Carbon ChemistryChapter 8

Chemistry Review RapO http://www.youtube.com/watch?

feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=B0d-fzj9oMQ

Properties of Carbon (8-1)

Real life example:ODentist’s drillOHard, sharpOCARBONODiamond chips on the tips

Carbon Atom and Bonding

Quick Review:O Atomic number of Carbon

is 6O Nucleus has 6 neutrons and

6 protonsO 6 electrons surround the

nucleus in an electron cloudO Of the 6 electrons, 4 are

valence electronsO Valence electrons are

electrons available for bonding

O Carbon shares its valence electrons and can form four bonds

Carbon Atoms and Bonding

O Carbon atoms and the bonds between them can be modeled in several ways.

Carbon Atoms and Bonding

O Because of its unique ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, carbon has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms.

O With four valence electrons, each carbon atom is able to form four bonds.

O Carbon atoms can form straight chains, branched chains, and rings.

Forms of Pure Carbon

O Diamond: formed when carbon is under high temperature and pressureO each atom bonded strongly to four other atoms O the crystalline form of carbon

O Graphite: carbon atoms bonded in layers to three other carbon atomsO bonds are weak because layers slide past one another

easilyO Fullerenes and Nanotube

O Fullerenes: 1985, scientists made carbon atoms arranged in a hollow sphere

O Nanotube: 1991, scientists made carbons atoms arranged in a long, hollow cylinder; tiny, light, flexible, conducts electricity and is extremely strong

Carbon Compounds (8-2)Things made of carbon compounds:

O Gases, Liquids and SolidsO Frequently a liquid at

room temperature

O Specific Examples: Cotton shirt, shampoo, writing paper, propane fuel, olive oil, cereal, meat and vegetables

90% of all known compounds contain carbon

Organic CompoundsO Made up of carbonO Have similar

properties such as melting point, boiling point, odor, electrical conductivity, solubility

O We are organic! All living things are, as well as some nonliving things.

HydrocarbonsO The simplest organic compoundsO Contains the elements hydrogen

and carbon onlyO Methane gas, Propane gas,

Butane gasO Gasoline is a mixture of several

hydrocarbonsO Properties

O Like most organic compounds, they do not mix well with water

O FlammableO GREAT energy source

Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons

• The graph shows the boiling points of several hydrocarbons. (Note: Some points on the y-axis are negative.)

• Use the graph to answer the following questions.

Boiling Points of HydrocarbonsO Reading Graphs:

O Where is 0ºC on the graph?

O Almost in the center of the y-axis

Boiling Points of HydrocarbonsO Interpreting Data:

O What is the approximate boiling point of C3H8? C5H12? C6H14?

O C3H8: about –44ºC;C5H12: about 34ºC;C6H14: about 68ºC

Boiling Points of HydrocarbonsO Calculating:

O What is the temperature difference between the boiling points of C3H8 and C5H12?

O About 78ºC

Structure and Bonding in Hydrocarbons

O The carbon chains in a hydrocarbon may be straight, branched, or ring-shaped.

O A structural formula shows the kind, number, and arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

IsomersO Compounds that have the same chemical

formula but different structural formulas are called isomers.

O Each isomer is a different substance with its own characteristic properties.

Double and Triple Bonds in

HydrocarbonsO In addition to forming a single bond, two carbon atoms can form a double bond or a triple bond.

Saturated versus Unsaturated

HydrocarbonsO Saturated Hydrocarbons contain only single

bonds, so they have the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms on their carbon chains

O Unsaturated Hydrocarbons contain double or triple bonds, so they have fewer hydrogen atoms on their carbon chains

O Look:

Will these form single, double, or triple

bonds?Write down the following molecules,

then we will draw them together.C2H6

C3H8

C2H4

C3H4

C2H2

C4H10

Substituted Hydrocarbons

O Carbon can form stable bonds with several other elements including oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and several halogens.

O If ONE atom of another element is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, the hydrocarbon is called a substituted hydrocarbon.

O Example: Compounds containing halogens (period 17), Freon: once used as a cooling agent in refrigerators and car air conditioners

Containing Alcohols-Methanol, used in solutions for de-icing airplanes

Organic Acids-Formic acid, in stinging nettle and produced by ants

Esters

O An ester is a compound made by chemically combining an alcohol and an organic acid.

O Many esters have pleasant, fruity smells.

O These compounds are in wintergreen candy, fruits, and medications like aspirin and anesthetics.

Let’s Review

O 1. What are four forms in which pure carbon can exist?

O 2. How are carbon atoms arranged in diamond?

O 3. How many other carbon atoms are bonded to each carbon atom?

O 4. What are some uses of diamond?

O 5. In what state are most organic compounds found at room temperature?

O 6. Are organic compounds soluble in water?

O 7. Are organic compounds found only in living things?

O 8. What makes fruits and vegetables labeled as “organic” different from other produce?

O 9. What would scientist identify as organic fruits and vegetables?

