ASSIGNMENT

COMPUTER EVERYWHERE

CT063-3.5-2-CARC

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

NAME: Akshay Nutish Ramrekha (TP028956)

LECTURER NAME: Ahmad Mohammed

HAND OUT DATE: 20 OCTOBER 2014

HAND IN DATE: 19 DECEMBER 2014

INTAKE CODE: UC3F1410 TE

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Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... 3

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4

Designing the organization and hardware to meet goals and functional requirements ................... 6

Trends in Technology ............................................................................................................................. 7

Semiconductor DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) ................................................................ 7

Semiconductor Flash (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) .............................. 8

Classes of Computers ................................................................................................................................ 9

1.0 Microcomputer .................................................................................................................................. 9

2.0 Minicomputer .................................................................................................................................... 9

3.0 Mainframes ........................................................................................................................................ 9

4.0 Servers .............................................................................................................................................. 10

5.0 Supercomputer ................................................................................................................................ 10

Section 1.0 .............................................................................................................................................. 19

Sophisticated Engine Controls ............................................................................................................. 20

AIR BAGS ............................................................................................................................................. 21

Anti-Locking braking system (ABS) ................................................................................................... 21

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 24

References .............................................................................................................................................. 25

TABLE OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1: List of daily computers ................................................................................................................. 12

Figure 1: Analogy of building Architect ................................................................................................... 4

Figure 2: Analogy of a computer Architecture ........................................................................................ 5

Figure 3: DRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 8

Figure 5: Fridge........................................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 6: ECU ............................................................................................................................................. 20

Figure 7: Air bag ......................................................................................................................................... 21

Figure 8: ABS ............................................................................................................................................. 22

Figure 9: Intelligent Cruise Control ............................................................................................................ 23

Figure 10: Cruise control system ................................................................................................................ 24

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Abstract

This assignment will focus on the different types of computer found in the daily life of a person

and they will be classified as either being general purpose or special purpose. Furthermore the

some embedded systems in the Modern Car was compared to the general purpose computer.

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Introduction

Since the first general-purpose electronic computer was created roughly 65 years ago, Computer

Technology has made an incredible progress in this very little amount of time. Nowadays, a person

with less than 2000rm will be able to purchase with more main memory and raw performance

together with more disk storage than a computer which was bought in 1985 for approximately $ 1

million. This exponential improvement has come from both advances in the technology which is

used to build computers and also from the innovations in computer design.

What it Computer Architecture?

Computer Architecture is mainly defined as the science and the art of selecting and interconnecting

hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.

An analogy to architecture of building, the role of a building architect is to;

Figure 1: Analogy of building Architect

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Whereas on the other hand, the role of a computer architect is to;

Figure 2: Analogy of a computer Architecture

Computer Architecture is difference from normal architecture by four factors namely;

1. Age of discipline

- 60 years contrary to five thousand years

2. Rate of Change

- All three factors (technology, applications, goals) are changing quickly

3. Automated mass production

- Design advances magnified over millions of chips

4. Boot-strapping effect

- Better computers help design next generation

Furthermore, the task of a computer designer/ architect is a very complex one because the latter

will have to determine what the attributes are important for a new computer, then designing the

computer to maximize performance and also energy efficiency while staying as low cost as

possible and staying within power and availability of constraints.

This task has many factors/ aspects including the instruction set design, the functional

organization, logic design, and finally implementation. Concerning the implementation phase, this

may cover integrated circuit design, packaging, power and also cooling. Therefore, optimization

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of the design requires a great deal of knowledge and familiarity with a wide range of technologies

ranging from compilers and operating systems to logic design and packaging.

A little while ago, the term of computer architecture was often associated to only instruction set

design and then other aspects of computer design were referred to as implementation which in a

way meant that implementation is rather uninteresting or less challenging.

But nowadays, this concept is viewed as incorrect on so many level. The computer architectures

or designers job is so much more than just instruction set design and the technical issues in the

other aspects of some projects are more likely challenging when compared to the ones in

instruction design.

The definition of Instruction Set Design in computer architecture is related to programming which

includes things like native data types, instructions, and registers, addressing modes, memory

architecture, interrupt, exception handling and also external I/O. Furthermore, Instruction Set

Design deals with a specification of the set of opcodes (machine language), and the native

commands which is implemented by a particular processor.

Designing the organization and hardware to meet goals and functional requirements

To be able to implement a computer, there are two components which need full attention and focus.

They are namely, organization and hardware. Here, the term Organization means the high-level

aspects of a computers design. What is meant by that is the aspects of memory system, memory

interconnect and also the most important, the design of the internal processor or CPU (Central

Processing Unit this is where arithmetic, logic, branching, and data transfer are implemented).

Also, the term Organization is often replaced by the term Microarchitecture.

For example, two processors with the same instruction set architectures but different organizations

are the AMD Opteron and the Intel i7. Both processors implement the x86 instruction set, but they

have different pipeline and cash organizations.

The second component of implementation is Hardware which is defined as the specifics of the

computer. These includes the detailed logic design and the packaging technology of the computer.

As it is very common these days, a line of computers which contains the same instruction set

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architecture with nearly exact organization but they will be differentiated in the level of detailed

hardware implemented.

For example, the Intel i7 and the Intel Xeon 7560 are both nearly identical but on the other hand,

both offer different clock rates and different memory systems. This makes the Xeon 7560 more

efficient for server computers when compared to the Core i7 one.

Trends in Technology

For an instruction set architecture is to be successful, it must imperatively designed to be able to

survive the rapid changes in the computer technology sector. But a good instruction set architecture

may be used for years or at least decades, for example, the core of the IBM mainframe has been

used for nearly 50 years. Here the task of the architect is to plan for any technology changes that

can increase the lifetime of a computer. For this to be possible, the architect must be following the

trend of the rapid changes in implementation technology.

Below are five implementation technologies which have changed at a dramatic pace and which are

critical to modern day implementations:

1. Integrated circuit logic technology

2. Semiconductor DRAM (dynamic random-access-memory)

3. Semiconductor Flash (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory)

4. Magnetic disk technology

5. Network technology

Semiconductor DRAM (dynamic random-access memory)

Nowadays, DRAM capacity has increased by about 25% to 40% annually and doubling every two

to three years. DRAM is the corner stone of main memory. But there is rumors that the growth rate

will come to a halt in the middle of this decade because of the increasing difficulty of efficiently

manufacturing DRAM cells. Furthermore, there are also new technologies that may in a near future

replace DRAM if it hits a capacity wall as rumored.

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Figure 3: DRAM

Semiconductor Flash (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory)

This type of semiconductor is a non-volatile memory which is used as the standard storage device

in PMDs (??). With rapid increase in popularity has fuelled its rapid growth rate in capacity. For

example, the capacity per Flash chip has increased by about 50% to 60% per year recently and

also doubles approximately every two years. Another example is that in 2012, Flash memory was

15 to 20 times cheaper than DRAM per bit.

Trends in Power and Energy in Integrated Circuits

The biggest challenge that a computer architect faces today for all classes of computer is the power

consumption. Power is very sensitive issue to designers as first of all, power must be brought in

and distributed to the processor and nowadays, modern day processors (microprocessors) uses

hundreds of pins and multiple connect layers just for power and ground. After the feeding the

processor with power, another problem arises which is the power is now dissipated as heat and

must be imperatively removed.

From a computer architecture point of view, there are three primary concerns when thinking about

performance, power and energy.

1. What maximum power a processor ever requires? Giving the processor the amount of

power it need will automatically ensure correct operation. For example, if a processor

attempts to draw more power than a power supply system can provide, therefore this will

result in a voltage drop which will definitely cause malfunction. But nowadays, modern

processors can vary their power consumption by using high peak currents that allows the

processor to slow down and regulate voltage within a wider margin.

2. What is sustained power consumption? This is known as thermal design power (TDP). A

power supply for a computer will usually size to exceed the TDP and also a cooling system

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is usually designed to match or exceed the TDP. Failure to cool adequately the processor

will result in failure and possible permanent damage. But modern day processors have two

weapons to counteract this problem. First, as temperature rises and cannot be cooled, the

processor will automatically reduce its clock rate thereby reducing power consumption. If

this is not successful, a second thermal overload trip is activated to power down the

processor.

3. The final factor that computer designer needs to consider is energy and energy efficiency.

Energy is a better metric because it is tied to a specific task and the time required to perform

that task. In other words, the energy to execute a workload is equal to the average power

times the execution time for the workload. For example, if one wants to know which of

two processors is more efficient for a given job, therefore one should compare energy

consumption and not power for executing the desired job.

