Carbon critical future: A water industry and regulatory ... CPD Series... · Increased intensity of...
Transcript of Carbon critical future: A water industry and regulatory ... CPD Series... · Increased intensity of...
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Carbon critical future:A water industry and regulatoryperspective.
Dr Arthur ThorntonHead of Regulation and Research:Atkins Water and Environment
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The challenges:
• The complexity of the environment� Monitor: complex interactions� Setting Appropriate standards:
� Control: Intervention points, new techniques or newtechnologies
� Impacts of controls: Benefits v limitations, costs,carbon emissions, waste,
� Stakeholdes: Interactions, communication,common understanding
• Climate change: Magnitude and impacts
• Carbon Critical Design: planning and solutiondelivery.
• The compartmentalisation of environmentalregulation (e.g. WFD v carbon)
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Today’s presentation
Aims: To explore integrated and holisticsolutions, identify barriers and successes.
• Climate change on the water industry:Adaptation and Mitigation
• Carbon critical policy:�Policy and carbon impact.
• Water treatment:�Carbon in the design process.
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The water industry perspective:Developing an AdaptationStrategy
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Adaptation:�Reservoirs, water mains,treatment works, sewers,pumping stations, sewageworks….. Not easilymoved!!
�Planning for a more extremefuture.
Climate change:
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Hydro-social cycle and potentialimpacts
Demand
Summer dilution
Storm intensity
Summer yield
Flood risk WWtreatment
WWtreatment
Treatment &distribution
Treatment &distribution
SewerageSewerage
DischargeDischarge
UseUse
AbstractionAbstraction
Regulatorpositioningand changesinto the future
Customers,standards,expectations &perception.
Stakeholders, Board, investors,Government, planners
Changing environment
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Climate change: Adaptation Strategy
�Understanding the impacts of climate change over the designlife of the systems that we are developing.
�Developing adaptation strategies for identified impacts –costs and uncertainties
�Regional and catchment planning
�Identify critical knowledge gaps, training or skill requirementsor capacity needs, and ways to address them.
�Develop an integrated water industry strategy focussed onsustainable ways to deal with the likely impacts of climatechange.
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Timeline
21002080205020302010
1. Business as usual:
PR09..nWR PlansHabitats DirectiveWFD Planning
2. New / emerging drivers:
Water Stress
Defra Water Sector Plans –Vision to 2030
Climate Change Bill – emissiontargets to 2050
Energy PerformanceCommitment (from 2009)
Customer / stakeholderpressures
Cost of carbon
3. Socio-economic changes
ForesightIntelligent infrastructureSustainable energy and builtenvironment
Implications for Industry businessmodels (gradual or step ?)
4. Barriers and constraints
RegulatoryCustomer
EnvironmentCosts
Engineering
Action nowBuilding adaptive capacity
Planning future actions
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Priority actionsEffective adaptation to major threats includes:
� Design all new/renewed sewers for higher capacity� SUDS promotion and retrofitting to reduce storm flows� Seasonal wastewater discharge charges or consents� Increased spare treatment capacity to cope with flow
variability� Increased intensity of demand management� Building Regulations and planning conditions� Promote use of greywater, rainwater harvesting� Review abstraction consents to take account of
environmental changes which would take place anyway� Review discharge consenting approaches
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Implications for the waterindustry – water services
� Short term� Proportionate and risk-based approach to securing and protecting
assets� Minimise carbon emissions� Development of new low / zero carbon schemes� Assess vulnerability and / or resilience to the impacts of climate
change and identify where adaptation responses will be required.� Medium term
� SUDS as a viable alternative to connecting surface water intosewers
� Asset-life appropriate risk-based design standards� Long term
� Integrated approach to water and land use planning� Carbon critical business model� Service led approach
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Implications for the water industryregulation
� Regulatory leadership & innovation is required that:
� Ensures companies consider potential climate change impacts andthe need for adaptation
� Encourages carbon and climate critical planning by the industry� Is flexible – no one size fits all approach to adaptation� Encourages behavioural change and alternatives to ‘end of pipe’
measures� Ensures companies are not penalised for higher initial cost
solutions where these represent least cost solutions given currentclimate change forecasts
� Provides an appropriate financial framework of incentives andfunding.
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Implications for the water industry -customers
� Managing customer expectations will be crucial in deliveringadaptation and mitigation
� A new approach to communicating with customers will berequired that:
� Raises awareness of what the industry is currently doing� Provides simple, clear messages and reinforces them� Demonstrates the link between reducing energy and water use� Demonstrates the link between climate change and levels of service
and the need for investment
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Barriers to action
� Uncertainty over magnitude and timing of impact
� Lack of clear guidance on adaptation
� Regulatory approach to adaptation: Planning andinvestment objectives
� Lack of awareness of climate change impacts –inconsistent approach to impact assessment
� Spatial planning - location of new development decidedprior to assessment of water service capacity.
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Carbon Critical Policy:Priority Hazardous Substances /Priority substances andemerging chemicals.
