cancer stomach
-
Upload
sudarsan-agarwal -
Category
Health & Medicine
-
view
2.660 -
download
0
description
Transcript of cancer stomach
![Page 1: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SURGICAL
ASPECTS
OF CARCINO
MA STOMAC
HDr. Sudarsan Agarwal
SUSHIAGARWAL @ GMAIL.COMPinnamaneni medical college, Vijaywada
![Page 2: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Signs and Symptoms
Early Gastric Cancer• Asymptomatic or silent 80%• Peptic ulcer symptoms 10%• Nausea or vomiting 8%• Anorexia 8%• Early satiety 5%• Abdominal pain 2%• Gastrointestinal blood loss <2%• Weight loss <2%• Dysphagia <1%
![Page 3: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Signs and Symptoms
Advanced Gastric Cancer• Weight loss 60%• Abdominal pain 50%• Nausea or vomiting 30%• Anorexia 30%• Dysphagia 25%• Gastrointestinal blood loss 20%• Early satiety 20%• Peptic ulcer symptoms 20%• Abdominal mass or fullness 5%• Asymptomatic or silent <5%
![Page 4: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Metastasis
• Blummer shelf: A shelf palpable by rectal examination, due to metastatic tumor cells gravitating from an abdominal cancer and growing in the recto-vesical or recto-uterine pouch
• Krukenberg tumor: A tumor in the ovary by the spread of stomach cancer
• Virchow Lymph nodes: Left Supraclavicular lymph node• Sister Mary Joseph nodule: Periumbilical nodule
![Page 5: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sister Mary Joseph’s node
•
![Page 6: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS
PATHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:• BORDERS• LAUREN • WHO CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION:• BORRMANN • TNM(AJCC)
![Page 7: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
BORDER’S CLASSIFICATION
• 1 WELL DIFFERENTIATED • 2 MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED• 3 MILDLY DIFFERENTIATED• 4 ANAPLASTIC
![Page 9: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
WHO Pathological classification
Histology• Adenocarcinoma 90%• Lymphoma 5%• Stromal 2%• Carcinoid <1%• Metastasis <1%• Adenosquamous/squamous <1%• Miscellaneous <1%
![Page 10: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
LAUREN Intestinal type Diffuse type
![Page 11: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Growth pattern (Ming)
Expanding type• Grew en mass and by expansion resulting in the
formation of discrete tumor nodules with relatively good prognosis
Infiltrative type• Invades individually• Poor prognosis
![Page 12: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Borrmann Classification
5 categories• Type I: Polypoid or Fungating• Type II: Ulcerating lesions with
elevated borders• Type III: Ulceration with
invasion of wall• Type IV: Diffuse infiltration• Type V: Cannot be classified
![Page 13: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Morphology---early stage
Type 1
![Page 14: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Morphology---early stage
Type 2
![Page 15: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Morphology---early stage
Type 3
![Page 16: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Morphology ---advanced stage
![Page 17: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• LINITIS PLASTICA IS THE TERM TO DESCRIBE
TYPE 4 CARCINOMA WHEN IT INVOLVES THE ENTIRE STOMACH
![Page 18: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
TNM STAGINGPRIMARY TUMOUR (T)
• TX PRIMARY TUMOUR CANNOT BE ASSESSED • T0 NO EVIDENCE OF PRIMARY TUMOUR • TIS CARCINOMA IN SITU: INTRAEPITHELIAL TUMOUR WITHOUT INVASION OF THE LAMINA PROPRIA • T1 TUMOUR INVADES LAMINA PROPRIA OR SUB MUCOSA • T2 TUMOUR INVADES MUSCULARIS PROPRIA OR SUB SEROSA• T2A TUMOUR INVADES MUSCULARIS PROPRIA• T2B TUMOUR INVADES SUB SEROSA • T3 TUMOUR PENETRATES SEROSA • T4 TUMOUR INVADES ADJACENT STRUCTURES
![Page 19: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
T stage (UICC TNM 2002)
T4
T3
T2a
T1Adjacentstructure
T2b
![Page 20: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
TNM STAGING
REGIONAL LYMPH NODES (N)
• NX REGIONAL LYMPH NODE(S) CANNOT BE ASSESSED• N0 NO REGIONAL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS• N1 METASTASIS IN 1 TO 3 REGIONAL LYMPH NODES• N2 METASTASIS IN 4 TO 7 REGIONAL LYMPH NODES• N3 METASTASIS IN >7 REGIONAL LYMPH NODES
