Carbon and Hydrogen Storage

7/28/2019 Carbon and Hydrogen Storage

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2035 2040

2045

2050

CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

Plants for a cleaner tomorrow

By JAMSHAID MINHAS


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CARBON AND HYDROGEN STORAGE BY JAMSHAID MINHAS

Contents

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 2

Carbon capture and storage ................................................................................................................... 3

Hydrogen production and storage .......................................................................................................... 7

References ........................................................................................................................................ 10

List of Figures

Figure 1 Worldwide CO2 emission ................................................................................................... 3

Figure 2 CO2 geological storage options ......................................................................................... 4

Figure 3 Total CCS investment 201050 by region ($ billion) ................................................... 5

Figure 4 The net cost of employing CCS within U.S....................................................................... 6

Figure 5 H2 onboard storage system ............................................................................................... 7

Figure 6 Hydrogen energy ................................................................................................................. 8

Figure 7 Hydrogen system cost........................................................................................................ 8

Figure 8 Comparison of volumetric, gravimetric energy capacity, and costs of various

storage options. ................................................................................................................................... 9


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Executive Summary

Majority of the worlds climate scientists agree that climate change is occurring becauseof increase in CO2 emission from the use of fossil fuels in electricity production. Accordingto an estimate, the energy demand could increase by 45% until 2030.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) can capture approximately 90% of the carbonproduced in electricity generation, transport and then store it securely and permanentlyin deep geological formations rather than releasing it to the atmosphere. This capturedCO2 is also used in enhanced oil and natural gas recovery. Investment of over $2.5-3trillion is required from 2010 to 2050, which is about 6% of the overall investmentneeded to achieve a 50% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050.

At present commercial power plants and industrial facilities are not interested to investin CCS because it reduces efficiency, adds cost and lowers energy output. There is a needto provide funds for near-term demonstration projects and additional financialincentives for CCS in the medium to long-term.

The demand of hydrogen is rising as the worlds oil consumption increased by growingindustrialization. Many companies are working on the development of on-boardhydrogen storage for a driving range of greater than 500 km while meeting packaging,

cost, safety, and performance requirements. Automakers have successfully producedsome prototype vehicles traveling greater than 500 km on a single fill.

Estimates tell that by the year 2040, approximately 150 Mt of hydrogen will be requiredannually. To produce this hydrogen from natural gas, approximately 0.43 million m 3 ofnatural gas per year would be required, which would cost roughly 1 trillion dollars.Critical factors in hydrogen economy are transportation and on-board storage, to storeone gge hydrogen tank would be more than 3000-fold the volume of the gasoline tank.


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Carbon capture and storage

From 2000 to 2010 CO2 concentration increased from 368 ppm (parts per million) to 388

ppm, the highest level in the past 650,000 years. This emission will increase by 130% by

2050, which could lead to a temperature increase of 4 7C.

Significant solutions to reduce this CO2 emissionare high energy efficiency, renewable energy, low

carbon fuels and carbon dioxide (CO2) captureand storage (CCS). About 69% of all CO2 emissionand 60% of all greenhouse gas emission areenergy related. One tonne of coal produces 2.4tonne CO2 that occupies 550 m3 space.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a technologydeveloped to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) gasfrom the exhausts of power stations and fromother industrial sources. Captured CO2 iscompressed and transported through pipelines

or tankers and trucks to injection wells and theninjected into deep geological reservoirs where itcan be stored permanently.

Figure 1 Worldwide CO2 emission

Naturally, 1,752 GtCO2 can be stored in the unvegetated regions and 2,385 Gt in forested

areas. The value of carbon storage in the tropical and boreal forests reach a maximum of

400 metric tons per hectare. Many storage projects are working to store 1 Mt of CO2 per

year worldwide.

6%10%

42%20%

22%

World CO2 emission by

sector in 2010

Residential

Other

Electricity & Heat

Industry

Transport


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Figure 2 CO2 geological storage options

Initial assessments show that deep saline formations, depleted natural gas reservoirs,

depleted oil reservoirs and deep unmineral coal seams are ideal storage options and have

an overall 10,460 Gt CO2 storage capacity. Which can meet storage needs for at least a

century and in many regions, the storage capacity is in the right places to meet current

and future demand from nearby CO2 source.

CO2 isinjected into declining oil fields for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) to increase the

amount of oil recovered or to prevent toxic acid gases being released to the atmosphere.

At present, nearly 250,000 barrels extra oil produced per day by more than 100 CO2-EOR

projects worldwide. Researchers are also working to develop processes to utilize CO 2 in

the production of organic carbonate commodity chemicals and precast concrete

products. By developing a CO2-consuming inorganic binder and reducing both the energy

required to make concrete and the resultant emissions, this research could facilitate the

sequestration of large amounts of CO2 in construction materials.


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Figure 3 Total CCS investment 201050 by region ($ billion)

As of April 2010, funding and project announcements from governments andinternational organisations were in the range of $26.6 billion to $36.1 billion. TheInternational Energy Agency estimates that without CCS, the costs of abating global CO2emissions will increase by over $1.28 trillion annually.