O 10. What elements do hydrocarbons contain?

O 11. What are two properties of hydrocarbons?

O 12. Why are hydrocarbons often used as fuels?

O 13. How do substitutions in hydrocarbons change the characteristics of the hydrocarbon?

O 14. How is an ester made?

O 15. In what substances are esters found?

Let’s wrap it up!

Polymers and Composites

Many foods are partly or wholly polymers (a large, complex molecule built from smaller molecules joined together in a repeating pattern).

Natural Polymers:Starches in pancakesProteins in meats and eggs

Synthetic PolymersPlasticPolyesterNylon

Recall that most polymers rely on carbon for their fundamental structure.

Reviewing How Polymers are Formed

O Carbon’s Chains and RingsO Carbon atoms can form four covalent bondsO Carbon atoms can bond to each other in

straight and branched chains and ring-shaped groups

O Carbons Compounds and PolymersO Polymers form when chemical bonds link

large numbers of monomers in a repeating pattern.

Forming PolymersO Polymers form when chemical bonds link

large numbers of monomers in a repeating pattern.

Monomers are the building blocks of polymers.

Mono = OnePoly = Many

Natural PolymersO Cellulose, the proteins in snake venom and the spider’s

silk (web) are all natural polymers.

O Carbohydrates:O Cellulose: fruits and vegetables; sugar molecules in long

strands, non-digestible by humansO Starches: pasta, breads and some vegetables; sugar

molecules formed in a different way in long strands, digestible by humans

O Proteins: fingernails and muscles; amino acids form long strandsO Other: silk and wool

Synthetic Polymers• Man-made

• Plastics• Many types of

clothing (like polyester and rayon)

• Carpet• Gum• Toothpaste• Styrofoam• Nylon

Polymers video clipO http://youtu.be/8YUiRKWPKl8

CompositesOComposites:

O combination of two or more substances in a new material with different properties

O many composites contain one or more polymers

O not compounds because the individual components are still presents and retain their original properties.

OUses for CompositesO Fiberglass, fishing rods and tennis racketsO Bicycles, automobiles and airplanes (lighter

than steel)

Video Notes- Composites

O 20 factsO http://youtu.be/tZhH2B-EI1I

Why Recycle Plastics?O Since synthetic polymers

are inexpensive to produce, they’ve replaced many natural materials.

O This causes problems with waste and increases the volume of trash.O Plastics don’t break down

easilyO Recycling helps offset this

problem

Life with Carbon (8-4)

Organic CompoundsOCompounds that contain the

element carbon (C)OOrganic compounds are found in

all living thingsOCarbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids,

and Nucleic acids are important groups of organic compounds in living things that help cells function

Carbohydrates - first class of organic

compoundsO Provides immediate energy for cellO Make up some cell partsO Made up of elements carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygenO Polymer = Carbs Monomer =

SugarsO Examples: starches, like potatoes,

pasta, bread, also found in cell membranes and cell walls

Simple CarbohydratesO Simple Sugars are called monosaccharides.

O Examples of monosaccharidesOGlucose – blood sugarOOther simple sugars:

O Galactose O Fructose

OMajor nutrients for cells

OThese make up the building blocks (monomer) for complex sugars.

Complex Carbohydrates

O Complex Sugars are called polysaccharides. These are 100s or 1000s of small sugars hooked

together to create a polymer. Huge sugars!

O Complex carbohydrates assembled from glucose: O Starches

O Glycogen= animal starch—store extra sugar energy in animals to allow body to carry out its life functions

O Plant starch—store extra sugar in plantsO Cellulose—the structural material in plants;

sometimes called fiber

Carbohydrates Up CloseExample 1:Glucose -

Monosaccharides

Enrichment on Carbohydrates

O Disaccharides are made up of 2 sugars attached

O Di = two, saccharide = sugarO Examples: Lactose, sucrose

O How can you recognize a sugar by looking at How can you recognize a sugar by looking at its name?its name?O Galactose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, celluloseGalactose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, cellulose

Carbohydrates Up CloseExample 2:

Starch – Polysaccharide

Monomer or smaller unit of starch = glucose

Now…Now…Let’s Get Pumped Up about Let’s Get Pumped Up about

Proteins!!!Proteins!!!

Proteins – second class of organic compounds

O The goal of the cell is to MAKE PROTEINS (aka Polypeptides)

O Made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

O Found in cell membrane, help make up many organelles, hair, finger nails, spider webs, feathers, etc.

