Cancer---related Fatiguerelated Fatigue · Cancer-Cancer---related Fatiguerelated Fatigue...

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1 PowerPoint Slides English Text Spanish Translation Cancer-related Fatigue Video Transcript Fatiga Oncológica Transcripción del video Professional Oncology Education Cancer-related Fatigue Time: 31:17 Educación Oncológica Profesional Fatiga oncológica Duración: 31:17 Carmen P. Escalante, M.D., F.A.C.P. Professor and Chair General Internal Medicine, Ambulatory Treatment and Emergency Care The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Dra. Carmen P. Escalante, F.A.C.P. Profesora y Presidenta Medicina Interna General, Tratamiento Ambulatorio y Cuidado de Emergencia MD Anderson Cancer Center, Universidad de Texas Cancer Cancer Cancer Cancer- - -related Fatigue related Fatigue related Fatigue related Fatigue Cancer-related Fatigue Carmen P. Escalante , M.D., F.A.C.P Professor and Chair General Internal Medicine, Ambulatory Treatment and Emergency Care Hello. My name is Carmen Escalante. I am the Professor and Chair of General Internal Medicine Ambulatory Treatment and Emergency Care at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. Today, we will talk about cancer-related fatigue. Hola. Mi nombre es Carmen Escalante y soy Profesora y Presidenta de Medicina Interna General, Tratamiento Ambulatorio y Cuidado de Emergencia del MD Anderson Cancer Center en Houston. Hoy hablaremos sobre la fatiga oncológica.

Transcript of Cancer---related Fatiguerelated Fatigue · Cancer-Cancer---related Fatiguerelated Fatigue...

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PowerPoint Slides English Text Spanish Translation

Cancer-related Fatigue Video Transcript

Fatiga Oncológica

Transcripción del video

Professional Oncology Education Cancer-related Fatigue Time: 31:17

Educación Oncológica Profesional Fatiga oncológica

Duración: 31:17

Carmen P. Escalante, M.D., F.A.C.P. Professor and Chair General Internal Medicine, Ambulatory Treatment and Emergency Care The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Dra. Carmen P. Escalante, F.A.C.P. Profesora y Presidenta

Medicina Interna General, Tratamiento Ambulatorio y Cuidado de Emergencia

MD Anderson Cancer Center, Universidad de Texas

CancerCancerCancerCancer----related Fatiguerelated Fatiguerelated Fatiguerelated Fatigue

Cancer-related Fatigue

Carmen P. Escalante , M.D., F.A.C.PProfessor and Chair

General Internal Medicine,

Ambulatory Treatment and

Emergency Care

Hello. My name is Carmen Escalante. I am the Professor and Chair of General Internal Medicine Ambulatory Treatment and Emergency Care at MD

Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. Today, we will talk about cancer-related fatigue.

Hola. Mi nombre es Carmen Escalante y soy Profesora y Presidenta de Medicina Interna General, Tratamiento Ambulatorio y Cuidado de Emergencia del MD Anderson Cancer Center en Houston. Hoy hablaremos sobre la fatiga oncológica.

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DefinitionDefinitionDefinitionDefinition

Cancer-related Fatigue (CRF) is a distressing

persistent, subjective sense of physical,

emotional and/or cognitive tiredness or

exhaustion related to cancer or cancer treatment

that is not proportional to recent activity and

interferes with usual functioning.

It is important to first define cancer-related fatigue. And I think the important concepts is that this is a persistent often subjective type of fatigue that is composed of multiple aspects, not only physical aspects, but emotional and especially cognitive tiredness. It is unrelieved by rest and it is out of proportion to recent activity. So these are some of the highlights that we think about when defining cancer-related fatigue.

Es importante definir primero la fatiga oncológica. Creo que su importancia radica en que es un tipo de fatiga persistente y, a menudo, subjetiva, compuesta de múltiples aspectos, no sólo físicos, sino también emocionales y especialmente cognitivos. No puede aliviarse con el descanso y no es proporcional a la actividad reciente. Estos son algunos de los aspectos destacados que debemos considerar para definirla.

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CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics

• Most common symptom experienced by cancer

patients (prevalence 60-90%)

• In patients with metastatic disease exceeds 75%

• Associated with psychological disturbance,

symptom distress and functional status

It is a very common symptom – in fact, the most common symptom experienced by our cancer patients. The prevalence varies, and I think that variability is due to the numerous definitions that you find in the literature, but it is certainly most commonly near 90%. It is often very extreme in patients with advanced and metastatic disease. It is commonly associated with psychological disturbance and symptom distress and it may affect functional status and very commonly does.

Es el síntoma más común que padecen nuestros pacientes con cáncer. Su prevalencia varía y este grado de variación obedece a las numerosas definiciones que se encuentran en la literatura, pero suele estar cerca del 90%. A menudo es extrema en los pacientes con enfermedad avanzada y metastásica. Suele asociarse a alteraciones psicológicas y dificultades sintomáticas, y puede afectar la condición funcional, lo cual ocurre a menudo.

