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NUCLEAR REACTORS WORLD NEEDS POWERCANDU6 – CANadian Deuterium Uranium
Presented byAshok Sharma 11166Chitha Sai Teja 11223Hitesh Sahu 11311
Teaching AssistantMr. Ranjeet
Submitted toProf. Ashok KhannaProf. Prabhat Munshi
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OUTLINE
• Why Nuclear Reactors?
• Reactor Generations
• What is CANDU6?
• Explained Different Processes
• Components of CANDU6
• Safety Precautions
• CANDU Reactor- An International View
• Canadian Nuclear Industry – At a Glance
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WHY NUCLEAR REACTORS?
•Electricity is fundamental to our lifestyle and economic growth
•Nuclear is clean, safe, reliable and
economical for base load electricity
production
•Climate change due to global warming
has led to a sea-change increase in
public support
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WHY NUCLEAR REACTORS? COND…
Nuclear is Clean
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REACTOR GENERATIONS
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WHAT IS CANDU6?
The CANDU (short for CANada Deuterium Uranium) reactor is a Canadian-invented, Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor. The acronym refers to its deuterium-oxide (heavy water) moderator. It uses natural uranium as fuel. CANDU reactors were first developed in the late 1950s and 1960s by a partnership between Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario (now Ontario Power Generation), Canadian General Electric (now GE Canada), and other companies. All power reactors built in Canada are of the CANDU type
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HOW CANDU REACTOR WORKS
In the reactor, neutrons emitted in the fission reaction are slowed down by the heavy water, which acts as a coolant carrying the heat energy produced in the nuclear reaction from the uranium rods to the heat exchanger and then to the turbines to produce electric power. The products of fission are hot because the smaller atoms produced when a large atom breaks up, it has a great deal of kinetic energy.
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BEFORE REACTION
The stored energy is brought into the generating system in the form
of uranium rods.
The fuel is put into the section of the reator called the calandria.
In this process of nuclear fission some energy is stored in the
uranium, and some transformed into heat
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AFTER REACTION
The heat heats up the uranium fuel bundles which in turn heats up
the heavy water coolant and flows to the heat exchangers.
Here, some of the heat is transferred to a separate flow of ordinary
water boiling and transforming into steam.
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BEFORE GENERATION
In the heat exchangers some of the energy released from the
uranium fuel has been transformed into steam.
It flows from the heat exchangers to blades of the turbines.
This transfer has created the energy to transform into the format of
motion.
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AFTER GENERATION
Not all the energy from the uranium is transformed into the electricity. Some of this energy stays in the steam passing the turbine blades, then is divided.
Some of it returns to the heat exchangers in the form of preheated steam. Here it reduces the reactors own energy consumption by helping to maintain the steam cycle.
The remainder is transferred one more time, it heats another flow of ordinary water which discharges into lakes or rivers beside the generating station.
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COMPONENTS OF CANDU6
Reactor Assembly
Pressure Tubes
Fuel
On-Power Refuelling
Heat-Transport System
Moderator System
Reactivity Devices
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SCHEMATIC OF A CANDU NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
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CANDU-6 PLANT
Reactor ContainmentBuilding
Turbine Building
Reactor
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1. Reactor face
2. Reactor coolant pump
3. Steam generator
4. Fuelling machine
carriage
5. Moderator heat
exchanger
6. Dousing water system
7. Dousing water tank
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1
3
2
4
6
7
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CANDU-6 REACTOR
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Natural-uranium fuel
Heavy-water coolant
Heavy-water moderator
Separate coolant and moderator
Pressure tubes
Small, simple fuel bundle
On-power refueling
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CANDU CORE DESIGN
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CANDU-6
Reactor
Vault
Pressure Tubes
(Fuel
Channels)
Calandria
Heavy-Water Moderator
(between & around fuel
channels)
Feeders
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REACTOR ASSEMBLY
The reactor assembly contains the reactor core and the reactivity control devices. Major components of the reactor assembly are:
• Calandria Vessel
• End-Shields
• Shield Tank
• Fuel Channels
• Reactivity Control Devices
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CALANDRIA VESSEL
• Low-pressure tank
• Includes calandria tube and supports pressure tubes
• Contains heavy water moderator
• Contains reactivity control devices and shutdown systems
• Embedded in light-water reactor vault (which provides radiation shielding)
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CANDU 6 Calandria with Pressure Tubes Installed
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CALANDRIA, SHOWING FUEL CHANNELS
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PRESSURE-TUBE CORE DESIGN
• Sub-divided reactor coolant system, no large pressure vessel.• Cool moderator separated from hot
coolant.• Zr-2.5%Nb pressure tubes constitute CANDU
‘pressure vessel’.• Individual pressure tubes are replaceable.• Modular component – allows scaling of
reactor size.• Zirconium alloy provides neutron economy.
• Interstitial reactivity devices (between fuel channels).
