Providing Uncertainty: Mariner ’ s Perspective CAPT Lee Alexander, USNR (ret)
Capt. Johnson Adjetey MASTER MARINER, MBA (UK)Capt. Johnson Adjetey MASTER MARINER, MBA (UK)...
Transcript of Capt. Johnson Adjetey MASTER MARINER, MBA (UK)Capt. Johnson Adjetey MASTER MARINER, MBA (UK)...
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Capt. Johnson AdjeteyMASTER MARINER, MBA (UK)
LECTURER
REGIONAL MARITIME UNIVERSITY
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH
• When you hear “size and shape of the earth,” it sounds simple enough but then you start hearing that height doesn't necessarily mean height. You hear terms such as “geopotential” in relation to the variation of gravity. You read about the “geoid of 2003” and “ellipsoid” heights. At this point your brain starts to melt and you turn catatonic. Just tell me the GPS coordinates and elevation! FOR NAVIGATION.
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The Earth's True Shape
• The Earth is not a perfect sphere. Due to it's rotation, the Earth (like all rotating planets) has a slightly distorted shape. The rotational momentum tends to force the matter to bunch up in the middle. In the case of the Earth, this "middle" is the equator.
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH
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Processes responsible for determining the shape of the Earth, constellation of the Continents, and large natural disasters (Earthquakes, Volcanic eruptions, and Tsunami) are controlled by Plate Tectonics and the internal structure of the Earth
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Models of the Earth
The diameter from the North Pole to the South Pole (the shortest diameter) is approximately
12,714 km. The equatorial diameter (the longest diameter) is approximately 12,756 km.
This is not a big difference, but it does make the Earth not quite a sphere. The flattening
factor: 298.257223563
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Earth’s measurements
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In summary - there are four surfaces that geodesists study:
• » the Ellipsoid/Spheroid
• » the Geoid
• » Mean Sea Level
• » the Terrain
• It is important to recognise that the relationship between these four surfaces is not always the same. Rather, as this diagram indicates, they ‘wobble’ around each other.
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Earth’s Four surfaces
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The Earth’s True Shape - Its Terrain
• Of course the Earth isn’t just ocean (Mean Sea Level). Much of the land masses are well above the sea level (e.g. Mount Everest is over 8,000 metres above Mean Sea Level), while in the ocean it is well below sea level (e.g. the Mariana Trench is over 11,000 metres below Mean Sea Level.
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TIDE
WHY LEARN TIDE?
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TURBULENCE
BOTH WIND AND TIDAL SET
MIX
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GPS Satllites in their orbits
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CARGO WORK
HYGROSCOPIC AND NON HYGROSCOPIC CARGOES
TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY AND VENTILATION
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DRAFT SURVEY
RELEVANCE OF DOCK AND SEA WATER DENSITY.
USE OF HYDROMETER AND THERMOMETER