AP Biology Macroevolution Part 2. Modes of Speciation Allopatric speciation Sympatric speciation.
Carbon-nitrogen cycle interactions, ozone stress, and N emissions speciation
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Transcript of Carbon-nitrogen cycle interactions, ozone stress, and N emissions speciation
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Carbon-nitrogen cycle interactions, ozone stress, and N
emissions speciation
Peter Thornton, J.-F. Lamarque, M. Vertenstein, N. Rosenbloom
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Retranslocation
Litterfall
PlantUptake
Immobilization
Fire Losses
Deposition/ Fixation
Nitrification/ Denitrification
Leaching
Internal N CyclingExternal N Cycling
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C flux
Legend
Tempsensitivity
N flux
AtmosphericCO2
VegetationBiomass
SoilOrganicMatter
AtmosphericN species
Coupled Carbon-Nitrogen dynamics• Strong feedback between decomposition and plant growth: soil mineral N is the primary source of N for plant growth.
• Can result in a shift from C source to C sink under warming. P.E. Thornton, NCAR
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CLM-CCLM-CN (CO2,Nfix,dep)CLM-CN (CO2,Nfix)CLM-CN (CO2)
C4MIP models C4MIP mean
Land biosphere sensitivity to increasing atmospheric CO2 (L)
Results from offline CLM-CN, driven with CAM climate, in carbon-only (CLM-C) and carbon-nitrogen (CLM-CN) mode, from present to 2100. Using SRES A2 scenario assumed CO2 concentrations.
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CLM-CN (CO2,Nfix,dep)CLM-CN (CO2,Nfix)CLM-CN (CO2)
Land biosphere sensitivity to increasing atmospheric CO2 (L)
Evidence that increasing N-limitation under rising CO2 has an important effect on the transient behavior of L, and that consideration of anthropogenic N deposition reverses this trend by around 2060.
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Total C uptake (PgC) Mean NEE (PgC/y)
Expt 1850-2000 2000-2100 1980-2000 2080-2100
N dep 16 50 -0.24 -0.73
CO2 fert 61 220 -0.98 -2.56
CO2+Ndep 79 301 -1.31 -4.13
CLM-C 223 843 -3.80 -10.75
Cumulative land carbon uptake and net ecosystem exchange, 1850-2100
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Tair Prcp
NEE
sen
sitiv
ity to
Tai
r (Pg
C /
K)
0
1
2
3
4
5
NEE
sen
sitiv
ity to
Prc
p (P
gC /
mm
d-1
)
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
CLM-CCLM-CN
NEE sensitivity to Tair and Prcp (interannual variability)
Coupling C-N cycles buffers the interannual variability of NEE due to variation in temperature and precipitation (global means, control simulations).
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Potential for complex climate feedbacks depending on the spatial patterns of changing temperature and precipitation.
NPP variability dominates the Tair and Prcp response in most locations, but HR dominates that Prcp response in cold climates, due to feedback between snowpack, soil warming, and enhanced HR.
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Tair Prcp
% c
hang
e fr
om c
ontr
ol
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
CLM-C: +CO2
CLM-CN: +CO2
CLM-CN: +CO2 +Nmin
NEE sensitivity to Tair and Prcp: effects of rising CO2 andanthropogenic N deposition
Carbon-only model has increased sensitivity to Tair and Prcp under rising CO2. CLM-CN has decreased sensitivity to both Tair and Prcp, due to increasing N-limitation.
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Summary of plant response to ozone stress
S Sleaf cuticle
H2OO3
CO2
Chloroplast
Plant responses:
• Wound/defense response (VOCs)
• Reduced mesophyll conductance
• Reduced chloroplast function
• Reduced stomatal conductance
?
?
Problems:
• Species-specific responses
• Species mixes and competition important
• Few observations on native species
• Strong interaction with water stress response
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Speciation of land N emissions
Nitrification vs. denitrification depends on aerobic state of soil, probably at the microscopic scale.
Sophisticated models already exist, and it should be possible to adapt them for use in CLM-CN.
Agricultural emissions could be tied to new efforts with crop modeling.