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Substances of interestCadmium (PHS)
Nonylphenols (PHS) and their ethoxylates
PAHs
Mercury (PHS)
Pentabromodiphenyl ether (PeBDE) (PHS)
Tributyl tin (TBT) (PHS)
Di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) (DEHP) (PS)
Lead (PS)
Nickel (PS)
Copper (Dangerous substance & WFD Annex VIII substance)
Zinc (Dangerous substance & WFD Annex VIII substance)
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Control at source:Source apportionment
NPEs LAS
Domestic40%
Light industry14%
Town centre9%
Runoff33%
Industry4%
Lead
Domestic61%
Light industry12%
Town centre22%
Runoff2%
Industry3%
Copper
Domestic64%
Light industry2%
Town centre21%
Runoff11%
Industry2%
DEHP
Town centre97%
Light industry0%
Domestic2%Runoff
0%Industry
1%
Tetrachloroethene
Domestic19%
Light industry3%
Town centre67%
Runoff5%
Industry6%
Mercury
Domestic71%
Light industry10%
Town centre17%
Runoff2%
Industry0%
Chloroform
Copper Mercury Lead
TetraCE
ChloroformDEHPLight industry
0%
Runoff1%
Domestic84%
Town centre15%
Industry0%
PeBDE
PeBDE
Domestic12%
Town centre70%
Runoff10%
Light industry2%
Industry6%
NPEs
Domestic81%
Light industry1%
Runoff1%
Town centre16%
Industry1%
LAS
NPE LAS
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Sources and fate of substances
River flowUPSTREAM: Lowconcentration ofsubstance;Standards met
Treatment Works
DOWNSTREAM: Higherconcentration of substanceStandards may not be met
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Control at source:
� Source control (TBT, NP/NPE, PeBDE, Hg, Cd)
� Metals in tap water (Pb, Cu, lesser extent Zn)
� However:� TBT: Controls in place but found occasionally
� DEHP: No controls in place (variability in treatment)
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Control at source:� PHS are already heavily controlled (Hg, Cd,PeBDE & NP/NPEO)
� ‘Die away’ occurs in sewage influent concentrationsas manufacturing and use restrictions are applied
Water qualityobjective
Environmental “die off”
Quantityused
Time in yearsNew usecontrol
The time taken forexisting controlmeasures to work.
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Developing Controls
River flowUPSTREAM: Lowconcentration ofsubstance;Standards met
Treatment Works
DOWNSTREAM: Higherconcentration of substanceStandards may not be met
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Developing Controls
River flowUPSTREAM: Lowconcentration ofsubstance;Standards met
Treatment Works
DOWNSTREAM: Higherconcentration of substanceStandards may not be met
Chemical use
restrictionsNEW PROCESSES
River flowUPSTREAM: Lowconcentration ofsubstance;Standards met
DOWNSTREAM: Higherconcentration of substanceStandards may not be met
River flowUPSTREAM: Lowconcentration ofsubstance;Standards met
DOWNSTREAM: Higherconcentration of substanceStandards may not be met
River flow
New Advanced
Treatment
Processes Chemical
Chemical Restrictions
Chemical Restrictions
userestri
ctions
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What dilutions are available inreceiving waters?
� EA Low Flow 2000 data(Q50 flow)
� WwTW DWF x 1.25
� GIS plotted
� Sense check to ensuredischarge is on correctriver and reviewed EA/water companies
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Example of a cost curveCost curve SF - Ni
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
0246810121416182022
EQS
WLC
£m
; CO
2 kt
/yr;
Slu
dge
ML/
yr
WLC £mCO2 kt/yrSludge ML/yrRQP consent (WLC)RQP consent (CO2)RQP consent (sludge)
Provisional EQSOriginal EQS
UKWIR WW17 outputsdrove a rethink at EU levelregarding this EQS
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Cost of compliance
� Defra: WFD in the order of £101bn*� Defra: Chemicals potentially facing the
water industry £5.6bn*� Defra: CO2 emissions from this investment
not calculable at this time (insufficientunderstanding)
� UKWIR project indicated an increase in theorder of 25% to 50% in current treatmentemissions. Primarily in energy use.
� Risk of infraction proceedings?
*investment over 43 years from 2009
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Carbon critical policy
�Understand the Precautionary Principleand carbon risks
�Least carbon may not be least effort:Control at source, stakeholders, education
�Integration of environmental and policymodels.
�Holistic regulation: Avoid regulatorycompartmentalisation.
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Carbon Critical Design:Example in Water treatment
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IntroductionMid Kent Water: Water Only Company serving nearly 600,000customers
Options: Reservoir, desalination, additional surface waterabstraction (more detailed design of solutions than previousexample).
Cost effective balance of supply and demand: water frameworkdirective and climate change
Minimise its own carbon emissions
No off-the shelf tool to give appropriate estimates for itssolutions
Decided to lead the way and create a methodology that wasflexible enough to apply to its scheme assessmentrequirements
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Appropriate carbon footprintingEmbedded: Materials, transport, manufacture and deployment of e.g. pipesLimitation: Can’t know where every bit of aggregate or cement is actually from(assumptions made and sensitivity analysis performed)
Construction: Plant moving round site: types of plant deployed estimate ofbuild times utilisation and fuel use.Limitation: Estimates based on technology expertise and constructionprojects
Transport: Moving plant and materials to site.Limitation: Sites are in relation to suppliers provides a much better estimate.
Operation: Energy and maintenance requirements. Based on expertassessment of equipment sizes used in the schemes, operation andrequirements for duty standby and maintenance.
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ConclusionsOperational carbon is relatively simple compared to the embedded,construction and transport carbon.
To determine embedded, construction and transport carbon there are manyresearch papers presenting figures for different materials or constructionapproached:
• Use different methodologies; they may be country specific and may setdifferent boundaries.
• There is therefore the need to understand the detail and consider if theapplication to UK construction industry is appropriate.
• Relative amounts of embedded carbon:� Approximately 15% for pipes, as buildings are becoming more carbon efficient
in operation the relative proportion of embedded carbon is increasing to c40%.
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Conclusions:
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ConclusionsInnovation is alive and well but it maynot be made of concrete or steel!
� Integrated environmental andregulatory tools.
� Communication and relationshipsbetween stakeholders.
� Balancing the environmental risks anddeveloping appropriate and timelycontrols.
� Preparing for potentially differentfuture scenarios.