Classes of Computers

After the invention of the personal computer that dramatic changes has rose in the way computers

appear and in how they are used. From this change, five classes of computers were therefore

created each characterized by difference applications, requirements and computing technologies.

1.0 Microcomputer

Microcomputer is the most regularly utilized machine class; they are called that in view of the

microchip placed inside. Microcomputers are likewise alluded to as Pcs, workstations or Pcs.

These computers are utilized as a part of homes, at working environments, in schools and in

libraries. Computers in this class include: desktop computers, in-auto computers, tablet Pcs,

laptops, Pdas, cell phones, gaming reassures, and programmable mini-computers.

2.0 Minicomputer

Minicomputers have CPUs however are not furnished with processors. These computers are

regularly utilized as a part of multi-client situations and can run some working frameworks. These

computers are considered midlevel or mid-range computers.

3.0 Mainframes

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Mainframes computers are multi-client gadgets that must be kept a particular temperature and

oblige a unique power supply special to the centralized server. Mainframes computers are fit for

registering incomprehensible measures of information in a little measure of time while running

numerous single-client machines in the meantime. Mainframe servers are ordinarily run by vast

organizations and legislative offices. Numerous banks, colleges and carriers use mainframe servers

to process information.

4.0 Servers

In 1980, the interest desktop computers were shifted to servers because server grew to provide a

larger-scale and more reliable file and computing services. These servers todays which have

replaced the traditional mainframe by becoming the backbone of large-scale enterprise computing.

When talking about servers, there are different characteristics that are important to consider.

1. Availability is imperative. For example, consider the servers running ATM machines for

banks or airline reservation systems. Failure of such server systems is far more catastrophic

than failure of a single desktop computer since these server are operating 24 hours a day

for 7 days straight.

2. Scalability. Servers grow in response to an increase in demand for the services they support

or an increase in functional requirements. This is why the ability to scale up the computing

capacity, the memory, the storage and the I/O bandwidth of a server is very important.

3. Efficiency. Servers are made for efficient throughput. Simply put that the overall

performance of the server for example in terms of transactions per minute or Web pages

served per second, is what is crucial. The important part here is the responsiveness of to an

individual request. Therefore, overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness are determined by

how many requests can be handled in a unit time, are the key metrics for most servers.

5.0 Supercomputer

A supercomputer is an amazingly quick machine that uses specific systems to augment power use.

The machines are utilized to perform to a great degree confused undertakings. These errands

incorporate hypothetical astronomy, liquid motion and climate anticipating. Supercomputers are

evaluated by FLOPS or Floating Point Operations per Second.

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Microprocessors

The rst microprocessors showed up in the l970s. These were astonishing gadgets, which for the

rst time put a computer CPU onto a solitary lC. For the rst time, signicant processing force

was accessible at rather minimal effort, in a relatively little space. At rst all different capacities

like memory and info yield interfacing, were outside the chip, and a working framework still must

be made of a decent number of ICs. Slowly, the chip got to be more independent, with the

likelihood, for instance, of including distinctive memory sorts on the same chip as the CPU. In the

meantime, the CPU was getting to be all the more capable and speedier, also moved quickly from

8-bit to l6- and 32-bit gadgets. The improvement of the microprocessor headed specifically to

applications like the personal computer.

Microcontrollers

While individuals immediately perceived and misused the registering force of the chip, they

additionally saw an alternate utilization for them, and that was in control. Architects began pulling

microprocessor into different varieties of items that had nothing to do with figuring, like the

refrigerator or the auto entryway that we have quite recently seen. The need was not so much for

high computational power, huge amounts of memory, or rapid. An exceptional class of

microprocessor rose that was proposed for control exercises. Not for crunching huge numbers.

Before long this sort of microprocessor picked up a personality of its own, further got to be known

as a 'microcontroller'. The microcontroller assumed control over the part of the implanted machine

in installed systems so what recognizes a microcontroller from a microprocessor? Like a

microprocessor, a microcontroller needs to have the capacity to process. In spite of the fact that

not so much with enormous numbers. In any case it has different needs also. Essentially, it must

have brilliant input and output capacity, for instance with the goal that it can interface

straightforwardly with the ins and outs of the cooler or the auto entryway. Since numerous inserted

frameworks are both size- and cost-cognizant, the microcontroller must be little independent and

ease.

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Table 1: List of daily computers

Computer in: Usage of the computer General purpose or special

purpose?

