Car ownership, mileage, and risky driving among young intermediate drivers
description
Transcript of Car ownership, mileage, and risky driving among young intermediate drivers
1
Car ownership, mileage, and risky driving among young intermediate drivers
Presenter: Bridie Scott-Parker, PhD Candidate(Prof Barry Watson, Dr Mark King, Dr Melissa Hyde)
Australasian College of Road Safety National Conference, Melbourne, 1-2 September 2011
Extent of the Problem
• Young drivers (17-25 yrs) in Australia, 2008– 26% of all road fatalities
• 80% were male
• Young drivers (17-24 yrs) in Queensland, 2008– 13% of licensed driver/ rider population
– 20% of road fatalities
– 33% of all fatalities involved young drivers/ riders
0 61 2 3 4 5 70Years after licensing
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
No.
dri
vers
in c
asua
lty
cras
hes Provisional licence phaseLearne
rlicencephase
Open licence phase
Source: Queensland Government, 2005
Casualty Crash Involvement in Queensland by Licence Type
Key changes to Queensland’s Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) Program, July 2007
• Learner – 16 years of age (was 16.5 yrs)– 12 month minimum duration (was 6 months)– 100 hours supervised practice recorded in logbook
• Provisional – Two stages (was one three-year Provisional licence)
• Provisional 1: 12 month minimum duration, night-time passenger restrictions
Hazard Perception Test
• Provisional 2: 24 month minimum duration4
Vehicle Ownership
• High rates of ownership amongst the most-inexperienced drivers– 28% - 70% of novices own car/primary access– Ownership rates increase considerably during
Provisional period– Ownership associated with more risky driving
• Speeding, particularly at night and with friends as passengers• Crashes, including ‘hooning’ crash involvement• Offences• Greater mileage
– Longer ownership duration = more offences and crash involvement
5
Longitudinal Research • Survey 1
• 1032 drivers 17-19 years (609 females)• Queensland-wide sample, recruited April-June 2010
when passed practical driving assessment• Experiences and behaviours as a Learner driver
• Survey 2 • 6 months of driving with a Provisional P1 licence• 355 drivers 17-20 years (247 females)• Experiences and behaviours as a Provisional driver• 341 drivers provided ownership information
6
Results: Exposure• Distance
• Average 175 km/week• 52% ≤ 100 km/week
• Duration • Average 7.5 hours/week• 87% ≤ 10 hours/week
• Consistency throughout Provisional period• 17% greater exposure at first• 47% same exposure throughout • 16% greater exposure now
• 7
Results cont.
• 75% of Provisional drivers owned their own car• Crash involvement since gaining their Provisional
licence (6 months earlier)– 10% of drivers (male = female)
• Offence detected by Police– 18% of males– 10% of females
8
9
Significant socio-demographic differences
Characteristic Own car
Australian-born Yes No
80.8%54.8%
English-speaking home Yes No
80.2%40.0%
Studying Yes No
74.5%83.9%
Employed Yes No
82.5%67.1%
10
Significant exposure differences
Characteristic Own car No car
Duration of Learner period M (SD)
15.77 (5.14) 18.70 (7.17)
Hours in Learner logbook M (SD)
107.03 (16.03) 102.48 (20.01)
Exposure: Hours M (SD)
7.64 (8.80) 6.25 (9.84)
Exposure: Kilometres M (SD)
193.42 (170.23) 97.73 (96.81)
11
Characteristic Own car No car
‘Talk out of ticket’ (punishment avoidance) No
100.0%77.4%
0.0%22.6%
Behaviour of Young Novice Drivers Scale (BYNDS) M (SD)
77.20 (15.37) 72.42 (13.76)
Risky Exposure subscale (BYNDS) M (SD)
26.01 (5.00) 22.68 (5.16)
Significant risky behaviours
Other findings of interest• 95% of crashes reported by drivers residing in urban areas• Provisional drivers who reported a crash as a Learner
were less likely to report owning a car• Provisional drivers who reported an offence had been
detected as a Learner or as a Provisional driver – were significantly more likely to report owning a car – reported significantly greater duration and distance of exposure
• Provisional drivers who reported more exposure recently reported – less crash involvement – more offences had been detected
12
Discussion & Future Research• High rate of ownership (75%) among the most
inexperienced drivers– Consistent with prior research: no gender differences;
owners more likely to be employed; greater exposure; more risky driving, crashes, offences
– Inconsistent with prior research: higher ownership rates in rural areas (88% vs 77% in urban areas, ns)
– Future research: When do they get the car? Car characteristics? Who pays for it? Is their driving monitored by Mum/Dad?
• Greater exposure than previously reported (particularly important as self-report is frequently an underestimate)– Future research: When/why driving? Where? With whom?
13
• Learners who crashed less likely to own a car: Availability issue? Apprehension? Punishment?
• Every Learner who offended had a car as a Provisional driver: More exposure, offences, crashes, talking out of fine
• Owners reported a shorter Learner duration and more hours in the logbook: Highly motivated? Vehicle ownership plays a role?
• Research limitations: Self-report; Attrition (70% of Survey 2 participants were female)
14
Discussion & Future Research cont.
Discussion & Future Research cont.
• GDL programs may need to incorporate additional education for parents and novices – Family responsibilities frequently change with
licensure– Family car may be safer vehicle than young novice
driver can afford themselves– Increased risks associated with ownership (more
exposure, more risky driving, more crashes, more offences)
– Monitor car use (journey characteristics, passenger carriage)
15
• Researchers have suggested owners are predisposed to risky driving, and the vehicle allows this to happen (psychological states/traits)– No differences in psychological distress (anxiety,
depression)– No differences in sensation seeking propensity and
sensitivity to reward• Suggests traits/states do not influence ownership,
rather ownership allows these traits/states to influence their behaviour
16
Discussion & Future Research cont.
Conclusions
• Most novice drivers have their own car within six months of independent driving
• Owning a car was associated with risky behaviour (Risky driving, more exposure, crashes, offences)
• GDL programs should incorporate an education component specifically addressing the increased risks for the novice who owns their car
17
18
Questions?
Contact Details: Bridie Scott-Parker, PhD CandidateTelephone: +61 7 3138
7727Email:
Mark your Diaries!International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety Conference
(ICADTS T2013)August 2013, Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre