Carbon CompoundsChapter 2 Section 3

Part 1

Objectives Describe the unique qualities

of carbon Describe the structures and

functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules

Important Vocabulary Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Lipid Nucleic acid Nucleotide Protein Amino acid

What is Biochemistry?

It is the study of the chemical _________ that occur in ________________

Carbon Compounds All living things are mainly made up

of carbon Carbon is a very versatile element Compounds that are mostly carbon

are called organic compounds Compounds that don’t contain

carbon are called inorganic compounds

Important Facts About Carbon

Has 4 valence electrons Forms 4 covalent bonds Readily combines with itself and other

elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen

Forms different arrangements with itself such as chains, branches and rings

Can share 1, 2 or 3 electrons

Carbon Structures with Single Bonds

Carbon Structures with Double & Triple Bonds

Macromolecules

Are really large organic compounds found in living cells

Most macromolecules are made in a process known as polymerization, in which smaller units called monomers are join together to form polymers

Monomers are the building blocks of large carbon compounds Like blocks, monomers can be “stacked”

together to make larger structures Polymers are a chains of monomers Macromolecules are sorted into groups based

on their chemical compositions

Condensation Reactions Put monomers together to make

polymers by releasing water and forming bonds between the monomers

Hydrolysis Reactions

Take polymers apart by adding water to break bonds between the monomers

This reaction is the reverse of a condensation reaction

4 Main Classes of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Are compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1

They are used as a source of energy and structural materials

3 types of carbohydrates:MonosaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharides

Monosaccharides A monomer of a carbohydrate A simple sugar

Its general formula is (CH2O)n

( n is a number from 3 to 8) Most common monosaccharides

include: glucose, fructose, & galactose

Disaccharides

A double sugar 2 monosaccharides together Monomers of disaccharides are

monosaccharides For example:

Fructose + Glucose = Sucrose

Polysaccharides

3 or more monosaccharides together

Complex sugar Ex. Glycogen: stored energy molecule

for animals Ex. Starch & Cellulose: stored energy

molecules for plants

Lipids Are large, non-polar organic

molecules They do not dissolve in water Include fatty acids, triglycerides,

phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments

Have a higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms than carbohydrates

They store more energy

Fatty Acids

Are unbranched carbon chains

Main component of lipids They have a hydrophilic

and a hydrophobic end 4 types of fatty acids:

TriglyceridesPhospholipidsWaxesSteroids

Saturated fat

Hydrophobic end

Hydrophilic end

Unsaturated fat

Triglycerides

Are composed of 3 fatty acid chains connected to 1 molecule of glycerol

Saturated triglycerides are made of saturated fatty acids, have high melting points and are hard at room temp.

Ex. Butter, fat in red meat Unsaturated triglycerides are made

of unsaturated fatty acids and are soft or liquids at room temp.

Ex. Found in plant seeds

Triglycerides

Phospholipids Have 2 fatty acid chains attached

to a molecule of glycerol and a phosphate group attached to that

Our cell membranes are made of 2 layers of phospholipids, known as the lipid bilayer

Phospholipid Bilayer

Wax

Is a type of structural lipid composed of 1 long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain

Wax is waterproof It is used as a protective outer-

coating for both plants and animals

Steroids

Are composed of 4 fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them

Ex. Animal hormones & Cholesterol