CAPITAL MARKET

CAPITAL MARKET The market where investment

instruments like bonds, equities and mortgages are traded is known as the capital market.

The primal role of this market is to make investment from investors who have surplus funds to the ones who are running a deficit.

The capital market offers both long term and overnight funds.

The different types of financial instruments that are traded in the capital markets are:

> equity instruments > credit market instruments, > insurance instruments, > foreign exchange instruments, > hybrid instruments and > derivative instruments.

Nature of capital market The nature of capital market is

brought out by the following facts: It Has Two Segments It Deals In Long-Term Securities It Performs Trade-off Function It Creates Dispersion In Business

Ownership It Helps In Capital Formation It Helps In Creating Liquidity

Types of capital marketThere are two types of capital

market: Primary market, Secondary market

Primary Market It is that market in which

shares, debentures and other securities are sold for the first time for collecting long-term capital.

This market is concerned with new issues. Therefore, the primary market is also called NEW ISSUE MARKET.

In this market, the flow of funds is from savers to borrowers (industries), hence, it helps directly in the capital formation of the country.

The money collected from this market is generally used by the companies to modernize the plant, machinery and buildings, for extending business, and for setting up new business unit.

Features of Primary Market It Is Related With New Issues

It Has No Particular Place It Has Various Methods Of Float

Capital: Following are the methods of raising capital in the primary market:

i) Public Issue ii) Offer For Sale iii) Private Placement iv) Right Issue v) Electronic-Initial Public

Offer It comes before Secondary Market

Secondary Market The secondary market is

that market in which the buying and selling of the previously issued securities is done.

The transactions of the secondary market are generally done through the medium of stock exchange.

The chief purpose of the secondary market is to create liquidity in securities.

If an individual has bought some security and he now wants to sell it, he can do so through the medium of stock exchange to sell or purchase through the medium of stock exchange requires the services of the broker presently, their are 24 stock exchange in India.

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Features of Secondary Market

• It Creates Liquidity• It Comes After Primary Market• It Has A Particular Place• It Encourage New Investments

CAPITAL MARKET RISK Investment in long term

financial instruments is accompanied by high capital market risks. Since there are two types of capital markets- the stock market and the bond market.

So risks are present in both the market.

Risk in the Stock Market

Stock prices keep fluctuating over a wide range unlike the bank deposits or government bonds.

The efficient market hypothesis shows the effect of fundamental factors in changing the price of the stock market.

The Efficient Market Hypothesis shows that all price movements are random whereas there are plenty of studies that reflect the fact that there is a specific trend in the stock market prices over a period of time.

Research has shown that there are certain psychological factors that shape the stock market prices.

Sometimes the market behaves illogically to any economic news.

The stock market prices can be diverted in any direction in response to press releases, rumors and mass panic.

The stock market prices are also subject to speculation. In the short run the stock market prices may be very volatile due to the occurrences of the fast market changing events.

Risk in the Bond Market Capital market risk in the bond

market arises due to interest rate changes. There is an inverse relationship existing between the interest rate and the price of the bond. Hence the bond prices are sensitive to the monetary policy of the country as well as economic changes.

INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET The Indian Capital Market is one of

the oldest capital markets in Asia which evolved around 200 years ago.

Chronology of the Indian capital markets

>1830s: Trading of corporate shares and stocks in Bank and cotton Presses in Bombay. 

>1850s: Sharp increase in the capital market brokers owing to the rapid development of commercial enterprise. 

>1860-61: Outbreak of the American Civil War and ' Share Mania ' in India.  >1894: Formation of the Hamada Shares and Stock Brokers Association.  >1908: Formation of the Calcutta Stock Exchange Association.

The pattern of growth in the Indian capital markets in the post independence regime can be analyzed from the following graphs:

From the above graph we find that the number of stock exchanges in India increased at a crawling pace till 1980 but witnessed a sharp rise thereafter till 1995.

The following diagram shows the trend in the no. of listed companies participating in the Indian Capital Market. Here again we register a sharp rise after 1980. The number of stocks issued by the listed companies also shows a similar trend:

CAPITAL MARKET REPORT

The Capital Market Report is prepared by the capital market analysts and is of various types.

There are four different kinds of capital market reports: >10-K Reports,

>10-Q Reports, >Form 8-K Reports, >the Proxy Statements .

10-K Reports This is a kind of annual report of the

company that contains information of the company's business, finances and management.

This informs us about the bylaws of the company, other legal documents and the lawsuits that the company may have a hand in.

10-Q Reports or the Quarterly Reports

The quarterly reports are the abridged form of the annual reports.

They are issued at an interval of three months.

They consist of financial statements and list the material events that have occurred in the company.

Form 8 –K Report The companies that are

publicly traded are required to maintain the Form 8-K where they record any material event that might have affected the financial status of the company

Proxy Statements

The proxy statement consists of business issues that need to be discussed in the meeting and a ballot for voting for the purpose of forming the new Board of directors.

CAPITAL MARKET INVESTMENT Capital market investment takes

place through the bond market and the stock market.

The capital market is basically the financial pool in which different companies as well as the government can raise long term funds.

Capital market investment that takes place through the bond and the stock market may be elucidated in the following heads.

Capital market investments in the stock market

The stock market is basically the trading ground capital market investment in the following:

i) Company’s stocks ii) Derivatives iii) Other securities The capital market investments in the

stock market take place by: 1) Small individual stock

investors 2) Large hedge fund traders. The capital market investments can

occur either in: 1) The physical market by a

method known as the open outcry.

2) Trading can also occur in the virtual exchange where trading is done in the computer network.

The investors in the stock market have the liberty to buy or sell the stock that they are holding at their own discretion unlike the case of government securities, bonds or real estate.

The stock exchanges basically function as the clearing house for such liquid transactions.

The capital market investments in the stock market are also done through the derivative instruments like the stock options and the stock futures.

Capital Market Investments in the Bond Market

The bond market is a financial market where the participants buy and sell debt securities.

The bond market is also differently known as the debt, credit or fixed income market.

There are different types of bond markets based on the different types of bonds that are traded. They are:

• Corporate,• Government and agency, • Municipal,• Bonds backed by mortgages &

assets,• Collateralized Debt Obligation.

The bonds, except for the corporate bonds do not have formal exchanges but are traded over-the- counter.

Individual investors are attracted to the bond market and make investments through the bond funds, closed-end-funds or the unit investment trusts.

Another way of investing directly in the bond issue is the Exchange-traded-funds.

The capital market investment in the bond market is done by:

• Institutional investors• Governments, traders and• Individuals.