Carbon Accounting in the Tourism Sector | Rachel Dunk & Steven Gillespie
-
Upload
icarb -
Category
Technology
-
view
787 -
download
0
Transcript of Carbon Accounting in the Tourism Sector | Rachel Dunk & Steven Gillespie
Carbon Accounting in the Tourism Sector
Chaired by:Rachel Dunk
Crichton Carbon CentreSteven Gillespie
University of Glasgow
Outline/Objective of workshop
Welcome and introductions Scene setting presentations
– Tourism & CO2: The global context
– Targets, standards and methodologies
Key questions Wrap up and Close
About ICARB
ICARB: The Initiative for Carbon Accounting Sponsored by the Scottish Government A group of stakeholders (industry representatives,
politicians, academics, consultants, public, private and third sector) working together to create a set of transparent, consistent and accurate rules for carbon accounting across the Scottish economy
Resource base at www.icarb.org
Objectives...
Form and shape a Tourism Stakeholder Group Make the first steps in developing the Tourism
carbon accounting rule book– Tourism sector sub-categories
– Which scope 3 emission sources?
Identify next steps/points for future discussion
Introductions
Tourism & CO2: the Global picture
Tourism & Climate Change
Tourism
Creates
Impacts
Affect
Tourism Growth
UNWTO (2011)
Erxleben and Sallwey (2007)
Global Tourism and Climate Change
Tourism (including day-trips) is responsible for 4.95% of global CO2 emissions – Up to 14% if measured as radiative forcing (The warming
caused by CO2 and other GHGs).
If tourism was a country it would be the 5th biggest polluter worldwide (similar to Japan).
Global tourism emissions projected to grow by 152% by 2035.
Sources: Peeters and Dubois (2010); UNWTO-UNEP-WMO (2008)
Air transport
40%
Car32%
Other transport
3%
Accommoda-tion21%
Other activities4%
Breakdown of tourism emissions
Radiative forcing
Air transport
72%
Car15%
Other transport
2%
Accom-modation
9%
Other activities2%
Tourism Mitigation Scenarios
UNWTO-UNEP-WMO (2008)
References
Erxleben, T. and Sallwey, L. (2007) The impact of current developments on the baggage flow at airports and derived trends in airport logistics. Elektroniczne czasopismo naukowe z dziedziny logistyki, 3 (1), No. 5.
Peeters, P. And Dubois, G. (2010) Tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints. Journal of Transport Geography, 18 (3),447-457.
UNWTO (2011) Tourism Highlights 2009 Edition. http://unwto.org
UNWTO-UNEP-WMO (2008) Climate Change and Tourism: Responding to Global Challenges. UNWTO, Madrid.
Targets, Standards & Methodologies
UK Climate Change Policy
2020 ↓34%2050 ↓80%
UK ClimateChange Act
2020 ↓42%2050 ↓80%
Climate Change(Scotland) Act
Sustainable Tourism in Scotland
Scottish Government has publicly stated its ambition for Scotland to be Europe’s most sustainable tourism destination
Aspiration that all quality assured businesses will have attained (at a minimum) entry level of the Green Tourism Business Scheme by 2015
Incorporation of environmental/sustainability criteria into Visit Scotland Quality Assurance Scheme
Concerns from sector on clashes between 4/5* and sustainability criteria
What is a carbon footprint…
“The total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and
indirectly by an individual, organisation, event or product”
Carbon Trust
The purpose of C accounting in tourism...
• To enable accurate emissions reporting?If accurate emissions reporting is required, then we need a rigorous approach that complies with relevant guidelines & standards.
&/or• To provide information for carbon management?
If for internal carbon management a less rigorous approach that provides management level information and allows identification of lowest hanging fruit may prove sufficient.
The purpose of C accounting in tourism...
• Provides baseline information that enables: Reporting of emissions
• Mandatory • Voluntary
Comparison to benchmark standards• e.g. Office energy efficiency
Correct identification of emission reduction targets • Savings• No Cost• Low Cost
Level against which future performance is measured• Quantify emissions abatement achieved• Project reporting
Drivers to reduce carbon emissions
Organisation
Regulation
Costs
New Business
StakeholderPressures
Barriers to carbon emission reduction
Time
Cost
KnowledgeBusiness as Usual Organisation
International Standards
• The Greenhouse Gas Protocol – www.ghgprotocol.org
• ISO 14064 Climate Change Standard– www.iso.org
UK Voluntary Reporting
• Guidance on how to measure and report your greenhouse gas emissions
In combination with:
• Guidelines to Defra/DECC’s GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting
www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/index.htm
UK Government Recommendation:
3 to 5 Step Process
Define the boundaries
Collect the activity data
Calculate emissions & total footprint
Independent verification (optional)
1
2
3
4
5Public reporting (optional)
Boundary setting
ORGANISATIONALQ: What do you own/control?
OPERATIONALQ: What are you including?
Equity Share
Control Approach
Financial Operational
identify ALL emissions within organisational
boundary & then select which to include
?
