CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE

Ferize VAHABOVA20900917

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Naturally occurring greenhouse gases normally trap some of the sun’s heat,

keeping the planet from freezing.

Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, are increasing greenhouse

gas levels, leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect.

GREENHOUSE GASES

Gases that trap heat in the

atmosphere are called greenhouse

gases (GHG).

•Carbon dioxide (CO2)•Methane (CH4)•Nitrous oxide (N2O)•Fluorinated gases (F-gases)

At the global scale, the key

greenhouse gases emitted by human

activities are:

GLOBAL CO2 EMISSION BY SOURCE

Photo Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

GLOBAL CO2 EMISSION BY SOURCE

Photo Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

GLOBAL CO2 EMISSION BY COUNTRY

Photo Source: EDGAR 4.2FT2010 (JRC/PBL, 2012); BP, 2013; NBS China, 2013; USGS, 2013; WSA, 2013; NOAA, 2012

REDUCING CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

•Improving the insulation of buildings, traveling in more fuel-efficient vehicles, and using more efficient electrical appliances are all ways to reduce energy consumption, and thus CO2 emissions.

Energy Efficiency

•Reducing personal energy use by turning off lights and electronics when not in use reduces electricity demand. Reducing distance traveled in vehicles reduces petroleum consumption.

Energy Conservation

•Producing more energy from renewable sources and using fuels with lower carbon contents are ways to reduce carbon emissions.

Fuel Switching

•Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration is a set of technologies that can potentially greatly reduce CO2 emissions.

Carbon Capture and Sequestration

CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATIONIS…

… a three-step process that includes:

Capture of CO2 from power plants or industrial processes

Transport of the captured and compressed CO2 

Underground injection and geologic sequestration of the CO2 into deep underground rock formations.

CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION

Photo Source: Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies.

CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE METHODS

•Pre-combustion CO2 capture is a process where the carbon in the fuel is separated, or removed, before the combustion process.Pre – Combustion

•Post combustion CO2 capture is a process where the CO2 is separated, or removed, from a flue gas containing CO2 mixed with other gasses, after the combustion process.

Post – Combustion

•Is very similar to post-combustion CO2 capture. The main difference is that the combustion is carried out with pure oxygen instead of air. As a result the flue gas contains mainly CO2 and water vapor, which can be easily separated.

Oxyfuel combustion

PRE – COMBUSTIONMETHOD

• Pre-combustion capture is applicable to integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants, where solid fuel is converted into gaseous components ("syngas") by applying heat under pressure in the presence of steam and oxygen.

• Capture of the CO2 is currently accomplished an acid gas removal (AGR) process of absorption in a solvent.

Photo Source: Global CCS Institute Co2 Capture Technologies Pre-Combustion Capture, January - 2012

TWO MAJOR TYPES OF ACID REMOVING SOLVENTS

Chemical Absorbents: Chemical absorbents (e.g., MDEA and other

amines) react with the acid gases and require heat to reverse the reactions and

release the acid gases. These processes generally have lower capital for AGR than physical solvents, but use larger

amounts of steam-heat for solvent regeneration.

Physical Absorbents: Physical absorbents (e.g., Selexol, Rectisol)

dissolve acid gases preferentially with increasing pressure. The absorbed acid

gases are released from the solvent when pressure is decreased and

temperature is increased. Significantly less steam-heat is required for solvent

regeneration than with chemical solvents.

ADVANTAGE/DISADVANTAGE

ADVANTAGESSynthesis gas is:

• Concentrated in CO2• High pressure

Resulting in:

• High CO2 partial pressure• Increased driving force for separation• More technologies available for

separation• Potential for reduction in

compression costs/loads

DISADVANTAGES• Pre-combustion is only applicable

for new power plants because the capture process has to be an integrated part of the combustion process.

• Pre-combustion technologies like IGCC are not as mature as post-combustion capture technologies.

• Gas turbines running on hydrogen are a huge challenge.

