PowerPoint Presentation

CHANDIGARHChandigarh came into light when India was divided in 1947. The earlier capital of Punjab was Lahore which eventually fell into Pakistan territory. The Govt. of India thought of developing a new capital city, whichRehabilitates the refugees.City with center for governance.Symbol of spirit and potential.Let this be a new town, symbolic of the freedom of India, unfettered by the traditions of the past, an expression of the nations faith in the future, Nehru said when he visited the site of the city .The bisected Punjab needed a new capital and Ambala, Ludhiana & Chandigarh were selected.INTRODUCTIONSelection of siteClose to road and rail networks.Not in vicinity of any city.Good distance from Pakistan.Close to national capital.Less cost of acquirement.Defence factors.

Albert Mayer, an American planner was invited to design the new capital.Matthew Nowicki, was also invited to collaborate on this project, who died in 1950.Later Le Corbusier took the project in 1951, along with Maxwell fry, Jane drew, Pierre Jeanerette.

ALBERT MAYERFor population of 5 lakhBasic aim was beautiful cityFilling the site in between two riverCurvilinear grid according to site contour and riverFan shaped Super block 500m x 1000m

Headcapitol (place of power)Heart the city centreStomachthe commercial areaArmsuniversity and Industrial zoneLungsleisure valley ,open spacesArteriesnetwork of roadsSimplifying mayers planTown are biological phenomenaSelf supporting neighborhoods

MONEY-weak in economy, ventilation ,hydraulicsTECHNOLOGY- max.hand labour, min.mechinesCLIMATE- shadesLE CURBUSIER

City is a living organismGovt. Buildings-Head

City Centre- Heart

Roads, footpaths arteries

Parks, playfields lungs

Industries (Limbs)

Institutions(Limbs)Industries (Limbs)

Institutions(Limbs)

Three disciplinesThe discipline of money

Le Corbusier once remarked that India has the treasures of a proud culture, but her coffers are empty. And throughout the project the desire for grandness was hampered by the need for strict economy.In working up his designs, le Corbusier consulted the program for each building as given in the budget and then prepared the initial project.

The discipline of technology

Available in quantity, however, was good clay stone and sand, and, above all human labour.The materials of which Chandigarh has been constructed are rough concrete in the capitol complex and the central business district and for most of the city, especially in housing, locally produced brick.

The discipline of climate

Besides the administrative and financialregulationsthere was a law of the sun in India.The architectural problem consists; first to make shade, second to make a current of air[to ventilate],third to control hydraulics.

Master plan : LE CORBUSIERCultural Residential Commercial AdministrationIndustrialEducationalGreen spaces

CORBUSIER PROPOSED THE 7Vs-ROAD SYSTEM

V-1Roads connecting Chandigarh with other cities like Ambala,Kharar and Shimla. They have dual carriageway, good treeplantation and distinctive central verge lighting. The Madhya Marg and Dakshin Marg are two roads, which merge into V-1s leading the Kalka and Ambala,respectively.

V-2 They are the major avenues of Chandigarh, with important institutional and commercial functions running alongside. InChandigarh they are identifiable as Marg, Madhya Marg,Dakshin Marg, Jan Marg, Himalaya Marg, Uttar Marg and Purv Marg are important examples.CORBUSIER PROPOSED THE 7Vs-ROAD SYSTEM

V-3They are the corridor- streets for fast moving vehicular traffic.A sector is surrounded either by V-2 or V-3 roads.CORBUSIER PROPOSED THE 7Vs-ROAD SYSTEM

V- 4 Roads bisecting the Sector with shopping complex locatedalong their southern edge.V- 5 Roads meandering through the sector giving access to its inner lands.V- 6 Roads coming off of the V-5s and leading to the residential houses.CORBUSIER PROPOSED THE 7Vs-ROAD SYSTEM