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CRF Often UnreportedCRF Often UnreportedCRF Often UnreportedCRF Often Unreported

• Hesitant to report due to fear of not

receiving maximum cancer treatment

• Believe an expected symptom that is

untreatable and should cope with it

• Believe will be perceived as “complainer”

• May believe sign of recurrent or advancing disease

Why do we often not hear of CRF, which I am going to refer to as cancer-related fatigue? Many patients are hesitant to report the fatigue because they want to receive their maximum cancer treatment, and they fear that if they complain about fatigue, the dose may be reduced. Also, they may believe that this is expected and that they should cope with it. Others do not want to be seen as complainers and many times patients may believe that this is either recurrent disease if they are without evidence of disease or that it may be advancing or progressive disease. And although we need to look for these types of activities, many times this is not the cause of the fatigue.

¿Por qué es infrecuente la mención de la fatiga oncológica? Muchos pacientes son renuentes a informar que tienen fatiga porque quieren recibir el máximo tratamiento contra el cáncer, y temen que si se quejan de la fatiga, las dosis podrían ser reducidas. También suponen que eso es esperable y que simplemente deben tolerarlo. Otros no quieren ser considerados quejosos y a veces creen que se trata de una recurrencia —si no tenían signos de la enfermedad—, o que es una enfermedad progresiva. Si bien debemos tener en cuenta estas posibilidades, muchas veces no son la causa de la fatiga.

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Health Care Providers Hesitant to DiscussHealth Care Providers Hesitant to DiscussHealth Care Providers Hesitant to DiscussHealth Care Providers Hesitant to Discuss

• Lack of knowledge in this area and limited

treatment options

• Time constraints in busy outpatient practice

Why are healthcare providers often hesitant to discuss cancer-related fatigue? Well, we are always very busy and time constraints are something that we all have to deal with. But many times, we don”t really understand fatigue that well, and there are limited treatment options and certainly this may impact, and it takes time often to discuss this symptom because there are no easy ways to address it as well as to measure it.

¿Por qué los proveedores de cuidado de la salud suelen dudar en hablar sobre la fatiga oncológica? Siempre estamos muy ocupados y debemos lidiar con limitaciones de tiempo. Muchas veces no comprendemos bien la fatiga; otras veces las opciones de tratamiento son limitadas, y esto puede tener un impacto. Hablar de este síntoma lleva tiempo, ya que no hay formas sencillas de analizarlo y medirlo.

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PathophysiologyPathophysiologyPathophysiologyPathophysiology

Hypotheses:

• Abnormal secretion of substances (cytokines or

antibodies) that impair metabolism or affect

normal muscle function

• Abnormalities in energy metabolism relating to

increased requirements (secondary to tumor

growth, infection or treatments)

• Decreased availability of metabolic substrates

(anemia, malnutrition, hypoxemia)

As far as pathophysiology, there are numerous hypotheses. The bottom line is we really don’t understand what is causing fatigue. It is very interesting and we often -- and there is lots of research in trying to understand it. Some of the more common hypothesis is that there is abnormal secretion of substances such as cytokines that may impair metabolism and certainly may impact fatigue. Another hypothesis may be related to energy metabolism and abnormalities in that aspect. And a third hypothesis may be decreased availability of metabolic substrates. The bottom line, though, is we really do not know at this point. Hopefully, over time, we will be able to better understand this and target our treatments to the pathophysiology that is appropriate.

En cuanto a la fisiopatología, existen varias hipótesis. La realidad es que no entendemos qué provoca la fatiga. Es un tema muy interesante y se llevan a cabo numerosas investigaciones para intentar comprenderla. Algunas de las hipótesis más comunes sostienen que hay una secreción anormal de sustancias, tales como las citocinas, que pueden perjudicar el metabolismo e incidir sobre la fatiga. Otra hipótesis la relaciona con el metabolismo energético y sus anormalidades. Una tercera hipótesis alude a la disponibilidad reducida de los sustratos metabólicos. La realidad es que aún desconocemos sus causas. Con el tiempo esperamos poder comprenderla mejor y apuntar nuestros tratamientos a la fisiopatología adecuada.