Scope 1 & Scope 2
Scope 3This is your consolidation approach
Boundary Setting
Footprint Assessment Boundary
Within Companies Control
Water supply & treatment
Waste disposal & recycling
Staffcommuting
Company vehicles diesel
Gas consumption
Company vehicles petrol
Purchased electricity
Other business travel
The Sources – Scope 1, 2 & 3Scopes improve transparency & prevent double counting of emissions for GHG programs
The GHG Protocol requires reporting of Scope 1 & Scope 2 as a minimum
Source: GHG Protocol – A Corporate Accounting & Reporting Standard, Revised Edition
The Sources – Scope 1, 2 & 3Scope 1: Direct GHG emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the
company.• e.g. emissions from combustion in owned or controlled boilers, furnaces and vehicles (combustion of
biomass is reported separately). Process emissions and fugitive emissions are also Scope 1.
Scope 2: Energy Indirect GHG emissions from purchased electricity, heat steam & cooling consumed by the company.
Scope 3: Other indirect GHG emissions (optional for the GHG protocol discretionary in UK Govt guidance)
• arise as a consequence of the activities of the company, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the company.
• both the upstream & downstream supply chains • e.g. extraction, production of purchased materials, transportation of purchased fuels, waste
disposal, employee commuting, business travel, customer travel.
Others: Emissions of other GHGs not included in the Kyoto Protocol (optional for the GHG Protocol, include if material in UK Govt guidance)
• e.g. CFCs (regulated by the Montreal Protocol), NOx
Source: GHG Protocol – A Corporate Accounting & Reporting Standard, Revised Edition
The Sources – Scope 1, 2 & 3
• An approach often taken is to tackle the easiest emissions to quantify first (Scope 1 & Scope 2) – developing a more detailed approach at a later date (e.g. Scope 3 - examining the supply chain).
• HOWEVER – an analysis limited to direct and indirect energy emissions may account for only a small fraction of an entities total carbon footprint.
• Developing a carbon management plan based on limited information could be worse than useless.
Which Scope 3 Sources? ISO 14064-1
The organization may quantify other indirect GHG emissions based on requirements of the applicable GHG programme, internal reporting needs or the intended use for the GHG inventory.
The organization may exclude from quantification direct or indirect GHG sources or sinks whose contribution to GHG emissions or removals is not material or whose quantification would not be technically feasible or cost effective.
The organization shall explain why certain GHG sources or sinks are excluded from quantification.
Materiality: concept that individual or an aggregate of errors, omissions and misrepresentations could affect the greenhouse gas assertion and could influence the intended users’ decisions
30
Which Scope 3 Sources? Defra/DECC
Discretionary - include if significant...
Small Business User Guide specifically notes: Water supply/waste water disposal Waste disposal/recycling Business travel Staff commuting
31
Which Scope 3 Sources? Carbon Trust
Carbon Trust - Baseline Tool (for SMEs) pilot – being trialled in 2011/12 Water Waste (general mixed – no breakdown) Business Travel
32
Which Scope 3 Sources? GTBS
GTBS – Criteria address... Water Waste Travel (Business, Staff, Visitor) Purchasing
33
What is a tiered methodology
In the IPCC GPG, there is a hierarchy of estimation methods – Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 methods – with Tier 1 being the simplest (highest uncertainty) and Tier 3 being the most complex (greater confidence).
This approach is also evident in Defra/DECC guidance – which provides basic guidance on how to estimate emissions from some sources in absence of complete data sets.
34
What is a tiered methodology
Tier 1: simplest - equations and default parameters provided - e.g. Scotland specific...
Tier 2: as Tier 1 but higher temporal and spatial resolution – more disaggregated data – e.g. Region specific...
Tier 3: higher order methods – based on high quality activity data (in combination with modelling) – e.g. Enterprise specific...
35
Key Questions
36
Discussion Groups
Eva Milroy
Kalyan Bhandari
Steve Macfarlane
Vasileios Skampalis
Chris Wood-Gee
Joung Hun Youm
Alice Hamling
Zan Kirk
Stephen Miles
Jon Proctor
Sue Roaf
Emily Taylor
Lisa Gibson
Neil Kitching
Hiro Murakami
Markos Skampalis
Robert Smith
Song Wang
The Tourism System
Transition Route Region
Operational Context
Operational context includes economic, socio-cultural, political, technological, legal and environmental variables
Tourist Destination
Region
Tourist Generating
RegionReturning Tourists
Departing Tourists
Source: Leiper 1990
Q1: Tourism Sector Boundaries
1. Which tourism actors– are core tourism businesses (in the rule book)
– are supporting businesses (data needed from them for determining footprint of the ‘core’ tourism business)
– should facilitate / support carbon measurement and reduction in the tourism sector
2. For the core tourism businesses, please arrange them into what you think are the appropriate number and type of sub-categories
Q2: Tourism & Travel Emissions
1. Which actors are interested in tourism related transport emissions?
2. Whose responsibility do you think it is to measure and reduce emissions from tourism related transport?
3. How would you evaluate visitor travel? – What data is needed?
– Who should collect it?
Q3&4: Which Scope 3s?
1. What do you think are the significant Scope 3 emission sources for the core tourism sub-categories formulated by your group?