![Page 21: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
LN group1 R cardiac2 L cardiac3 Lesser curvature4 Greater curvature5 Suprapyloric6 Infrapyloric7 L gastric artery8 Common hepatic artery9 Celiac artery10 Splenic hilar11 Splenic artery12 Hepatic pedicle13 Retropancreatic14 Mesenteric root15 Middle colic artery16 Paraaortic
N1
N2
![Page 22: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
TNM STAGING
DISTANT METASTASIS (M)
• MX DISTANT METASTASIS CANNOT BE ASSESSED • M0 NO DISTANT METASTASIS • M1 DISTANT METASTASIS
![Page 23: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TNM STAGING STAGING • Stage 0 TIS N0 M0 • Stage 1A T1 N0 M0 • Stage IB T1 N1 M0
T2A/B N0 M0 • Stage II T1 N2 M0
T2a/b N1 M0T3 N0 M0
• Stage IIIA T2a/b N2 M0T3 N1 M0T4 N0 M0
• Stage IIIB T3 N2 M0 • Stage IV T4 N1-3 M0
T1-3 N3 M0 Any T Any N M1
![Page 24: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Laboratory tests
• Routine Blood Investigations• Liver function tests• Kidney function tests• Flexible Fiber Optic Upper GI Endoscopy & Biopsy• Endoscopic Ultrasonography• CECT Abdomen• Laparoscopy • Laparoscopic Ultrasonography• Rapid Urease Test• Double Contrast Barium Meal• Chest X Ray• Fractional Test Meal(Gastric Acid Studies)• Tumour markers (CEA, Ca19-9)• Fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
![Page 25: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
INVESTIGATIONS-ENDOSCOPY• FLEXIBLE UPPER ENDOSCOPY IS THE
DIAGNOSTIC MODALITY OF CHOICE. • DOUBLE-CONTRAST BARIUM UPPER GI
RADIOGRAPHY IS COST-EFFECTIVE WITH 90% DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY
• THE INABILITY TO DISTINGUISH BENIGN FROM MALIGNANT GASTRIC ULCERS MAKES ENDOSCOPY PREFERABLE
• DURING ENDOSCOPY, MULTIPLE BIOPSY SAMPLES (SEVEN OR MORE) SHOULD BE OBTAINED AROUND THE ULCER CRATER TO FACILITATE HISTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS.
• BIOPSY OF THE ULCER CRATER ITSELF MAY REVEAL ONLY NECROTIC DEBRIS.
![Page 26: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
INVESTIGATIONS-ENDOSCOPY
• WHEN MULTIPLE BIOPSY SPECIMENS ARE TAKEN, THE DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF THE PROCEDURE APPROACHES 98%.
• THE ADDITION OF DIRECT BRUSH CYTOLOGY TO MULTIPLE BIOPSY SPECIMENS MAY INCREASE THE DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF THE STUDY.
• THE SIZE, LOCATION, AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE TUMOUR SHOULD BE NOTED AND OTHER MUCOSAL ABNORMALITIES CAREFULLY EVALUATED.
• EUS CAN GAUGE THE EXTENT OF GASTRIC WALL INVASION AS WELL AS EVALUATE LOCAL NODAL STATUS
![Page 27: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Antral cancer bleeding into
the cavity
Cancer in the Antrum of Stomach
![Page 28: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Prepyloric Carcinoma
![Page 29: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND
• EUS CANNOT RELIABLY DISTINGUISH TUMOUR FROM FIBROSIS
• THEREFORE, IT IS NOT A GOOD MODALITY FOR EVALUATING RESPONSE TO THERAPY.
• OVERALL, STAGING ACCURACY WITH EUS IS ABOUT 75%
![Page 30: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• In patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of GC, and/or with compatible risk factors or paraneoplastic conditions, the diagnostic procedure of choice could be an endoscopic examination
• The diagnostic criteria for early or advanced gastric cancer under endoscopy are based on the JRSGC and Bormann’s classification
![Page 31: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Endoscopic features of gastric cancer
•
![Page 32: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Radiologic diagnosis
For reasons of cost and availability, radiography may sometimes be the first diagnostic procedure performed
Classic radiography signs of malignant gastric ulcer• Asymmetric/distorted ulcer crater• Ulcer on the irregular mass• Irregular/distorted mucosal folds• Adjacent mucosa with obliterated /distorted area• Nodularity, mass effect or loss of distensibility
![Page 33: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Distal GC Proximal GC Linitis plastica
![Page 35: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Barium study – filling defect caused by cancer stomach
![Page 36: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
CECT SCAN
• IN WOMEN, A PELVIC CT SCAN OR ULTRASOUND IS ALSO RECOMMENDED.