Task performed before the

advent of the computer

TV TV is absolutely a standout

amongst the most powerful

constrains of our time. Through

the gadget called a TV set or TV,

you have the capacity get news,

sports, diversion, data and ads.

The computer in this device is

used for signal processing, audio

processing and video processing.

The most common processors

found in a TV would be:

Genesis Microchip (with

the FLI chipset )

Sigma Designs (with the

VXP)

Integrated Device

Technology (with the

HQV chipset and Teranex

system products)

Silicon Image (with the

VRS chipset and DVDO

system products)

Special purpose, since the

computer has limited

memory and computation

power and can only

performs certain specific

tasks such as:

Signal acquisition

Signal processing

Video processing

Audio processing

Channel analysis

Channel

distribution

Before the TV there was the

radio where almost the same

function where the users were

able to get the news and listen

music and other events such

as football matches.

Remote

control

Most remote controls uses a

single IC such as the TA 11835 to

Special purpose as the

remote controls

Buttons were used or

mechanical switches were

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perform all the operations. These

operations are transmitting infra-

red waves to the receiver which

have different patterns depending

on which keys are being pressed

on the remote control. The chip is

packaged in what is known as an

18 pin Dual Inline Package, or a

DIP

employment is to hold up

for you to press a key, and

after that to interpret that

key-press into infrared

light signals that are

received by the TV or any

other device that it is

associated with.

used to do the same job on the

appliances or these controls

were situated at proximity to

these appliances.

Calculators As an engineer calculators forms

part of the daily devices that we

use which has a computer in it.

The calculator discussed here is

the HP 35S.

The key structures here are an

8502 microcontroller and a flash

memory chip. The 8502 is

composed by Sunplus

Technology, a Taiwanese

organization. It's focused around

the 6502, an 8-bit processor that

initially showed up on the

Commodore 64. The flash

memory is a generic part, and no

particular merchant is utilized.

The 8502 that is utilized here

likewise contains the system's

power management and all the

ordinary chip-set capacities. This

incorporates a LCD driver, a

Special purpose, since it

cannot be reprogrammed

to perform functions other

than that preprogrammed

in the flash.

The time before the electronic

age and thus that f calculators

were dominated by

mechanical devices such as

the abacus slide rule,

Arithmometer, P100

Burroughs Adding, Machine

Comptometer and Curta

calculator which were used

for calculations.

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console controller, etc. The

firmware likewise dwells on the

8502 microcontroller. That

leaves practically the whole flash

memory accessible for

programming. The 32-kbyte flash

leaves around 30-kbytes

accessible to the end client,

enough for around 20,000 lines of

code

Microwave As a student, the microwave is

the device which is known as the

quick food cleaner and

cooker and is used daily. The

implanted framework in a

microwave oven acts as a

command device. It is intended to

take inputs from the keypad and

transform them into commands.

In the event that, for example,

you program a microwave oven

to work on high for two minutes,

the embedded system triggers the

high voltage transformer to work

on to the max for two minutes. At

the point when the two minutes

terminate, the implanted

framework tells the transformer

to turn off. Since the implanted

framework does simply interpret

Special purpose, as the

microwave can only

perform instruction that it

has been programmed with

and programs cannot be

loaded into it.

The traditional ovens and

stoves were and are still used

to heat food and cook meals.

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straightforward orders, it

contains moderately basic

programming.

Refrigerator

The embedded system in a

refrigerator uses a temperature

sensor to measure the

temperature inside the fridge and

turn on a cooling unit if the

temperature becomes too warm

to keep food safely. A simple

flow of operation can be seen in

Figure 5.

Special purpose. The

embedded system cannot

be programmed to do

change its functions and

the programming is stored

in the ROM.

Food reservation was done in

was such as pickling or

preserved in sugar syrup or

other types of bacteria

inhibiting liquids. Keeping

meat was not an option as

fresh produce was used on the

same day as well as meat and

milk.

The modern

Car

Cars cannot be missed in this list

for a student living in an urban

area. A current car will fuse

numerous embedded systems to

control different parts of its

utilization. The main reasons for

this increase in the number of

microprocessors are:

The requirement of

sophisticated engine

controls to meet

emissions and fuel-

economy standards

Better diagnostics

New safety features

New comfort and

convenience features

Special purpose. Cars

today might have as many

as 50 microprocessors on

them which are programed

to perform specific tasks

such as ;

Access Control/Alarm: A

remote control can be

utilized to lock and alarm a

car when it is parked.