V- 7They are intended for pedestrian movement and run throughthe middle of the sector in the green areas. A few examples arealong the Jan Marg, in the Punjab University & Sector-15.CORBUSIER PROPOSED THE 7Vs-ROAD SYSTEM

PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING :-NEIGHBOURHOOD AS AN URBAN SPACE :-Each sector is bisected on its long axis by a strip of continuous open space or green strip for recreation and on its shorter axis.Sectors are autonomous unit consisting of schools, the necessary maintenance org., the food, the artisans(repairs etc), the daily leisure. The sector is surrounded by high speed roads with bus stops every 400 meters and giving the eight entrances in this social group.The fundamental principle of the sector is that never a door will open on the surrounding V3s; precisely the four surrounding V3s must be separated from the sector by a blind wall all along.

The master plan aims for 1.5lakh expanding up to 5lakh in future. Primary neighbourhood unit, sector with 1200 x 800 m.The sectors area framed in grid with roads., with 3 or 4 blocks in unit.Green strip oriented longitudinally in north direction stretching centrally along the sector in the direction of the mountains. The green strip was to stay uninterruptedCONCEPT OF NEIGHBOURHOOD UNITS:Chandigarh was to develop both in private and public sectors, 13 type houses accommodating from C.M of State of Punjab & Haryana to the peon, 70% of housing in Chandigarh was to be of private building.private building are under strict rigid system of architectural control. the interior could be altered by the owner as long as the exterior was not vitally affected.This system in the city center is based on a grid of columns, fixed floor heights and fixed 17-3 shuttering pattern on concrete and system of glazing or screen walls behind the line of columns. TYPOLOGY:Hence the neighbourhood concept gives the effect of an urban spaces which are required for various basic needs to perform in it.Most of the buildings are in pure, cubical form, geometrically subdivided with emphasis on proportion, scale and detail.

CAPITOL COMPLEX

THE MONUMENTAL APPROACH TO CAPITOL: JAN MARG The capitol was planned as :

The Head of the city Detached Contrast to the traditional india cities where the important government functions were located in the centre of the citySHIVALIK HILLSLe corbusiers sketch for chandigarh square containing the cross axis Permit views of the city from whatever perspective Splendid back drop of the ridges

OPEN HANDGOVERNERS PALACEHIGH COURTTOWER OF SHADOWSSECRETARIATASSEMBLY HALL

Martyrs memorial

ZONING In Le Corbusier's original CONCEPT , the Capitol consist of the edifices Besides these main buildings there were also to be a number of monuments based on Corbusier's personal philosophy -- to adorn the piazzas and the open spaces between the edifices. The open hand Martyrs memorial Geometric hill Tower of shadowsSecretariatAssemblyHigh Court Governor's Palace

PROPOSED MUSEUM OF KNOWLEDGEPIAZZA

Governors palaceCity centreAssemblyHigh courtThe plaza was to give expression to the expanse of space.

Plaza conceived as crossing of two axes

The Open HandThis giant hand in metal sheet rises 26 meters from a sunken French and rotates freely in the wind from a high concrete pedestal, conveying the symbolic message "Open to give, open to receive". Conspicuous by its scale, the Open Hand is the official emblem of the city.

Initially designed as a box-framed building for upper and lower houses.In 1955, insertion of chamfered hyperbolic parabaloid as the main chamber.An assembly chamber is 128 ft. in diameter at its base and rises to 124 ft. at its highest point.This tower was designed to insure the natural light, ventilation and proper acoustics.This chamber encloses Upper house surrounded by forest of pillars.Clearstory windows on three sides, provides light into the interior.Art work is welcoming in entrance hall.