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Common Causes:Common Causes:Common Causes:Common Causes:

Various Treatments

• Chemotherapy

• Radiotherapy

• Biochemotherapy

• Surgery

• Hormonal

Treatment Effects

• Anemia

• Hypothyroidism

• Renal dysfunction

Other Mechanisms Responsible

• Sleep Disturbance

• Pain

• Psychological Factors such

as Depression

• Nutrition

Comorbidities

• COPD

• Uncontrolled Diabetes

There are many things that can impact fatigue -- cancer-related fatigue. And what we need to remember that this fatigue is related to the cancer or the cancer treatment. We do know that multiple treatments, and they are all listed, can impact fatigue. Patients that receive more than one treatment and certainly the more treatments tend to have more intense and more problems with fatigue. We do know that certain treatment effects, commonly anemia related to chemotherapy, can cause fatigue. And often the fatigue may be fluctuating depending upon the level of anemia. Hypothyroidism is very common, especially in our head and neck patients that may have radiation to the neck and the thyroid area, so we should be diligent about looking for those aspects. Renal dysfunction, which is a common side effect of many of our treatments, may be something that may impact and we certainly should be aware that this may be a complicating cause. There are other mechanisms and symptoms that are commonly associated with

Hay varios factores que pueden afectar la fatiga oncológica. Debemos recordar que se relaciona con el cáncer o su tratamiento. Sabemos que los tratamientos múltiples pueden afectarla; los pacientes que reciben más de un tratamiento tienden a tener problemas mayores y más intensos. Sabemos que ciertos efectos del tratamiento —generalmente la anemia relacionada con la quimioterapia— pueden provocar fatiga. A menudo la fatiga fluctúa según el nivel de anemia. El hipotiroidismo es muy común, especialmente en los pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello que reciben radiación en la zona del cuello y la tiroides, así que debemos estar atentos a estos aspectos. La insuficiencia renal, un efecto secundario común de nuestros tratamientos, puede incidir, y debemos tener en cuenta que es un factor de complicación. Hay otros mecanismos y síntomas comúnmente asociados y estrechamente relacionados con la fatiga. Alteraciones del sueño: muchos pacientes

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fatigue and very tightly correlated. Sleep disturbances: Many of the patients that have cancer-related fatigue also have sleep issues whether they are insomnia or hypersomnia and we will discuss those a little more as we go further. Pain is very commonly associated with fatigue as well as psychological factors such as depression and anxiety and obviously, nutritional aspects. Both patients with decreased nutrition, as well as our obese patients may have more difficulties with cancer-related fatigue. And the patients should be queried as to what they are eating and how much they are eating and their schedule of eating habits. Other comorbidities are very important. Cancer patients tend to be older. Older patients have other underlying diseases as well as cancer, and the condition of these diseases and control of these diseases are very important. Examples may include COPD, that commonly may be exacerbated, or uncontrolled diabetes, and these are things that should be looked for when patients complain about fatigue.

con fatiga oncológica también tienen problemas de sueño, como insomnio o hipersomnia, que trataremos más adelante. El dolor se asocia generalmente con la fatiga y con factores psicológicos como la depresión, la ansiedad y los aspectos nutricionales. Los pacientes con nutrición reducida y los pacientes obesos pueden experimentar mayores dificultades con la fatiga oncológica. Debe preguntárseles acerca de su alimentación, las cantidades ingeridas y su agenda nutricional. Otras comorbilidades son muy importantes. Los pacientes con cáncer suelen ser personas de mayor edad y tener otras enfermedades subyacentes además del cáncer, de modo que la condición y el control de esas enfermedades son muy importantes. Por ejemplo, la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, que puede verse exacerbada, y la diabetes no controlada son aspectos que debemos tener en cuenta cuando los pacientes se quejan de la fatiga.

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Approaches to Patients with CRFApproaches to Patients with CRFApproaches to Patients with CRFApproaches to Patients with CRF

• None to mild (0-3)

– Education

– General strategies to manage fatigue

• Moderate (4-6) or Severe (7-10)

– Education

– General strategies to manage fatigue

– Primary evaluation

How do we approach patients with cancer-related fatigue? Well, it is dependent upon the level of the fatigue and one easy query in a busy clinic may be to ask, on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 no fatigue, and 10 the worst fatigue you can imagine, what is your fatigue today? For patients with very minimal fatigue, it should be education and certainly if they are going to have treatment, expectations of what the fatigue may be related to that treatment, and other general strategies to manage fatigue, and I will talk about those in a slide or two. And then those patients with moderate or severe fatigue should not only receive the same aspects as those with mild fatigue, but a primary evaluation.

¿Cuál es el enfoque para los pacientes con fatiga oncológica? Depende del nivel de fatiga. En una clínica concurrida, una pregunta sencilla podría ser la siguiente: “En una escala de 0 a 10 (donde 0 es ‘sin fatiga’ y 10 ‘la peor fatiga imaginable’), ¿cuál es su nivel actual de fatiga?”. Si el paciente presenta una fatiga mínima, debemos educarlo, y si está por comenzar un tratamiento, informarle que podría sentirse fatigado y aplicar otras estrategias de manejo generales que describiré más adelante. Los pacientes con fatiga moderada o grave deben recibir las mismas consideraciones que los que tienen fatiga leve, además de una evaluación primaria.