Antilock Braking (ABS):

Computerized anti-lock

braking stopping

mechanisms permit cars to

stop in shorter distances

and be controlled without

slipping amid breaking.

Bicycles, horse carriages, Ox

carriages and by foot were the

most famous and effective

methods of transportation and

travel before the advent of the

car. Cars without these

computers were also effective

and were widely used before

computers were used in the

radio system and later on in

theirs fundamental parts.

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And so on.

The operation that uses the

processor the most would be

Controlling engine and this is

done by the engine control unit

(ECU). It uses a closed-loop

control which is a control scheme

that regulates outputs of a system

to control the inputs to a system

thus managing what the

emissions are and also saving the

fuel and lot more from the data it

collects via dozens of different

sensors. All these are processed

by contain a 32-bit, 40-MHz

processor which modern ECU

would contain.

Motor Control Unit: The

motor control unit will

focus the sparkle timing

and measure of fuel to

infuse into the motor to

acquire the best adjust of

execution, economy and

ecological proficiency.

Smartphones Without this device life seems

unimaginable for students

nowadays. The smartphone In

general, constitute of on an

operating system that permits to

install applications (programs)

and run them. Different types of

OS are available for example;

Apple's iPhone runs the iOS, and

others can run Google's Android

OS, HP's webOS, and Microsoft's

Windows Phone. One famous

processer being used is the

General purpose. It can be

programmed to complete

different task and interact

with the human or user.

Thus it follows instruction

given.

The usual cell phone, the

telephone various other types

of communications forms that

the smartphone engulfs were

used to perform what today

can be done by only one

device.

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Qualcomm Snapdragon for

example Samsung GALAXY

Note 4 uses the Qualcomm

Snapdragon 805

which is the RAM varies from

2GB to 4GB

Laptops Laptops are also vital parts of the

students day and if as all the

coursework has some percentage

to be done on this machine.

General purpose. . It can be

programmed to complete

different task and interact

with the human or user.

Programs can be installed

and removed according to

the users needs it can

interact with other devices.

It follows instruction.

The Desktop computer was

being used before the advent

of the laptop.

Vacuum

cleaner

The vacuum cleaner has a

microcontroller which is used to

regulate the speed of sucking

power.

Special purpose The broom was used and a

dust pan to clean.

ATM(Autom

atic teller

machine)

The machines treads the clients

details which is on a magnetic

stripe on the back of the card and

ask for a PIN code. Once

validated a series of function can

be done from withdrawing

money to banks cheques deposit.

The computer is programmed to

communicate in real time with

Special purpose: Since a

set of instruction can only

be carried out and an

embedded system is

present.

People had to go to the bank

to withdraw money or for

other transactions that the

ATM can now accept.

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the bank and count notes,

dispense the correct amount of

money, produce error messages

and so, just as a teller at the bank

would do.

Washing

Machine

A typical flow is given

here :

When the START is

pressed,

The load of the laundry is

measured by the

embedded system then

the inlet valve opens and

clean waters pours in.

Once the correct amount

of water is reached the

valve closes and the

machines proceeds to

follow the instruction that

was given by the user.

The instructions

corresponds to a set of

mechanism that has been

preprogrammed on the

chipset.

Special purpose since it

perform specific task has

already been

preprogrammed and

cannot do anything outside

this of these codes.

Clothes were washed by

hand.

Wi-Fi router

and modem

The Wi-Fi modem receives the

signal from the internet service

provider and decoded it then

Special purpose. Can only

do modulation and

demodulation of signals

Without internet connection

all the services had alternate

ways of being achieved or

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sends this signal to the router for

it to be amplified checked and

propagate in an area.

and transmit them via the

router.

used. Such as books were

used for learning and TV was

where the time were spent.

Figure 4: Fridge

Section 1.0

In this section the functions of computers (Embedded system) in the modern car will be explained

and compared to the general purpose computer.