• CT OF THE CHEST MAY BE NEEDED FOR PROXIMAL GASTRIC CANCERS.
• CT CAN READILY DETECT THE PRESENCE OF VISCERAL METASTATIC DISEASE AS WELL AS MALIGNANT ASCITIS
![Page 37: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
LIMITATIONS OF CT SCAN
• THE MAJOR LIMITATIONS OF CT ARE IN THE EVALUATION OF EARLY GASTRIC PRIMARIES AND IN THE DETECTION OF SMALL (<5 MM) METASTASES IN THE LIVER OR ON PERITONEAL SURFACES.
• THE REPORTED ACCURACY FOR CT STAGING OF LYMPH NODE METASTASIS RANGES FROM 25% TO 86%.
![Page 38: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
LAPAROSCOPY
• LAPAROSCOPY IS RECOMMENDED AS THE NEXT STEP IN THE EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH LOCO REGIONAL DISEASE.
• LAPAROSCOPY CAN DETECT METASTATIC DISEASE IN 23% TO 37% OF PATIENTS JUDGED TO BE ELIGIBLE FOR POTENTIALLY CURATIVE RESECTION BY CURRENT-GENERATION CT SCANNING
• Inspect peritoneal surfaces, liver surface.• Identification of advanced disease avoids non-therapeutic
laparotomy in 25%.• Patients with small volume metastases in peritoneum or
liver have a life expectancy of 3-9 months, thus rarely benefit from palliative resection.
![Page 39: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
CYTOLOGIC ANALYSIS
• CYTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PERITONEAL FLUID OR OF FLUID OBTAINED BY PERITONEAL LAVAGE MAY REVEAL THE PRESENCE OF FREE INTRA-PERITONEAL GASTRIC CANCER CELLS, IDENTIFYING PATIENTS WITH OTHERWISE OCCULT CARCINOMATOSIS.
• PATIENTS WITH POSITIVE FINDINGS ON PERITONEAL CYTOLOGY HAVE A POOR PROGNOSIS, SIMILAR TO THAT OF PATIENTS WITH MACROSCOPIC STAGE IV DISEASE.
![Page 40: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Treatment
EMR
Surgical resection
Adjuvant therapy
Palliative therapy
![Page 41: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
TREATMENT OF LOCALIZED DISEASE
STAGE I DISEASE(EARLY GASTRIC CANCER)
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH EGC INCLUDE
• EMR• LIMITED SURGICAL RESECTION,• GASTRECTOMY.
![Page 42: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
ENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL RESECTION
• A SUBSET OF PATIENTS WITH EGC CAN UNDERGO AN R0 RESECTION WITHOUT LYMPHADENECTOMY OR GASTRECTOMY.
• THIS APPROACH INVOLVES THE SUB MUCOSAL INJECTION OF FLUID TO ELEVATE THE LESION AND FACILITATE COMPLETE MUCOSAL RESECTION UNDER ENDOSCOPIC GUIDANCE
• EMERGING VARIATIONS OF EMR TECHNIQUES INCLUDING THE CAP SUCTION AND CUT VERSES A LIGATING DEVICE.
• EMR-RELATED COMPLICATION RATES, INCLUDING BLEEDING AND PERFORATION
• TUMOURS INVADING THE SUB MUCOSA ARE AT INCREASED RISK FOR METASTASIZING TO LYMPH NODES AND ARE NOT USUALLY CONSIDERED CANDIDATES FOR EMR
• EMR IS EMERGING AS THE DEFINITIVE MANAGEMENT OF SELECTED EGCS
![Page 43: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
LIMITED SURGICAL RESECTION
• PATIENTS WITH SMALL (LESS THAN 3 CM) INTRA MUCOSAL TUMOURS AND THOSE WITH NON-ULCERATED INTRA MUCOSAL TUMOURS OF ANY SIZE MAY BE CANDIDATES FOR LIMITED RESECTION.