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General Strategies for CRF ManagementGeneral Strategies for CRF ManagementGeneral Strategies for CRF ManagementGeneral Strategies for CRF Management

• Self-monitoring of fatigue level

• Energy conservation

– Set Priorities

– Pace

– Delegate

– Schedule activities at times of peak energy

– Labor-saving devices

– Postpone nonessential activities

– Limit naps to 20-30 minutes or less

So, general strategies for fatigue management will include the self-monitoring of fatigue level. Some patients are motivated enough to even do a diary, so that not only do you monitor the fatigue levels, but they should write the activities or things they are doing so that we may be able to develop a trend and know what time of day is their best portions? What activities are causing more fatigue or less fatigue, and then other things include energy conservation. These include setting priorities, pacing activities. I often have a discussion with the patient regarding delegation. Are there things that others can do that are not imperative that you have to do yourself? Another important aspect is scheduling activities, especially complex activities when there is most energy. So, if a patient describes that the mornings have more -- are more energetic for them with less fatigue than the afternoons, they should complete their most complex tasks in the morning compared to the afternoon. Other things such as labor saving devices may be helpful.

Las estrategias generales para el manejo de la fatiga incluyen el automonitoreo del nivel de fatiga. Algunos pacientes se sienten lo suficientemente motivados para escribir un diario, para así monitorear no sólo los niveles de fatiga, sino también sus actividades. Esto nos permite establecer una tendencia y saber en qué momento del día se sienten mejor, qué actividades provocan más o menos fatiga, y otros factores, como la conservación de energía. Esto incluye fijar prioridades y regular el tiempo de actividad. Suelo hablar con el paciente sobre la delegación. ¿Hay actividades que puedan realizar otros, que no sea fundamental que las realice el propio paciente? Otro aspecto importante es programar las actividades, especialmente las complejas, para cuando se tenga más energía. Si un paciente señala que por la mañana se siente con más energía y tiene menos fatiga que por la tarde, debe realizar la mayor parte de sus tareas por la mañana y no por la tarde.

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These may include simple things, such as shower chairs or a stool for cooking, that may or may not include rollers, as well as for washing dishes. And suggestions such as these may be helpful for the patient. Also, at times, they may need to postpone nonessential activities. And I have discussions regarding napping and how much napping, what time of day, and sometimes limiting napping is helpful, so that it does not disrupt evening sleep, but gives them a burst of energy at times a day when necessary.

Algunos recursos para ahorrar energía pueden resultar útiles. Pueden ser accesorios sencillos, como sillas de ducha o un banco para cocinar y lavar los platos, con o sin ruedas. Todas estas sugerencias ayudan al paciente. Ocasionalmente deberán postergar las actividades no esenciales. Los pacientes me consultan sobre la siesta, su duración y sus horarios. Mientras no altere el descanso nocturno, una siesta limitada es útil para reponer la energía en ciertos momentos del día.

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General Strategies for CRF Management (cont’d)General Strategies for CRF Management (cont’d)General Strategies for CRF Management (cont’d)General Strategies for CRF Management (cont’d)

– Structured daily routine

– Attend to one activity at a time

• Use distractions

– Games, music, reading, etc.

Other strategies also include a structured daily routine and having a weekly planner can be very helpful for the patient with outlining of each day’s activity. And we are often very busy and many of us learn to multitask. Patients with cancer-related fatigue should try to focus on one activity at a time. Remembering that, it is not only physical fatigue often, but a cognitive aspect. And so sometimes the focus is very important on one thing that they are doing so that they can complete it before moving on to the next task. If they try multiple tasks, they may never complete any of the tasks. Distractions may be helpful including games, music, reading, and other things that take their mind off of focusing on the fatigue.

Otras estrategias son una rutina diaria estructurada y una agenda, que pueden ser muy útiles para que el paciente planifique sus actividades del día a día. Solemos estar muy ocupados y muchos aprendemos a realizar varias tareas, pero los pacientes con fatiga oncológica deben concentrarse en una actividad a la vez. Recordemos que la fatiga no sólo es física, sino que también puede ser cognitiva. A veces es muy importante concentrarse en una tarea para poder terminarla y seguir con la siguiente. Si tratan de realizar varias tareas, quizá no concluyan ninguna de ellas. Las distracciones como los juegos, la música y la lectura pueden ser útiles para desviar la mente de la fatiga.

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Primary Evaluation for CRFPrimary Evaluation for CRFPrimary Evaluation for CRFPrimary Evaluation for CRF

Focused history

• Disease status and treatment

– Re-occurrence or progression

– Current meds/med changes

– Prescriptions/OTC’s/supplements

As far as those patients that have moderate or severe fatigue, they should also have a primary evaluation; and what does that encompass? First, it should be a focused history and this should include their current disease status and treatment, have they recurred or are they progressing? We should always think about, in my experience, many times, this is not the cause of the worsening of fatigue or initiation of fatigue. Reviewing medications or medication changes, and many of these patients are on numerous medications; and looking at all their prescriptions, not only the ones that we write and prescribe, but other over the counters and supplements including vitamins, herbals, and all these other medications that they may not have to take and often do not consider as medications. There often can be drug interactions with these medications and they should be considered.