POST COMBUSTION METHOD

•  Post-combustion capture is primarily applicable to fossil fuel based systems such as conventional pulverized coal (PC)-fired power plants, where the fuel is burned with air in a boiler to produce steam that drives a turbine/generator to produce electricity.

Photo Source: Bellona Environmental CCS Team

THREE CAPTURE METHODS

Adsorption - refers to uptake of CO2 molecules onto the surface another material

– for example, adhering CO2 molecules onto the surfaces of a solid sorbent such as 13X zeolites. Potential disadvantages for

adsorbents include particle attrition, handling of large volumes of sorbent and

thermal management of large-scale adsorber vessels.

Membranes - can separate CO2 from flue gas by selectively permeating it through the membrane material. The major challenge for membranes comes from the potential fouling of the membrane surfaces from

particulate matter, uncertainty about the performance and cost of large-scale efficient vacuum pumps and compressors required for PCC, and the ability to integrate the

process into a power plant.

Absorption - refers to the uptake of CO2 into the bulk phase of another material.

Today, absorption is a more mature technology than adsorption or membranes

when it comes to post combustion CO2capture. The current proposed large-

scale CO2 capture plants are to be based on absorption.

ABSORPTİON

Amine Solvent Solution Capture Process is a standard industrial

process for the production of CO2. Amine solution reacts with the

CO2 to form a weak acid and water-soluble salt.

Chilled Ammonia Capture Process is an efficient and cost effective

technology for CO2 capture. Ammonia reacts with CO 2 to

produce ammonia bicarbonate.  Ammonia is also cheap and

abundant, with a high CO2 capacity and no degradation during the

absorption / desorbtion process.

ADVANTAGE/DISADVANTAGE

ADVANTAGE• Can be retrofitted to existing plants• It enables the continued deployment

of the well established Pulverized Coal (PC) technology familiar to power industries worldwide

• The continued development of improved materials for Ultra Supercritical (USC) plants will increase the efficiency and reduce the CO2 emissions of future PC plants

• The widespread R&D on improved sorbents and capture equipment should reduce the energy penalty of PCC capture.

DISADVANTAGE• Amine processes are commercially

available at relatively small scale and considerable re-engineering and scale-up is needed

• Power Loss• Most sorbents need very pure flue gas to

minimize sorbent usage and cost. • Steam extraction for solvent

regeneration reduces flow to low-pressure turbine with significant operational impact on its efficiency and turn down capability.

• Water use is increased significantly with the addition of PCC particularly for water cooled plants.

OXYFUEL COMBUSTION

• In traditional fossil fuelled power plants combustion is carried out by using air, with the nitrogen (N2) in the air following the flue gas. An alternative is to use pure oxygen (O2) instead of air in the combustion.

• The advantage of this so-called oxyfuel technique is that the flue gas contains only steam and CO2. These two components are easily separated through cooling, by which the water then condenses and a CO2 rich gas-stream is formed.

• The currently available technologies for pure oxygen-production are based primarily on cryogenic separation of air. Here the air is cooled down below the boiling point before the liquefied oxygen, nitrogen and argon are separated. However, the high amount of energy involved in this process make it a very expensive process. Promising on-going research to develop membranes that separate oxygen from air may drastically improve efficiently and lower capital investment costs.

OXYFUEL COMBUSTION FLOWCHART

Photo Source: Global CCS Institute Co2 Capture Technologies Oxyfuel Combustion Capture, January - 2012

ADVANTAGE/DISADVANTAGE

ADVANTAGE• No chemical operations or

significant on-site chemical inventory.

• Up to 100 percent CO2 can be captured through this process.

• The best information available today (with the technology available today) is that oxy-combustion with CO2 capture should be at least competitive with pre- and post-combustion CO2 capture and may have a slight cost advantage.

DISADVANTAGE• It is not possible to develop sub-

scale oxy-combustion technology at existing power plants.