• SURGICAL OPTIONS FOR THESE PATIENTS MAY INCLUDE GASTROTOMY WITH LOCAL EXCISION.
• THIS PROCEDURE SHOULD BE PERFORMED WITH FULL-THICKNESS MURAL EXCISION (TO ALLOW ACCURATE PATHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF T STATUS)
• AIDED BY INTRA OPERATIVE GASTROSCOPY FOR TUMOUR LOCALIZATION.
• FORMAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION IS NOT REQUIRED IN THESE PATIENTS
![Page 46: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
GASTRECTOMY WITH LYMPH NODE DISSECTION
THIS PROCEDURE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED FOR • PATIENTS WITH EGC WHO CANNOT BE TREATED WITH EMR
OR LIMITED SURGICAL RESECTION• PATIENTS WHO HAVE INTRA MUCOSAL TUMOURS WITH
POOR HISTOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION • SIZE >3 CM • WHO HAVE TUMOUR PENETRATION INTO THE SUB MUCOSA
OR BEYOND. THERE IS NO CONSENSUS ON THE EXTENT OF
LYMPHADENECTOMY THAT SHOULD BE PERFORMED AS PART OF GASTRECTOMY FOR EGC. DISSECTION OF LEVEL I LYMPH NODES IS A REASONABLE MINIMUM STANDARD AT THIS TIME.
![Page 47: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
STAGE II AND STAGE III DISEASE
• SURGICAL RESECTION IS THE CORNERSTONE OF TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH LOCALIZED GASTRIC CANCER; INDEED, SURGICAL RESECTION CAN BE CURATIVE IN MOST PATIENTS WITH EGC.
• HOWEVER, FOR STAGES II AND III DISEASE, SURGERY IS NECESSARY BUT OFTEN NOT SUFFICIENT FOR CURE.
• THE GENERAL THERAPEUTIC GOAL IS TO ACHIEVE A MICRO- AND MACROSCOPICALLY COMPLETE RESECTION (R0).
• THE EXTENT OF GASTRIC RESECTION IS DETERMINED BY THE NEED TO OBTAIN A RESECTION MARGIN FREE OF MICROSCOPIC DISEASE.
• A LINE OF RESECTION AT LEAST 6 CM FROM THE TUMOUR MASS IS NECESSARY TO ENSURE A LOW RATE OF ANASTOMOTIC RECURRENCE.
• THE APPROPRIATE SURGICAL PROCEDURE SHOULD BE DETERMINED BY THE LOCATION OF THE TUMOUR AND THE KNOWN PATTERN OF SPREAD.
![Page 48: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
PROXIMAL TUMOURS OF THE STOMACH
• PROXIMAL TUMOURS OF THE STOMACH COMPRISE UP TO HALF OF ALL GASTRIC CANCERS
• RESECTED BY TOTAL GASTRECTOMY OR PROXIMAL SUBTOTAL GASTRECTOMY.
• TUMOURS OF THE GE JUNCTION MAY REQUIRE ESOPHAGOGASTRECTOMY WITH CERVICAL OR THORACIC ANASTOMOSIS
• TOTAL GASTRECTOMY WITH ROUX-EN-Y ESOPHAGOJEJUNOSTOMY IS GENERALLY THE PREFERRED OPTION
• TO AVOID POSTOPERATIVE MORBIDITY OF REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS AND IMPAIRED GASTRIC EMPTYING ASSOCIATED WITH PROXIMAL SUBTOTAL GASTRECTOMY.
![Page 49: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
MID BODY TUMOURS
• MIDBODY TUMOURS COMPRISE 15% TO 30% OF TUMOURS
• GENERALLY REQUIRE TOTAL GASTRECTOMY TO ACHIEVE ADEQUATE MARGINS.
