Cycles of Matter Water & Carbon Cycles Honors Biology Mr. Lee Room 320
Carbon Cycles Through Organisms
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Transcript of Carbon Cycles Through Organisms
Carbon Cycles Through Organisms
autotrophesheterotrophes
All Cells Respire
Plants don’t do photosynthesis FOR animals
They metabolize the sugars themselves!
Respiration Transforms Energy
Anaerobically (without O2):
Aerobically: 4 ATP
38 ATP
It’s catabolic! Its exergonic! It’s redox! It’s enzyme-facilitated!
Recall:
Catabolic & Exergonic - breaking down & releasing energy
Redox - transferring e-
Enzymefacilitated
glucose oxygen releasing nrg forming water
ATP
Fuel the Body to fuel the cells
1. Consume organic molecules
• carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
2. Digest them, releasing energy• catabolic rxn
3. Cells transform released energy
into a useable form; an energy currency• a vehicle to pass energy around
• a short term energy storage molecule
ATP - Adenosine TriPhosphate
• A modified nucleotide adenine + ribose + PO4
- AMP
AMP + PO4- ADP
ADP + PO4- ATP
• adding the P is key! phosphorylation
ATP stores energy
PO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–OPO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–OPO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–O
~ Each PO4- more difficult to add
• negative to negative• a lot of stored energy in each bond (most in the third)
AMPAMP ADP ATP
~ Final P group pops off easily & transfers energy
• bonding of P groups is unstable
• instability makes ATP a great energy donor
Phosphorylation Transfers Energy
PO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–O PO–
O–
O
–O7.3kcal
+PO–
O–
O
–O
• ATP ADP : Releases energy
• Use to fuel other reactions : Phosphorylation– released PO4
- transferred to another molecule
destabilizes the other molecule by stealing e-
– phosphorylation facilitated by enzyme kinase
ADPATP
ATP is unstable ~ good energy donor
~ poor energy storage too reactive; transfers P easily
~ a renewable resource
ATP / ADP are cycled
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second
ATP
ADP P+
Phosphorylation Occurs in Glycolysis
Phosphate transfer activates the breakdown of glucose
glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C
P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
P-C-C-C C-C-C-P
hexokinase
phosphofructokinase C
H
P
C
P
CATP2
ADP2
PGAL - Phosphoglyceraldehyde….. becoming Pyruvate
Glycolysis ‘sugar’ + ‘break apart’
Occurs in cytoplasm (cytosol)
of all organisms
10 step biochemical pathway
Enzyme - facilitated
Reactant: 6 C glucose
+ 2 ATP
Product: two 3C pyruvate
+4 ATP
+ 2 NADH
NADH?
2 ATPe-
e-
NADH
Got fructose? Enter pathway here Invest 2 ATP
PGAL
phosphorylate
2 NADH
e-
e-
4 ATP
Again, NADH??
Start here
Electron Transfer Molecules
*NAD+ coenzymes NADH ^FAD cofactors FADH2
oxidizing reducingdonates e- accepts e-
*Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ^Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Anaerobic options
Pyruvate options
PLANTS & ANIMALS YEAST
BACTERIAMUSCLE CELLS
ALL ORGANISMS
Anaerobic Resp v1 : alcoholic fermentation
3 C Pyruvate acetlyaldehyde + CO2 2 C ethanol
Anaerobic Resp v1 : alcoholic fermentation
Ethanol is toxic to yeast at about 12% limiting the alcohol content of naturally fermented products
somebacteria& yeast
Fermentation v2: Lactate
3 C Pyruvate 3 C lactate (lactic acid)
(No CO2)
Fermentation v2: Lactate