Cars are getting more and more sophisticated every year and some of them have as many as 50

Cars 50 microprocessors on them. These microprocessors make the modern car capable of

achieving the following: The need for sophisticated engine controls to meet emissions and fuel-

economy standards

Advanced diagnostics

Simplification of the manufacture and design of cars

Reduction of the amount of wiring in cars

New safety features

New comfort and convenience features

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Sophisticated Engine Controls

The sanctioning of progressively stricter emanations laws, sophisticated control plans were

expected to manage the air/fuel mixture so that the exhaust system could uproot a ton of the

contamination from the fumes. Controlling the engine is one of the most computation power

needing activities in a modern car and this is done by the engine control unit (ECU). The ECU

uses closed-loop control, a control protocol that monitors outputs of a system to control the inputs

to a system, managing the emissions and fuel economy of the engine. Data is collected from many

sensors thus the ECU is made aware of a lot of parameters such as the temperature of the engine

to the amount of oxygen in the exhaust. These data are used by the ECU to get the best engine

ignition phase and controls the amount of fuel to be released in the combustion chamber all of this

to ensure the lowest emissions and best mileage. A modern ECU normally contains a 32-bit, 40-

MHz processor compared to some general purpose computers which have 500- to 1,000-MHz

processor since the ECU has specific task to carry out and the codes in the EPU takes up less than

1 (MB) of memory whereas a general purpose computer may have at least 2GB of instructions or

programs. Below is an ECU (Figure 6)

Figure 5: ECU

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AIR BAGS

Its function is basically to stop the continuous motion of the passenger by providing surface to

land on and minimize damage.

Figure 6: Air bag

The Event Data Recorder (EDR) in a car is based upon the sensors and microprocessor computer

system that are used to activate the airbag in the vehicle during a cash and records all the

information of the crash. The EDR performs only specific task in controlling the air bag and

recording the details of the impact using a microprocessor and no programs can be loaded on this

chip unlike the general purpose computer thus the ERD and the air bag system are forms of

special purpose computers.

Anti-Locking braking system (ABS)

Hitting the brakes too hard can cause the car to slip and accident to occur. This is because the

coefficient of slip between the tires and the road is too low hitting the brake cause the wheels to

lock up and the vehicle skids.

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The ABS reduce the total braking distance as far as possible and increase the stability of the car.

The steering wheel should be operable in case of all out braking. The ABS works as follows;

The wheel-speed sensors detect anomalies in the wheels then the electronic control unit reduces

the braking pressure at each wheel. High speed correction of the braking pressure up to shortly

before the lock up threshold. The brake fluids then return together with the closed- loop brake

circuits makes this a safe, reliable and cost- effective system.

Figure 7: ABS

The controller is a computer in the car. It watches the speed sensors and controls the valves. It

has the specific task to do thus the ABS system is composed of a specific purpose also when the

car is turn off the memory of the computer is not erased as the in the general purpose computer

where there is the RAM.

Electronic Stability Control

It is required to prevent the driver from over-steering or understeering thus overloading any of

the 4 wheels that causes slip, through either throttle or brake application. Electronic Stability

Control (ESC) helps drivers to keep away from accidents by lessening the threat of slipping, or

losing control as a consequence of over-controlling. ESC gets to be dynamic when a driver loses

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control of their auto. It utilizes machine controlled engineering to apply individual brakes and

help bring the auto securely over on track, without the risk of fish-tailing.

ESC meets expectations by utilizing various shrewd sensors that discover any loss of control and

consequently apply the brake to the pertinent wheel, returning your auto on the planned way.

The computer in an embedded computer since the function does not change, the ECS program is permanently stored in read only memory (ROM).

Intelligent Cruise Control

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control with Collision Warning (CACC+CW)

CACC: Cruise at a given speed when the road is clear (cruise control) otherwise follows the car

in front, using radar (adaptive) and/or communication (cooperative).

CW: Warn the driver when an object is being approached too fast, or is too close.

Figure 8: Intelligent Cruise Control

The computer in the car uses the forward- looking radar, installed behind the grill of the car, to

detect the speed and distance of the vehicle ahead of it thus it can automatically control the speed

to maintain a decent distance between the two cars. The cruise computer uses a microprocessor

to achieve this and there are only limited sets of tasks it can achieve thus the cruise control

computer is an embedded system as it can be seen in the figure 10 below. The programs in an

embedded computer dont change the CACC+CW will be a CACC+CW and never a microwave

oven.

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Figure 9: Cruise control system

Conclusion

In this report, a list of computers in my daily life and each of them has been classified as general

purpose or special purpose, an explanation has been given as why they are special or general

purpose and before the advent of the particular device how was the task accomplished. Not all

the computers could have been listed as they are everywhere and often we do not even notice

them for example Traffic light system which is a special purpose computer and when they were

not present traffic police officers were directing the traffic circulation. The embedded systems in

the modern car was explained in detail and compared to general purpose computers.

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