• The combustion of fossil fuels and pure oxygen creates high material stress, hence the development of new materials is a prerequisite for deployment of this technology.

•  It is expensive to produce pure oxygen, and research activities are ongoing worldwide to find new ways to produce oxygen.

R & D

•Solvents and Sorbents for CO2 separation from flue gas can be further enhanced to reduce cost, improve reaction rates and regeneration loads, and eliminate contamination from other pollutants.

Solvents and Sorbents

•Advanced Membranes for both oxygen-separation and CO2 capture are key enabling technologies. Advanced Membranes

•Chemical Looping processes that prevent direct contact of air and fuel offer the ability to produce a relatively pure stream of CO2 that does not need to be separated from flue gas.

Chemical Looping 

MEMBRANES• Membranes can be used for separating CO2 from other gas components. The

technology is available today but will take some years and further research before it may be available for large-scale CO2 capture at generation plant.

Photo Source: Bellona Environmental CCS Team

CHEMICAL LOOPING

• Chemical looping is a new technology for combustion with inherent CO2 capture. It is a significant departure from traditional combustion methods. It is flameless combustion technology combining two reactors, one air reactor and one fuel reactor.

Photo Source: Bellona Environmental CCS Team

INTEGRATED FUEL CELLS

• Integrated fuel cells enable production of the clean energy carriers electricity and hydrogen from fossil fuel or bio-fuel with ultra-high efficiency and integrated CO2 capture.

Photo Source: Bellona Environmental CCS Team

ADSORPTION

• CO2 capture by adsorption is not yet a mature commercial technology, but is currently being tested at a laboratory scale. Research programs are underway with advances in the technological expected, paving the way for adsorption as a future solution for CO2 capture.

Photo Source: The Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies

POST-COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE AND STORAGE, BRINDISI, ITALY.

Photo Source: Enel Group

POST-COMBUSTION CO2 CAPTURE PILOT PLANT, PUERTOLLANO,

SPAIN.

Photo Source: ELCOGAS S.A. IGCC Power Plant

OXYFUEL PILOT PLANT, SPREMBERG, GERMANY.

Photo Source: Vattenfall AB

CARBON EMISSION IN TURKEY

Data Source: Turkiye Istatistik Kurumu

1990

1995

2000

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

10,000.00

60,000.00

110,000.00

160,000.00

210,000.00

260,000.00

310,000.00

360,000.00

Energ

yDiffere

n tIndustr

ies

Transporta

tion

Other Cemen

tTo

tal

Turkey's CO2 Emissions by sector between 1990-2010

EnergyDifferen tIndustriesTransportationOtherCementTotal

CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION IN TURKEY

• In 2009, a project named “Türkiye'de Termik Santrallar ve Sanayi Tesislerinden Gelen Karbondioksit Emisyonu Envanterinin Çıkartılması ve Karbondioksitin Yeraltı Jeolojik Ortamlarda Depolanma Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesi” was held by ORTA DOĞU TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ PETROL ARAŞTIRMA MERKEZİ (ODTÜ PAL)and TÜRKİYE PETROLLERİ ANONİM ORTAKLIĞI (TPAO)

• The aim of this project was to determine the suitable places in Turkey for CO2 storage and to investigate the details of the project and make its economical analysis.

WHY CCS IS IMPORTANT?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and sequestration (CCS) could play an

important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, while enabling low-carbon

electricity generation from power plants.

CCS could also viably be used to reduce emissions from industrial process such as

cement production and natural gas processing facilities.

SEVERAL PLANTS WITH CCS PROJECTS FROM DIFFERENT CONTINENTS

Data Source: Bellona Environmental CCS Team

REFERENCES

• http://www.epa.gov • http://energy.gov • http://www.globalccsinstitute.com • http://cdiac.ornl.gov • http://www.eie.gov.tr • http://www.tuik.gov.tr • http://www.enel.com • http://www.elcogas.es • http://corporate.vattenfall.com  

THANKS FOR ATTENTION!