En cuanto a los pacientes con fatiga moderada o grave, también debe realizarse una evaluación primaria. ¿Qué abarca esto? En primer lugar, debe incluir un historial detallado del estado actual de la enfermedad y su tratamiento. ¿Ha recurrido o progresa? De acuerdo con mi experiencia, siempre debemos considerar la posibilidad de que esta no sea la causa del agravamiento o el inicio de la fatiga. Debemos evaluar los fármacos actuales y sus posibles cambios, porque muchos pacientes toman varios medicamentos, tanto recetados como de venta libre; suplementos, como vitaminas y preparaciones herbales; y cosas que no necesitan tomar y que a menudo no se consideran remedios. También puede haber interacciones entre fármacos, las cuales deben tenerse en cuenta.

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Primary Evaluation for CRF (cont’d)Primary Evaluation for CRF (cont’d)Primary Evaluation for CRF (cont’d)Primary Evaluation for CRF (cont’d)

Review of systems

• In-depth fatigue history

– Onset, pattern, duration

– Change over time

– Associated or alleviating factors

– Interference with function

An in-depth history regarding fatigue should be accomplished and that includes thinking about when did the fatigue begin? What is the pattern of the fatigue and the duration of the fatigue? Has it changed over time? Are there are other factors that either improve or worsen the fatigue? And does it affect the daily activities and the functioning, the ability to be independent? All these are important aspects that should be reviewed with the patient.

Debe reunirse un historial detallado de la fatiga, el cual debe considerar el momento en que comenzó, cuál es el patrón de fatiga y su duración, si ha cambiado con el tiempo, si hay otros factores que la mejoran o la empeoran, y si afecta las actividades diarias y su funcionamiento, o su capacidad para ser independientes. Todos son aspectos importantes que deben ser analizados con el paciente.

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Assessment of Treatable Contributing FactorsAssessment of Treatable Contributing FactorsAssessment of Treatable Contributing FactorsAssessment of Treatable Contributing Factors

• Pain

• Emotional distress

– Anxiety

– Depression

• Anemia

• Sleep disturbance

– (obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia,

restless leg syndrome, etc.)

Considering other treatable causes as we previously discussed: pain, especially severe pain, is tightly correlated with fatigue and if the pain is improved, the fatigue may improve; as well as anxiety, depression, or other emotional stressors, anemia. And many times anemia is very easy to detect and may have been treated by the time you see the patient for fatigue. Sleep disturbances, not only insomnia, but obstructive sleep apnea may be a cause. Many times, it is not the quantity of sleep, but the quality of sleep. And so patients that have a lot of sleepiness, we should be very careful about asking them details about their sleep habits, snoring, napping, etc.

Asimismo, deben considerarse otras causas tratables de las que ya hablamos. El dolor, especialmente un dolor grave, está íntimamente relacionado con la fatiga. Si el dolor se reduce, lo mismo puede ocurrir con la fatiga, la ansiedad, la depresión y otros factores de estrés, y la anemia. En ocasiones la anemia es muy fácil de detectar y es probable que ya haya sido tratada cuando examinamos al paciente. Las alteraciones del sueño —no sólo el insomnio, sino también la apnea obstructiva— pueden ser una causa. No importa la cantidad, sino la calidad del sueño. Con pacientes muy somnolientos debemos estar atentos y pedirles detalles sobre sus hábitos de sueño, ronquidos, siestas, etc.

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Assessment of Treatable Contributing Factors (cont’d)Assessment of Treatable Contributing Factors (cont’d)Assessment of Treatable Contributing Factors (cont’d)Assessment of Treatable Contributing Factors (cont’d)

• Nutrition Assessment

– Weight/caloric intake changes

• Activity level

– Decreased activity

– Decreased physical fitness

• Medication SE profile (sedation)

– Fluid electrolyte imbalance

Nutritional assessment including weight: Have they gained or lost? Has the weight been stable? Have they had to buy new clothes because either the clothes are too tight or too big? And what type of things do they eat? How do they eat? Many times patients may not eat on a regular basis or may eat less than three meals a day, and understanding what they are taking in is very important. Activity is an essential query including what activities are they doing now compared to previous? What was their physical fitness level now versus before? Have they exercised in the past or they were able to continue to exercise if they have exercised in the past? Again, looking at the side effect profile of all their medications. An example, patients may have neuropathy from previous chemotherapy and may be on a drug to treat the neuropathy. These drugs are often very sedating and may affect their ability to do things, as well as their perception of fatigue. Patients with fluid or electrolyte imbalances, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also