The total investment required for the base plant and the additional capture component

from 2010 to 2050 is estimated around $5 trillion, representing an average rate of $125bn invested per year. Additional investment of $1.3 trillion, $1 trillion and $650 bn is also

required for CO2 capture, transport and storage through 2050.


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Figure 4 The net cost of employing CCS within U.S


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Hydrogen production and storage

Hydrogen is being stored at hydrogen production sites, hydrogen refueling stations,

stationary power sites and onboard vehicles. It is stored in the form of compressed gas in

high-pressure tanks (200-300 bar), cryogenic liquid in insulated tanks and as chemicalcompounds that undergo a chemical reaction to release hydrogen. Hydrogen is already

widely produced and being used in stationary power and transportation markets.

Approximately 10-11 million metric tonnes of hydrogen produced in the US each year is

enough to power 20-30 million cars or 5-8 million homes.

Figure 5 H2 onboard storage system

Hydrogen can be produced in a number of ways depending on the type of demand, the

local energy prices, and the availability of primary energy resources. Primary options for

hydrogen transport are through pipelines, tube, trucks, rails, barges. Presently there is a

700 miles hydrogen transport pipeline in the United States and serve petroleum

refineries and chemical plants in the Gulf Coast region. Transmission of hydrogen through

pipeline offers technical and economic advantage but imply high initial capital costs,

which is a major barrier for building new pipelines. To carry a mixture of natural gas and

hydrogen (20% hydrogen) natural gas pipelines require only modest modifications but

for delivering pure hydrogen significant modifications are needed.


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Figure 6 Hydrogen energy

According to an analysis in 2004, the total cost of hydrogen ranged from $1.91-6.58/kg

for hydrogen made from coal and shipped by pipeline and for hydrogen made on-site

from electrolysis. The future target is to reduce the cost of distributed production of

hydrogen from natural gas to $2.50/gge pump by 2010 and $2.00/gge by 2015. From

biomass gasification, the target is $1.10/gge by 2017. Current delivery costs for pipelines

for an urban market of 250,000 people is shown in Figure 7. The forecourt/refuelling sitecost represents a 40% fraction of the total delivery cost for compression and storage at

the refuelling site and highlights the importance of these areas for cost reduction.

Figure 7 Hydrogen system cost


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The cost of pipeline delivery drops rapidly as market penetration increases and tends to

flatten out above 25%. Hydrogen has three times more energy content compared to

equivalent weight gasoline (120 MJ/kg for hydrogen versus 44 MJ/kg for gasoline).

However, hydrogen has four times lower energy content when compared on a volume

basis (8 MJ/L for hydrogen versus 32 MJ/L for gasoline). The well-developed

technologies of high-pressure tanks and liquid H2 meet some of the criteria of storage and

performance.

Figure 8 Comparison of volumetric, gravimetric energy capacity, and costs of various storage options.

350 bar 700 bar Liquid H2Complex

hydride

Chemical

hydride

2010

target

2015

target

kWh/L 0.8 1.3 1.6 0.6 1.4 1.5 2.7

kWh/kg 2.1 1.9 2 0.8 1.6 2 3

$/kWh 12 16 6 6 8 4 2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.51.8

2.1

2.4

2.7

3

Cost

Volumetric&

Gravimetricca

pacity

H2 Storage cost

kWh/L kWh/kg $/kWh


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References

1. Carbon dioxide capture and geological storage by GLOBAL ENERGYTECHNOLOGY STRATEGY PROGRAM

2. Carbon Capture and Storage by Stephen A. Rackley3. Technology Roadmap, carbon capture and storage by International Energy

Agency

4. Plants for a cleaner tomorrow, carbon capture to reduce emission by TheLinde Group

5. Strategic Analysis of the Global Status of Carbon Capture and Storage by GlobalCCS Institute

6. High-Pressure Hydrogen Storage Systems by QUANTUM Technologies7. An overview of hydrogen production and storage systems with renewable

hydrogen case studies by Timothy Lipman

8. Handbook of Hydrogen Storage: New Materials for Future Energy Storage byMichael Hirscher

9. http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/overview.html10.http://www.ccsassociation.org/what-is-ccs/capture/11.http://www.linde-engineering.pk/en/process_plants/CCS/index.html
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/overview.htmlhttp://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/overview.htmlhttp://www.ccsassociation.org/what-is-ccs/capture/http://www.ccsassociation.org/what-is-ccs/capture/http://www.ccsassociation.org/what-is-ccs/capture/http://www.linde-engineering.pk/en/process_plants/CCS/index.htmlhttp://www.linde-engineering.pk/en/process_plants/CCS/index.htmlhttp://www.linde-engineering.pk/en/process_plants/CCS/index.htmlhttp://www.linde-engineering.pk/en/process_plants/CCS/index.htmlhttp://www.linde-engineering.pk/en/process_plants/CCS/index.htmlhttp://www.ccsassociation.org/what-is-ccs/capture/http://www.ccsassociation.org/what-is-ccs/capture/http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/overview.htmlhttp://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/overview.htmlhttp://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/overview.html


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