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MAIN CANDU REACTOR SYSTEMS
• Reactor Assembly
• Fuel and Fuel Channels
• Heat Transport System
• Moderator System
• Reactivity Devices (Control & Safety Systems)
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Steam Generators
CANDU 6 HEAT TRANSPORT SYSTEM
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STEAM GENERATOR
Tube Bundles
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Reactor Face
End Fittings
and Feeders
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CANDU-6 HEAT-TRANSPORT SYSTEM DESIGN
Reactor Coolant Parameters
Outlet header pressure 10 MPa
Outlet header temperature 310ºC
Outlet header steam quality (max.) 4.0%
Inlet header temperature 266ºC
Secondary Side Conditions
Steam pressure 4.7 MPa
Steam quality <0.25% moisture
Feedwater temperature 187ºC
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CANDU FUEL
• Natural uranium (~0.7% 235U).
• High-density uranium oxide (UO2) fuel pellets in Zircaloy-4 cladding.
• Short (0.5 m) fuel elements arranged in cylindrical fuel bundles.
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CANDU 37–ELEMENT FUEL BUNDLE
Uranium Fuel
Pellets
Zircaloy Fuel
Sheath
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CANDU-6 REACTOR ASSEMBLY (SIDE VIEW)
30
Fuel
Channel
12 Bundles per
Channel
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1 BASIC CELL OF CANDU REACTOR
D2O
Primary
Coolant
Gas Annulus
Fuel Elements
Pressure Tube
Calandria Tube Moderator
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ON-POWER REFUELLING
• Refuelling for long-term maintenance of reactivity: required because reactivity eventually decreases as fuel is irradiated (fission products accumulate and total fissile content decreases).
• In CANDU 6, average refuelling rate ~ 2 channels per Full-Power Day (FPD), using the 8-bundle-shift refuelling scheme (8 new bundles pushed in channel, 8 irradiated bundles pushed out).
• 4-bundle-shift and 10-bundle-shift refuelling schemes have also been used in other CANDUs.
• Selection of channels is the job of the station physicist.
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FUELLING MACHINES AT BOTH ENDS OF THE REACTOR REMOVE SPENT FUEL, INSERT NEW FUEL
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Fuelling machines at both ends of the reactor
remove spent fuel, insert new fuel
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MODERATOR SYSTEM
• Low-temperature (< 80oC), low-pressure system.
• Independent of reactor coolant system.
• Normal heat removal is ~4-5% of full power.
• Contains reactivity devices located outside of high-pressure heat transport system.
• Potential heat sink if Emergency Core Cooling is unavailable during a Loss-of-Coolant Accident (LOCA).
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MODERATOR SYSTEM
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CANDU REACTIVITY DEVICES
• All reactivity devices are located or introduced into guide tubes permanently positioned in the low-pressure moderator environment.
• These guide tubes are located interstitially between rows of calandria tubes (see next Figure).
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CANDU-6 REACTOR(700-MWECLASS)
Ion Chambers
Interstitial
Guide Tubes
for Reactivity
Devices (Zone
Controllers,
Adjusters, …)
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CANDU REACTIVITY DEVICES
For Regulation (Control):• 14 liquid-zone-control compartments (H2O
filled)• 21 adjuster rods• 4 mechanical control absorbers• Moderator poisonFor Emergency Shutdown:• 2 Shutdown Systems: SDS-1 & SDS-2
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CANDU SPECIAL SHUTDOWN SYSTEMS
Two independent, fully
capable shutdown
systems:
SDS-1 (cadmium rods
enter core from top)
SDS-2 (injection of
gadolinium neutron
“poison” from side.
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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
The main safety precaution that is taken is to ensure that the core does not melt. It has three steps for shutting down the system.
The heavy water moderator can be dumped by gravity into a storage tank under the reactor vessel. This will stop the fission reaction because the neutrons won’t be slowed down.
Boron can be injected into the moderator absorbing the neutrons so the chain reaction is suppressed.
The Cadmium control rods are held above the reactor core by electromagnetic clutches. They automatically fall if the power fails, this stopping the chain reaction since cadmium absorbs the neutrons.
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CANADIAN REACTOR AN INTERNATIONAL VIEW
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CANDIAN NUCLEAR INDUSTRY
Canada has been a nuclear industry leader since 1940’s
Exported seven CANDU reactors in the past 12 years
World’s largest exporter of isotopes & uranium
$5 billion/year industry
30,000 workers, 150 companies
20 CANDU reactors in Canada
Over 50% of generation in Ontario is nuclear
17% of generation across Canada is nuclear
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FUTURE PROGRESS
Nuclear Renaissance is here:
• 440 nuclear power plant units operating worldwide
• 30 nuclear power plant units under construction
• 200 plants planned or proposed
World Nuclear Association predicts that by 2030 there will be
between 700 and 1500 nuclear plants worldwide
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THANK YOU