La evaluación nutricional incluye el peso. ¿Han aumentado o perdido peso? ¿El peso es estable? ¿Han comprado ropa porque la anterior era ajustada o demasiado holgada? ¿Qué tipo de alimentos comen? ¿Y cómo comen? A veces un paciente no puede comer regularmente o come menos de tres comidas por día, y comprender su ingesta es muy importante. Una pregunta esencial es: ¿qué actividades hacen ahora y qué hacían antes? ¿Cómo es su nivel actual de actividad física con respecto al anterior? ¿Hacían ejercicio y pueden seguir haciéndolo? Nuevamente, debemos observar el perfil de efectos secundarios de todos sus medicamentos. Por ejemplo, un paciente puede tener neuropatía generada por quimioterapia previa y estar tomando un medicamento para tratarla. Estos medicamentos suelen causar sedación y afectar su nivel de actividad, así como su percepción de la fatiga. Los pacientes con desequilibrios de fluidos o electrolitos, náuseas,

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be affected, so considering all these aspects on side effect profile of their medications.

vómitos y diarrea también pueden verse afectados, por lo que el perfil de efectos secundarios de sus medicamentos debe considerar todo esto.

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Assessment of Treatable Contributing Factors (cont’d)Assessment of Treatable Contributing Factors (cont’d)Assessment of Treatable Contributing Factors (cont’d)Assessment of Treatable Contributing Factors (cont’d)

• Comorbidities

– Infection

– Cardiac dysfunction

– Pulmonary dysfunction

– Renal dysfunction

– Hepatic dysfunction

– Neurologic dysfunction

– Endocrine dysfunction

As we previously touched upon, comorbidities are important. Whether the patient has an active infection certainly it will affect fatigue as well as them being febrile or afebrile. Underlying cardiac and other organ function, as outlined in this slide, can impact fatigue depending on the extent of the dysfunction. Endocrine dysfunction may be very common depending on the treatment. Menopausal state also is something that should be queried, especially in younger patients that may undergo early menopause secondary to their treatment.

Como ya señalamos, las comorbilidades son importantes. Si el paciente tiene una infección activa, esta afectará su fatiga y febrilidad. Como vemos en esta diapositiva, las funciones cardíacas subyacentes y otras funciones orgánicas afectan la fatiga, según el alcance de la insuficiencia. De acuerdo con el tratamiento, puede haber una disfunción endócrina. El estado menopáusico también debe considerarse, especialmente en los pacientes más jóvenes con menopausia temprana, secundaria al tratamiento.

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InterventionsInterventionsInterventionsInterventions

• Non-Pharmacologic interventions

• Pharmacologic interventions

So, what do we do about cancer-related fatigue? Where there are two sets of interventions including non-pharmacologic interventions and pharmacologic interventions and we will briefly discuss both aspects.

¿Qué debe hacerse con la fatiga oncológica? Hay dos series de intervenciones, que pueden ser farmacológicas o no farmacológicas, y hablaremos brevemente de ambas.

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NonNonNonNon----Pharmacologic InterventionsPharmacologic InterventionsPharmacologic InterventionsPharmacologic Interventions

• Activity Enhancement *

• Psychosocial interventions*

• Sleep Therapy

• Nutrition Consultation

(*strongest evidence base)

In the non-pharmacologic interventions, these include activity enhancement or exercise. And this has the best evidence of all of the interventions for cancer-related fatigue. Others include psychosocial interventions, sleep therapy, and nutritional consultation, and I will describe each of those for you.

Una de las intervenciones no farmacológicas consiste en aumentar la actividad o el ejercicio, lo cual brinda los mejores resultados entre todas las intervenciones para tratar la fatiga oncológica. Otras son las intervenciones psicosociales, la terapia del sueño y las consultas sobre nutrición. A continuación describiré todas estas alternativas.

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Exercise (category 1)Exercise (category 1)Exercise (category 1)Exercise (category 1)

Regime individualized

• Patient age and gender

• Type of cancer present

• Cancer therapy receiving

• Physical fitness level

In the exercise category, this is a Category 1. And I also referred you to the National Comprehensive Cancer Networks Cancer-related Fatigue Guidelines. They have very detailed guidelines showing all of the aspects for cancer-related fatigue. But the regime should be individualized, not all patients are the same. Consideration of the age of the patient and the gender, as well as what type of cancer is either present or has been treated. Does this impact your their ability to ambulate? What types of cancer therapy has been received or are they currently receiving therapy? And their physical fitness level, not only presently, but what was their level previously? Those patients that have higher levels of fitness and conditioning can start at a higher level of physical fitness than those that have never exercised even prior to their cancer treatment and diagnosis. The bottom line is we do not want a patient to overdo and hurt themselves either pulling a muscle or having angina. And certainly if the patient has another