ASSEMBLY BUILDING

37m

HIGH COURT

Inaugurated in 1995.L- shaped building dominated by a massive roof in form of an inverted umbrella (a symbol of royalty and shelter of law).Keeping in view the special dignity of the judges, Le Corbusier created a special entrance for them through a high portico resting on three giant piers or columns painted in bright colours.8 court rooms (8m x 8m x 12m) are identical in elevation Separated Chief Justices court by the three pillars.Arches hung from the frame compress and release the prevailing winds.In section, the upper roof forms a V- shape, that harvests rainwater, dropping it into collecting pool.20m

EntranceCourt roomsHigh courtLobbyLibrary

PARASOL ROOF FORMING ARCHESDOUBLE ROOF GAP LEFT BETWEEN TWO ROOFS FULL HT. ENTRANCECOLORED MASSIVE PILLARSSERPANT FOUNTAIN

REAR VIEW

SECRETARIATCompleted in 1958This is a thin flat vertical tower.It is 240m x 24m x 50m tall (8 storey)Ministerial offices in the center and offices for employees on either side.Allow prevailing winds to pass through aerator- screens located at every 2.25m.Brise-soleil faade screens out the summer sun and lets in the winter sun.Expansion joints divide the long faade into six sections.An acutely angled ramp attaches at the second expansion joint dividing the faade into three.Roof garden is the most popular lunch spot for its 5,000 inhabitants, especially during the winter.The rigidity is given to the building by free standing exterior ramps enclosed in rough concrete walls

Approachto the building is through roadways below ground level to a large parking area in front of the central block, and a floor is left open at this level to form an entrance hall.

50m

RAMP ENCLOSUREROUGH CONCRETE FINISHSQUARE WINDOWSPROJECTED PORTICOSSMALL ENTRANCEBIG ENTRANCE

FREE FACADE

TOWER OF SHADOWS

Security checkpoints

Guarded Area

Restricted Area

Public Area

SECURED AND PUBLIC ZONES

OFFICIAL MOVEMENTVEHICULAR MOVEMENT (present)PUBLIC MOVEMENT

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENTAS PLANNED MOVEMENT

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENTACTUAL MOVEMENTMeritsIt is a symbol of free India. Establishment of Chandigarh was a vision of future unaffected by traditions of past.It is a planned city according to anthropometric body proportion and golden ratio.By creating a hierarchy of roads intersecting at 900, Le Corbusier sought to make every place in the city swiftly and easily accessible and at the same time tried to ensure the tranquility and safety of living spaces.Every sector is self sufficient in terms of institutes, medical facilities, recreational and commercial spaces.Separate roads for pedestrian, bicycle and heavy vehicles.Visually attractive.All the sectors have open pockets as parks for recreational spaces and greenery.

DemeritsAlthough the site is very big, it is not designed with allowance for expansion and so presently its low-density characteristic is not maintained.The city does not comply according to the Indian tradition and culture.Creating sectors as Autonomous units for the aspect of self-sufficiency resulted in element of exclusion/segregation.The sectors have a monotonous look which creates confusion thus signage are required. The city though designed as an alternate capitol city is not planned for lower income people.Large open spaces in the centre of the city pushed the residential buildings to the periphery. Hence the growth of separate little settlements at the periphery resulted in congestion.Due to the restricted budget, low tech machinery, unskilled labours, Cheap materials etc were used. These have led to a rapid decay of the buildings.

For proper ventilation or aeration of buildings, though le Corbusier provided louvers, windows etc but he did not considered the climate in an Indian context and hence the dwellers faces the problems of ventilation.

Informal entry and exit. No defined sufficient parking resulting in parking on the soft landscape Physical and visual barriers as barbed wire fencing splitting the open space and hindering pedestrian circulation. The idea of utilizing the space as civic public space is hindered, leaving it only for the beaurocrats parking

T.L.V.S.MURTHYPRADEEP KUMARSRISHTY SARASWATMUBASHIR RAJ KUMAR B.PRANJAL GUPTALOHITA N.NAVEEN KUMAR S.TENZIN DOKARLAVANYA PADALADYANESHWAR

THANK YOUReferences : http://chandigarh.gov.in/cmp2031/preamble.pdfhttp://chandigarh.gov.in/cmp2031/mp-area.pdf