![Page 50: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
DISTAL TUMOURS
• DISTAL TUMOURS MAY BE RESECTED BY DISTAL SUBTOTAL GASTRECTOMY OR TOTAL GASTRECTOMY WITH NO DIFFERENCE IN OVERALL SURVIVAL
• RISKS OF SPECIFIC SEQUELAE OF TOTAL GASTRECTOMY SUCH AS EARLY SATIETY, WEIGHT LOSS, AND THE NEED FOR VITAMIN B12 SUPPLEMENTATION
• NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE ARE SUPERIOR FOLLOWING SUBTOTAL GASTRECTOMY
• MAKING IT THE PREFERRED OPTION WHEN ADEQUATE MARGINS CAN BE OBTAINED WHILE MAINTAINING AN ADEQUATE GASTRIC REMNANT
![Page 51: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Residual Disease R Status
• Tumor status following resection.• Assigned based on pathology of margins.• R0- no residual gross or microscopic disease.• R1- microscopic disease only.• R2- gross residual disease.• Long term survival only in R0 resection.
![Page 52: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
“D” Nomenclature
Describes extent of resection and lymphadenectomy.• D1- removes all nodes within 3cm of tumor.• D2- D1 plus hepatic, splenic, celiac, and left gastric nodes.• D3- D2 plus omentectomy, splenectomy, distal
pancreatectomy, clearance of porta hepatis nodes.• Current standards include a D1 dissection only.
![Page 53: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
LAPAROSCOPIC GASTRIC RESECTIONS
• LAPAROSCOPIC GASTRIC RESECTIONS HAVE BEEN REPORTED FOR THE TREATMENT OF GASTRIC CANCER
• ADVANTAGES OF REDUCED PAIN, SHORTER HOSPITALIZATION, AND IMPROVED QUALITY OF LIFE.
• LONG-TERM OUTCOME WITH RESPECT TO CANCER RECURRENCE AWAITS
![Page 54: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Lymph Node Dissection
• AJCC: number rather than location of LN is prognostic.• Extent of dissection controversial.• Nodal involvement indicates poor prognosis, and more
aggressive approaches to remove them are taking favor.• Ongoing trials regarding this in Europe.• Critics argue that the apparent benefit associated with
extended LND reflects stage migration (each LN is reviewed more carefully).
![Page 55: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
EXTENDED LYMPHADENECTOMY
• D1 RESECTION REFERS TO THE REMOVAL OF GROUP 1 LYMPH NODES
• D2 DISSECTION OF GROUP 1 AND 2, • D3 RESECTION TO A D2 RESECTION PLUS REMOVAL OF
PARA-AORTIC LYMPH NODES.• TO EFFECT COMPLETE REMOVAL OF STATION 10
(PARASPLENIC) AND STATION 11 (PARAPANCREATIC)
![Page 56: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
ROLE OF SPLENECTOMY IN GASTRIC CANCER
• THE PURPOSE OF SPLENECTOMY IN GASTRIC CANCER, ASIDE FROM MANAGING DIRECT TUMOUR EXTENSION, IS FOR
• REMOVAL OF LYMPH NODES AT THE SPLENIC HILUS (STATION 10) AS A PART OF AN EXTENDED LYMPH NODE RESECTION (D2) FOR PROXIMAL GASTRIC CANCER.
• JAPANESE SURGEONS PERFORM SPLEENECTOMY AND PARTIAL PANCREATECTOMY DURING D2 RESECTIONS FOR PRIMARIES WHOSE DRAINAGE INCLUDES THESE ECHELONS
• BECAUSE OF THE INCREASED MORBIDITY IN THE PATIENTS RECEIVING THESE ADJUNCTIVE RESECTIONS, WESTERN SURGEONS DO NOT TYPICALLY RESECT THE SPLEEN OR PANCREAS UNLESS INVOLVED BY DIRECT EXTENSION FROM A T4 TUMOUR.
![Page 57: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
R STATUS-CARCINOMA STOMACH
• THE TERM R STATUS WAS FIRST DESCRIBED BY HERMANEK IN 1994, IS USED TO DESCRIBE THE TUMOR STATUS AFTER RESECTION.
• R0 DESCRIBES A MICROSCOPICALLY MARGIN-NEGATIVE RESECTION, IN WHICH NO GROSS OR MICROSCOPIC TUMOUR REMAINS IN THE TUMOUR BED.
• R1 INDICATES REMOVAL OF ALL MACROSCOPIC DISEASE, BUT MICROSCOPIC MARGINS ARE POSITIVE FOR TUMOUR.
• R2 INDICATES GROSS RESIDUAL DISEASE. • BECAUSE THE EXTENT OF RESECTION CAN INFLUENCE
SURVIVAL, THIS R DESIGNATION TO COMPLEMENT THE TNM SYSTEM.