El ejercicio está clasificado en la Categoría 1. Una buena referencia son las Pautas de la red nacional integral de cáncer sobre fatiga oncológica, que contienen lineamientos muy detallados sobre todos los aspectos de este trastorno. El régimen debe ser individual, pues cada paciente es distinto. Deben tenerse en cuenta su edad y su sexo, así como el tipo de cáncer actual o tratado. ¿Afecta esto su capacidad ambulatoria? ¿Qué tipo de terapia oncológica han recibido o reciben actualmente? ¿Cuál es su aptitud física actual y cuál era antes? Los pacientes con mejor acondicionamiento físico pueden comenzar con un mayor nivel de ejercicio que aquellos que nunca se han ejercitado, ni siquiera antes del tratamiento o del diagnóstico de cáncer. El paciente no debe excederse al punto de sufrir un tirón muscular o una angina de pecho. Si tiene otra comorbilidad que pueda afectar su capacidad para ejercitarse, debe ser evaluado atentamente por medio de exámenes adecuados. Si

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comorbidity that may impact their ability to exercise, that should be carefully considered and appropriate testing done. So that if they have significant risk factors for angina, a stress test, or other cardiac workup may be appropriate prior to prescribing an exercise regime. Patients may also consider this very difficult to understand and when they are describing fatigue and we are telling them to exercise as part of the intervention. So a careful discussion with the patient relating to the benefits of exercise not only for fatigue, but for cardiovascular aspects, weight control, emotional aspects related to relaxation and stress relief, may certainly be appropriate and encouraging for the patients, especially for those patients that may have never exercised previously.

tiene un riesgo de angina considerable, una prueba de esfuerzo u otros ejercicios cardíacos resultarán apropiados para recomendar un régimen de ejercicio. El paciente suele ver una contradicción en el hecho de que la fatiga pueda tratarse con el ejercicio físico como parte de la intervención. Por ello, en especial si el paciente nunca se ha ejercitado, es apropiado y a la vez alentador conversar atentamente sobre los beneficios del ejercicio, no solo en lo relacionado con la fatiga, sino también los aspectos cardiovasculares, el control del peso y los factores emocionales referidos a la relajación y el alivio del estrés.

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Summary of Exercise StudiesSummary of Exercise StudiesSummary of Exercise StudiesSummary of Exercise Studies

• Studies include patients receiving active treatment

and those who have completed treatment

• Designs vary; sample sizes often small – many

series limited to women with breast cancer

• Type of aerobic exercise is variable (walking,

exercise bicycling, resistance training or patient

allowed to choose exercise preferred)

• Varied in lengths from 6 weeks – 6 months

There have been a number of exercise studies including patients that have been on active treatment as well as those that have completed treatments. There are a lots of design variability. Most of these studies are fairly small. A lot of the studies are related to breast cancer because it is a very common cancer and affects mostly woman. There is also variability in the exercises prescribed, from aerobic exercises as listed, to a resistance training. And many of these studies have varied in the length of the study from short term of six weeks to as long as six months.

Se han llevado a cabo estudios de ejercicio con pacientes en tratamiento activo y tratamiento finalizado. Hay numerosas variables. La mayoría de estos estudios fueron de tamaño reducido. Muchos se relacionan con el cáncer de mama, porque es un cáncer muy común que afecta mayormente a las mujeres. También varían los ejercicios recomendados, desde los aeróbicos al entrenamiento de resistencia. Todos estos estudios varían en su duración, desde seis semanas hasta seis meses.

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3 Comprehensive Reviews3 Comprehensive Reviews3 Comprehensive Reviews3 Comprehensive Reviews

Benefits of exercise:

Fatigue

Emotional distress

Sleep disturbance

Functional quality, better QOL

- Courneya KS et al., J Clin Onc. 2003 May 1;21(9):1660

- Dimeo F et al., Cancer. 1999 May 15;85(10):2273

- Dimeo FC et al., Support Care Cancer. 2003 Oct;11(10):623

- Galvao DA and Newton RU et al., J Clin Onc.

2005 Feb 1;23(4):899

- McNeely ML et al., CMAJ. 2006 Jul 4;175(1):34

- Mock V et al., Cancer. Pract. 2001 May-Jun;9(3):119

- Mock V et al., Oncol Nurs Forum. 1997 Jul;24(6):991

- Schwartz AL et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc.

2001 May;33(5):718

- Segal RJ et al., J Clin Onc. May 1;21(9):1653

- Windsor PM et al., Cancer. 2004 Aug 1;101(3):550

However, the bottom line is that in all these studies, regardless of the limitations, fatigue was decreased and functional quality or quality of life improved for those patients that had quality of life measured. Also, in those studies that looked at emotional distress and sleep disturbances, those also improved. So the evidence is there that exercise is a benefit and has the highest level of evidence of all the interventions for patients with cancer-related fatigue. And I firmly believe that for those patients that can exercise, we should try to get them moving. And the variability and how much they can exercise and the type of exercise obviously will change, depending upon the patient and should be customized to the patient.

