Carbon Dioxide Removal From Coal-Fired Power Plants

8/10/2019 Carbon Dioxide Removal From Coal-Fired Power Plants

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C RBON DIOXIDE REMOV L FROM CO L FIRED POWER PL NTS


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N R Y NVIRONM NT

VOLUMEl


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Carbon Dioxide Removal

from Coal-Fired Power

Plants

by

Chris Hendriks

Department o Science Technology and Society

University

o

Utrecht

Utrecht The Netherlands

SPRINGER SCIENCE BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.


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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of

Congress

ISBN 978-94-010-4133-1 ISBN 978-94-011-0301-5 eBook)

OI

10.1007/978-94-011-0301-5

Printed

n

acid-free paper

Ali Rights Reserved

1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in

1994

Softcover reprint

o

the hardcover 1st edition 1994

No

part of

the

material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or

utilized in any

form

or by any means electronic or mechanica1

including photocopying, recording or

by any

information storage

and

retrieval

system. w ithout written permission

from the

copyright owner.


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ont nts


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Abbreviations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

I.

Introduction

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

1.1. Greenhouse

gas

emissions and climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1.1. Emissions and concentrations of greenhouse gases 3

1.1.2.

Impact

of increasing greenhouse gases concentration 4

1.2. Options to reduce carbon dioxide emissions 5

1.2.1. Carbon dioxide removal 8

1.3. Scope of

the thesis

10

1.4. Outline of

the thesis.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

1.4.1.

General

evaluation

method.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

1.4.2. Some notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

II . Simulation and optimization of

carbon

dioxide recovery

from

the

flue

gases

of

a coal-fired power plant

using

amines

14

Abstract

19

2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.2. The chemical absorption

process.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.2.1. General process description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

2.2.2. Types of absorbent 23

2.2.3. Effects of flue gas contaminants 24

2.3. Simulation of the scrubber in ASPEN

PLUS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.3.1. ASPEN

PLUS for flow

sheet

simulation 26

2.3.2. Simulation of

the

performance for

the

base-case design

26

2.3.3. Optimization of the scrubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.3.4. Design and results 32

2.3.5.

Discussion.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.4. Integration of the scrubber

in

the power plant 35

2.4.1. Power loss caused by steam extraction 36

2.4.2. Power saved by avoiding preheating boiler feed water . 38

2.4.3. Power consumption by the carbon dioxide scrubber . . . 38

2.4.4. Power consumption for carbon dioxide compression . . . 38

2.4.5. Calculation of plant efficiency losses . . . . . . . . . . . . 39


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2.5. Cost analysis 41

2.5.1.

Investment

costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.5.2. Electricity production costs and carbon dioxide recovery

costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

2.5.3. Sensitivity analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

2.5.4. Use of

diethanolamine

45

2.6. Discussion 46

2.7. Conclusions 49

III.

Carbon

dioxide

recovery

from flue gases of a

conventional

coal

fired

power

plant using polymer

membranes

51

Abstract

53

3.1.

Introduction.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

3.2. Principle of gas

separation

by

membranes

55

3.3.

System

description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

3.3.1.

Flue

gas compressors 59

3.3.2.

Heat

exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3.3.3. Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61

3.3.4.

Membrane

module 63

3.3.5.

Membrane

configuration.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

3.3.6. Permeate

compressors.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.3.7.

Expanders

64

3.3.8.

Summary of

design conditions

and

design

parameters

.

64

3.4. Optimization

of the

recovery system

.

. . . . . . . . . . .

65

3.5. Technical calculations 66

3.6. Costs

of

the recovery

system.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.6.1.

Investment

costs . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.6.2. Specific carbon dioxide mitigation costs . . . . . . . . . . . .

70

3.6.3. Cost break-down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

3.6.4. Improved turbomachinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76

3.6.5. Improved gas-separation

membranes

77

3.7. Discussion 78

3.8. Conclusions 80

ii


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rn Carbon dioxide recovery from

f lue gases

of

a

conventional

coal-fired power plant by

low-temperature disti l lat ion

83

Abstract

85

4.1.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

86

4.2.

System description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87

4.3.

Efficiency loss

resulting

from carbon dioxide recovery. . . . . .

90

4.3.1.

Heat exchanger (I) and cooling machine (II)

91

4.3.2.