• LONG-TERM SURVIVAL CAN BE EXPECTED ONLY AFTER AN R0 RESECTION; THEREFORE, A SIGNIFICANT EFFORT SHOULD BE MADE TO AVOID R1 OR R2 RESECTIONS
![Page 58: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
STAGE IV DISEASE
• BECAUSE 20% TO 30% OF GASTRIC CANCER PATIENTS PRESENT WITH STAGE IV DISEASE-PALLIATIVE TREATMENT.
• SURGICAL PALLIATION OF ADVANCED GASTRIC CANCER MAY INCLUDE RESECTION OR BYPASS ALONE OR IN CONJUNCTION WITH PERCUTANEOUS, ENDOSCOPIC, OR RADIOTHERAPY TECHNIQUES.
• NON OPERATIVE THERAPIES INCLUDE LASER RECANNULIZATION AND ENDOSCOPIC DILATION WITH OR WITHOUT STENT PLACEMENT INCLUDES
• GASTROJEJUNOSTOMY• DEVINES EXCLUSION PROCEDURE• ENDOSCOPIC LASER SURGERY OR • ENDO LUMINAL STENT PLACEMENT AS PALLIATIVE THERAPY TO
RELIEVE SYMPTOMS AND IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE
![Page 59: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
OPERATIVE PROCEDURE
![Page 60: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
PARTIAL GASTRECTOMY
![Page 61: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
SUB TOTAL GASTRECTOMY
![Page 62: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
TOTAL GASTRECTOMY
![Page 63: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
TOTAL GASTRECTOMY WITH SPLENECTOMY & DISTAL PANCREATECTOMY
![Page 64: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
TECHNIQUE OF OPERATION
![Page 65: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
TECHNIQUE OF OPERATION
BEGINNING WITH LAPAROSCOPY ALLOWS FOR CAREFUL INTRA OPERATIVE STAGING OF DISEASE.
INSPECTION FOR• THE PRESENCE OF ASCITES• HEPATIC METASTASES• PERITONEAL SEEDING• FIXATION TO UNDERLYING STRUCTURES
DISEASE IN THE PELVIS-“DROP” METASTASISOVARIAN INVOLVEMENT
ONCE DISTANT METASTASES HAVE BEEN RULED OUT A MIDLINE ABDOMINAL INCISION CAN BE USED TO GAIN ADEQUATE EXPOSURE TO THE UPPER ABDOMEN.
![Page 66: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
STRUCTURES REMOVED IN RADICAL GASTRECTOMY
• ENTIRE GREATER AND LESSER OMENTUM• STOMACH ALONG WITH GROWTH {CLEARANCE OF 5-7cm }• APPROPRIATE LYMPH NODE DISSECTION{D1/D2/D3}• DISTAL PANCREAS AND SPLEEN• CONTINUITY MAINTAINED BY ROUX en Y
ESOPHAGOJEJUNOSTOMY
![Page 67: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
A MID LINE UPPER ABDOMINAL INCISION IS PREFERED
![Page 68: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
UPPER ABDOMEN EXPOSED
![Page 69: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
GREATER OMENTUM MOBILISED ALLOWING ELEVATION OF STOMACH,EXPOSURE OF LESSER SAC
![Page 70: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
LESSER CURVATURE IS MOBILISED BY INCISING GASTRO HEPATIC LIGAMENT,DIVISION OF RIGHT GASTRODUODENAL ARTERY AND VEIN
![Page 71: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
DUODENUM IS DIVIDED DISTAL TO PYLORIC V.OF MAYO
![Page 72: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
FOR TOTAL GASTRECTOMY OESOPHAGEAL RESECTION LINE IS DEFINED
![Page 73: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
RESULTANT DEFECT AFTER TOTAL GASTRECTOMY WITH OUT SPLEENECTOMY
![Page 74: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
AN ESOPHAGOJEJUNOSTOMY FOLLOWING TOTAL GASTRECTOMY
![Page 75: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
EXTENDED LYMPHADENECTOMY
![Page 76: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
LYMPH NODE STATIONS
![Page 77: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
R1 RESECTION- DISTAL STOMACH
![Page 78: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
R2 RESECTION- DISTAL STOMACH
![Page 79: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
R1 RESECTION- MID STOMACH
![Page 80: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
R2 RESECTION- MID STOMACH
![Page 81: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
ADJUVENT CHEMO IMMUNO THERAPY
The immune depression encourages the growth of tumor cells in certain patients.
