

valves.

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

Electrical Activity

• The atrioventricular valves are closed as the

impulse reaches the

atrioventricular node (AV node). This node

acts as a relay station for the electrical

impulse sent from the SA node, causing a

delay of the impulse

reaching the ventricles.

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

Electrical Activity

• When the pulse is

released from the

AV node, it travels

down the walls of

the ventricles on

conductive

pathways known as

Purkinje fibers.

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

Electrical Activity

• As the pulse travels

down the walls it is

causing the

ventricles to contract

from the bottom up,

squeezing the blood

through the

semilunar valves.

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

Electrical Activity

• Once pulse has

ended, the heart

relaxes and the

chambers of the

heart passively fill

with blood to await

another impulse

from the SA node.

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1

The End

Developed by Geran Call in partial fulfillment for Master’s plan B NI Automation & Control lesson 3.1