Compression

and

expansion (III,

V,

XI, XIII) . . . . . . . .

92

4.3.3.

Heat exchanger (IVa, IYb, VI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

93

4.3.4. Drying unit (VII) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

4.3.5.

Heat exchanger (VIII) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

94

4.3.6.

Carbon dioxide separation unit X

94

4.3.7. Liquefaction of carbon dioxide (XI) 96

4.3.8.

Summary

97


4.4.1. Investment

costs.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

4.4.2. Electricity production costs and carbon dioxide recovery

costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103

4.4.3. Cost optimization of the recovery system. . . . . . . . . . . 103

4.5. Discussion 106

4.6. Conclusions 107

v.

Carbon dioxide recovery

from

an integrated coal gasifier

combined

cycle

plant using

a

shift

reactor

and

a scrubber 109

Abstract 111

5.1.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112

5.2.

System

description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

5.2.1.

Coal gasification and gas clean-up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

113

5.2.2.

The

shift reactors

114

5.2.3. Hydrogen sulphide removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

5.2.4. Carbon dioxide separation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

5.2.5.

Compression of carbon dioxide

120

5.2.6.

Hydrogen-fuelled gas turbine

121

5.3.

Efficiency losses resulting from carbon dioxide recovery

122

5.3.1.

Shift reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

122

5.3.2. Physical absorption unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

II I


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6.4.1.

Investment

costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

166

6.4.2. Electricity production costs

and

carbon dioxide recovery

costs.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

6.4.3. Sensitivity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

6.5. Discussion 170


VII. Underground storage of carbon dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

175

Abstract

177

7.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

7.2. Underground structures for carbon dioxide

storage.

. . . . . . 179

7.3. Underground storage capacity 180

7.3.1. Storage capacity

in natural

gas fields 181


in

oil fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184


in

aquifers 188

7.3.4. Discussion

and

conclusion.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

192

7.4. Underground injection of carbon

dioxide.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

7.5. Costs of underground storage of carbon dioxide 199

7.5.1. Costs of compression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

201

7.5.2. Costs of surface pipeline

and

surface facilities. . . . . . . . 202

7.5.3. Well drilling costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

202

7.5.4. Costs of carbon dioxide storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

7.5.5. Sensitivity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

204

7.5.6. Discussion of the cost estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . .

205


VIn. Summary and conclusions

IX.

e f e r e n c e s

223


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Abbreviations


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Ag

ASU

BFW

CO

CO

2

c

p

c

v

DEA

DEMEA

DGA

DIPA

GtC

Gtonne

H

2

H

2

H

2

S

HP

ICGCC

IPCC

K

kJ

e

kPa

rr

kW

kWh

LP

m

3

N

MDEA

MEA

MJ

MP

MUS

MW

MW

e

Silver

Air separation

unit

Boiler feed-water

Carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide

US-dollarcent

Isobaric heat capacity

Isochoric

heat

capacity

Diethanolamine

Diethylmethylamine

Diglycolamine

Diisopropanolamine

Gigatonne carbon (l09 tonne carbon)

Gigatonne (10

tonne)

Hydrogen

Water

Hydrogen sulphide

High pressure

Integrated

coal gasifier combined cycle

plant

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Kelvin

Kilojoule electric

Kilopascal (0.01 bar)

Equilibrium constant

Kilowatt

Kilowatthour

(3.6x10

6

joule electricity)

Low pressure

Cubic metre at

standard

conditions

Methyldiethanolamine

Monoethanolamine

Megajoule (l06 joule)

Medium pressure

Million US-dollar

Megawatt (10

6

watt)

Megawatt electricity

IX

bbrevi tions


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bbrevi tions

MW

th

N

2

NO

x

2

Pd

P

f

PI

P

p

ppm

PPO

PS

SMS

SMS-R

SMS-V

S02

tC

TEA

tpd

TSC

US

W

Megawatt thermal

Nitrogen

Nitrogen oxides

Oxygen

Palladium

Partial

pressure at feed side

Polyimide

Partial pressure

at

permeate side

part

per

million

Polydimethylphenyleneoxide

Polysulphone

Single Membrane Stage

Single Membrane Stage with recycling

Single Membrane Stage with venting

Sulphur

dioxide

tonne carbon

Triethanolamine

tonne

per

day

Two-Stage Cascade

US-dollar

Watt

x

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