Numerous immunomodulators have been found to enhance T-cell function and stimulate natural killer cells.
Immunotherapy alone has rarely been shown to be effective against residual tumors.
The advantages are greatest in patients with Stage III and IV disease or patients who underwent R0 resection.
Results are mixed
![Page 82: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
ADJUVENT THERAPY
• Rationale is to provide additional loco-regional control.• Radiotherapy- studies show improved survival, lower
rates of local recurrence when compared to surgery alone.
• In unresectable patients, higher 4 year survival with mutimodal tx, in comparison to chemo alone.
![Page 83: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
CHEMOTHERAPY
• Numerous randomized clinical trials comparing combination chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting to surgery alone did not demonstrate a consistent survival benefit.
• The most widely used regimen is 5-FU, doxorubicin, and mitomycin-c. The addition of leukovorin did not increase response rates.
![Page 84: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
ADVANCED UNRESECTABLE DISEASE
• Surgery is for palliation, pain, allowing oral intake• Radiation provides relief from bleeding, obstruction and
pain in 50-75%. Median duration of palliation is 4-18 months
![Page 85: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
MULTIMODAL THERAPY
• Adjuvant chemotherapy– Possible small advantage– OR 0.84 (0.74 – 0.96)– Western 0.96– Asian 0.58
• Janunger 2001
• Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (ECF)– MAGIC trial
• Surgery +/- chemo– 503 patients– Higher curative resection rate
• 79% vs 69% – Better survival at 2 years
• 48% vs 40%
![Page 86: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
PALLIATIVE CHEMO THERAPY
• Median survival benefit 3 – 6 months• Combination therapy superior• 50% gain improvement in QOL
![Page 87: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
COMPLICATIONS OF GASTRECTOMY
• LEAKAGE FROM ESOPHAGO JEJUNOSTOMY• FISTULA FROM WOUND/DRAIN SITE• LEAKAGE FROM DUODENAL STUMP• PARA DUODENAL COLLECTIONS• BILIARY PERITONITIS• CATASTROPHIC SECONDARY HAEMORHAGE
![Page 88: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
LONG TERM COMPLICATIONS
• REDUCED CAPACITY• DUMPING• DIARRHOREA• NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES• VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
![Page 89: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
PROGNOSIS AFTER SURGICAL TREATMENT
• IN JAPAN 75% OF PATIENTS WHO UNDERWENT CURATIVE RESECTION 5yr SURVIVAL RATE IS 50-70%
• IN WEST 25-50% OF PATIENTS WHO UNDERWENT CURATIVE RESECTION 5yr SURVIVAL RATE IS 20-30%
![Page 90: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
PROGNOSIS
• The TNM classification/staging of gastric cancer is the best prognostic indicator
• The 5 years survival rate depends on the depth of gastric cancer invasion
• Patients in whom tumors are resectable for cure also have good prognosis
![Page 91: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
PREVENTION
Eradication of H. Pylori infection in those high risk population
• Chronic gastritis with apparent abnormality (atrophy, IM)
• Post early gastric cancer resection• Family history of gastric cancer• Gastric ulcer
Management of dietary risk factor• Intake adequate amount of fruits, vegetables• Minimize their intake of salty/smoked foods
Tightly follow up those with precancerous condition
Endoscopic or radiologic screening
![Page 92: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
DETECTION OF EARLY CANCER
• Endocytoscopic screening (general population or high risk persons)
• Careful observation• Japan is the only country that had conducted large
nationwide mass population screening of asymptomatic individuals for gastric malignancy
![Page 93: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
REFERENCES
• MASTERY OF SURGERY • SABISTON TEXTBOOK OF SURGERY• WASHINGTON MANUAL OF SURGERY• SURGICAL ATLAS ON ONCOLOGY• SAHA-BED SIDE CLINICS IN SURGERY
![Page 94: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
THANK YOU
Marshall and Warren
THE ONLY GOOD HELICOBACTER IS A DEAD HELICOBACTER
![Page 95: cancer stomach](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062404/55498287b4c905b96a8b4915/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Dr. Sudarsan AgarwalSUSHIAGARWAL @ GMAIL.COMPinnamaneni medical college,
Vijaywada
•