Cap 2- La teoría estructural

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CAPITULO2 La teoría estructural 2 .1 Losprimerostiemposdelaquímicaorgánica Lospueblosprehistóricoshicieronusodelaspropiedadesdealgunoscompuestos orgánicosyrealizaronalgunasreaccionesquímicoorgánicas .Losantiguosegip- cios,losromanosylosfeniciosemplearonvarioscolorantesqueeranverdaderos compuestosquímicospuros :elíndigo,laalizarinaylalegendariapúrpurade Tiro .Losdosprimeroscolorantesseaislarondelasplantas,yelúltimoseob- tuvoenpequeñascantidadesapartirdeunararaespeciedemolusco . Desdemuyantiguoseconocelaconversióndelagrasaanimalenjabónpor tratamientoconlejía .Hastaépocatanrecientecomoen 1948, losquímicosor- gánicosnopudieron,porfin,sintetizarproductos(detergentes)quefuerancapa- cesdecompetircomercialmenteconeljabón . Lafermentacióndelalmidónydelosazúcaresparaobteneralcoholseco- nocetambiéndesdelostiemposprehistóricosyhoysesigueempleando,apenas sinvariaciónalguna . LaQuímicaOrgánica,talcomohoylaconocemos,arrancadelaspostrime- ríasdelsiglodieciochoenquesehizoporprimeravezelesfuerzodeaislarsus- tanciasorgánicaspurasenlugardeextractos .Duranteelperíodode 1769 a 1786, elalemándenacimiento,CarlScheele,quevivióytrabajócomoboticarioen Suecia,aislódiversoscompuestosorgánicospurosapartirdefuentesnaturales yllevóacaboestudiosquímicossobreellos . En 1784, AntonioLavoisier*ideóunmétodo(queseexponeenlasec- ción2 .2)paraquemarunamuestradeuncompuestoorgánico,recogiendoyana- lizandolosproductosdecombustión .Aunquesusmétodosteníanunaprecisión limitada,pudodeducirqueelconjuntodeloscompuestosorgánicosconsistían *AntoineLavoisier .NacidoenParís,1743 .GuillotinadodurantelaRevoluciónFrancesaen1794 . 11

Transcript of Cap 2- La teoría estructural

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