O Examples: meat, eggs, beans, enzymes

O The body uses proteins from food to build and repair body parts and to regulate cell activities

Structure of ProteinsO Proteins are made up of

long chains of amino acids

O 20 different amino acids can form thousands of different proteins (just like 26 letters of the alphabet can form thousands of words)

O Similar to letters and words, the order of amino acids will determine which protein it is

Polymer = ProteinsMonomer = Amino Acids

EnzymesO Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in

organismsO Without enzymes, many chemical reactions

needed for life would not occur or would occur to slowlyO Example: enzymes (proteins) in your saliva speed up

digestion of food by breaking it down into simpler sugars in your mouth

O They perform an action but do not become a part of the action (like fire cooking food)

Lipids – the third class of organic compoundsO Contain even more energy than carbs

(release twice as much energy)O Cells store energy in lipids for later useO Made of the elements carbon, hydrogen,

oxygenO Examples: fats, waxes, oilsO Makes up most of cell membrane

More on LipidsFats and Oils:

O Same basic structure (three fatty acids and one glycerol)O Difference: fats are usually solid at room temperature

Common categories of lipids:

1. Unsaturated fatty acids are found in oils.a) Monounsaturated oils have fatty acids with one double bond.b) Only unsaturated oils have fatty acids with many double bonds

2. Saturated fats tend to have high melting points.a) Saturated Fats: no double bonds between carbon atoms (saturated

vs. unsaturated)b) Can contribute to heart disease by affecting the level of cholesterol

in blood3. Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in all animal cells and is needed

to build cell structures (phospholipids) and to form compounds that serve as chemical messengers(steroids).a) Not a source of energy, unlike other lipidsb) Plants do not produce itc) Can contribute to heart disease

Formation of LipidsO Lipids are made of a central building block

called Glycerol (this is the same for all lipids) + 3 side chains attached called --Fatty Acid chains (the structure of the acid chains are different for each lipid).Glycerol

Side = Fatty acid chain

LipidsGlycerol

3 Fatty acid chains; different for each lipid

1. FATS vary in their # of double bondsOSaturated Fats: NO C-C double bonds

O Fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms (Saturated, or loaded, with H)

O Ex: bacon grease, butter—solid at room temperature (BAD FAT)OUnsaturated fats:

O Contains at least one Carbon-Carbon double bond (not loaded with H) (GOOD FAT- in small amounts)

O Ex: corn oil, cod liver oil—liquid at RT2. Phospholipids

O Phospholipid: similar to fat

OUseful as the outer membrane of cells

O Boundary between the interior of the cell and its exterior environment

O Called a phospholipid bilayerbilayer3. SteroidsFunction: Chemical messengers and make up part of the cell membrane!!!!!OExample: Cholesterol, hormonesOMost other steroids are synthesized from cholesterol

O Too much cholesterol is badatherosclerosis

A Final Look at Lipids

Class Participation Opportunities

Research Report on the Molecules of Life

Nucleic Acids – the fourth class of organic

compoundsO Very large organic molecules

(polymers) assembled from small molecules (monomers, the building blocks) called nucleotides

O Nucleotides are connected in a pattern

O Made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus

O Usually found in nucleus of cellO Contain instructions for cells to carry

out all functions of life

Reviewing DNA and RNAO Genes consist of DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid (containing billions of

nucleotides)O When living things reproduce, they pass DNA (the genetic info. passed from parent to offspring)

O RNA: ribonucleic acid, only built of four kids of nucleotides different from those in DNA

O Nucleotides (3 parts):O 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)O Phosphate groupO 1 Nitrogenous base (1 of four: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or

thymine)

O Differences in living things depend on the order of nucleotides in their DNA. The order of the DNA nucleotides determines a related order in RNA.

NUCLEOTIDE = Monomer of DNA

Other NutrientsOrganisms require water, vitamins, minerals, and salts to support the functioning of large molecules.OWater:

O 90% of the liquid part of your bloodO Nutrients dissolve in it and are carried throughout the body

OVitamins:O Helper moleculesO Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) for health of skin and gums; Vitamin D

for bonesOMinerals: elements in the form of ions (not organic)

O Calcium, iron, sodium, potassiumOSalts: ionic compounds

O Sodium chlorideO Helps in the contraction of muscles and transmission of

messages through nervesO Other salts

O Healthy growth of bones and balancing blood’s pH

Show What You Know!1. What are the smaller molecules from which polymers

are built?

2. How do polymers form?

3. On what do the chemical properties of a polymer depend?

4. What is a composite?

5. How do polymers relate to composites?

6. What is fiberglass made of and why is this composite useful?

7. Why have so many synthetic polymers been produced?

8. What makes synthetic polymers beneficial?

9. What are some problems with synthetic polymers?

10. How can the problems with synthetic polymers be solved?

11. What do all carbohydrates have in common?

12. What is an example of a simple carbohydrate?

13. What monomers make up proteins?

14. How are different proteins made?

15. Compare and contrast proteins to complex carbohydrates.

16. What food sources are good sources of protein?

17. How are lipids similar to carbohydrates?

18. How are lipids different?

19. How are unsaturated fatty acids different from saturated fatty acids?

20. What smaller molecules make up each large molecules?

21. How do combinations of smaller molecules result in different large molecules?

22. Which of the large organic molecules do you think can form the most patterns?

23. What is the role of vitamins in the body?

24. What are minerals?

25. What are two classes of compounds that are not organic but are needed by the body?