Sin embargo, en todos los estudios, independientemente de sus limitaciones, se logró reducir la fatiga y mejorar la calidad funcional o la calidad de vida en los pacientes en que se cuantificaron estos parámetros. En los estudios que analizaron la angustia emocional y las alteraciones del sueño, estos factores también mejoraron. Eso demuestra que el ejercicio es un beneficio y que logra los mejores resultados entre todas las intervenciones de pacientes con fatiga oncológica. Estoy firmemente convencida de que los pacientes que puedan ejercitarse, deben hacerlo. La variedad, la cantidad y el tipo de ejercicio varían según el paciente, y deben adaptarse en cada caso.

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Psychosocial InterventionsPsychosocial InterventionsPsychosocial InterventionsPsychosocial Interventions

• Cognitive behavioral therapy (category 1)

• Stress management (category 1)

• Relaxation

• Support groups (category 1)

A second type of non-pharmacologic intervention is psychosocial interventions or behavioral-type interventions and some of these are Category 1. There are numerous studies on cognitive behavioral therapy, stress management, relaxation, and support groups, and these may be helpful for the patient. For certain cognitive behavioral therapy, more resources may be necessary depending on the type of treatment needed and so that needs to be considered. But certainly if anxiety/stress is an issue, then some of these interventions may be very helpful for the patient.

Un segundo tipo de intervención no farmacológica son las intervenciones psicosociales o las intervenciones conductuales, algunas de la cuales se consideran de Categoría 1. Hay numerosos estudios sobre terapia conductual cognitiva, control del estrés, relajación y grupos de apoyo, que pueden ser útiles para el paciente. Para ciertas terapias conductuales cognitivas pueden requerirse más recursos según el tipo de tratamiento, lo cual debe tenerse en cuenta. Si la ansiedad o el estrés son un problema, algunas de estas intervenciones pueden ayudar mucho al paciente.

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Attention Restoring TherapyAttention Restoring TherapyAttention Restoring TherapyAttention Restoring Therapy

• Attentional fatigue: decreased capacity to

concentrate or to direct attention during stressful

or demanding situations

• With interventions

– Improved concentration and problem solving

on neurocognitive tests

– Returned to work earlier

Attention restoring therapy has been documented in the literature and what is this? Well, there has been some literature that shows that some patients have decreased ability to concentrate during a stressful situation and there have been studies that show things such as listening to birds or sitting in a very comforting garden, listening to nature sounds, may be helpful. And some of these patients that have undergone clinical trials with these interventions have shown improved concentration and problem-solving on neurocognitive testing and returned to work earlier than those that were in the control arm. So this may be helpful for some patients as far as cancer-related fatigue.

La terapia de restauración de la atención ha sido documentada en la literatura. ¿De qué se trata? Ciertas publicaciones señalan que, ante una situación de estrés, algunos pacientes pierden su capacidad para concentrarse. Algunos estudios han demostrado que actividades como escuchar el canto de los pájaros, sentarse en un jardín acogedor y prestar atención a los sonidos de la naturaleza pueden ayudar. Los pacientes sometidos a ensayos clínicos en estas intervenciones mejoraron su concentración y su capacidad neurocognitiva para resolver problemas, y regresaron a trabajar antes que los del grupo de control. Esto puede ayudar a algunos pacientes con fatiga oncológica.

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Sleep TherapySleep TherapySleep TherapySleep Therapy

• Significant disturbances (insomnia, hypersomnia)

• Effective sleep interventions:

– Stimulus control (consistent time lying down and getting

up, avoiding caffeine and stimulating evening activity)

– Sleep restriction (avoiding long or late afternoon naps,

limiting time in bed to sleep normally obtained)

• Education and counseling on sleep hygiene

• Pharmacologic

Sleep is a major issue in many of our patients and it goes along with the fatigue. And there maybe extreme disturbances from insomnia along the spectrum to hypersomnia. What are some effective sleep interventions that we may be able to try? Stimulus control or behavioral-type issues include things such as advising the patient to go to bed at a specific time and get up at a specific time, putting an alarm clock in place so they do not sleep later than usual, getting them on a schedule, avoiding caffeine late at night, and other stimulating evening activities may be helpful. Sleep restriction, meaning avoiding long or late afternoon naps that can interfere with nighttime sleep, limiting bedtime to sleep, so the patients that cannot sleep at night, but either cannot fall asleep or wake up and just cannot go back to sleep, advising to them to get up out of bed and do something that may be restful to help them get sleepy again and then go back to bed. The computer screens/TV screens tend to be stimulating, and so I often advised patients not

El sueño es una cuestión central para muchos pacientes y va de la mano con la fatiga. Puede haber alteraciones extremas, desde insomnio hasta hipersomnia. ¿Cuáles son las intervenciones efectivas para el sueño? El control de estímulos y las cuestiones conductuales incluyen aconsejar al paciente que se acueste y se levante a horas determinadas, utilizar un despertador para no dormir más que lo habitual, establecer un cronograma, evitar la cafeína a altas horas de la noche y otras actividades vespertinas. La restricción del sueño implica evitar las siestas largas o vespertinas, pues interfieren con el sueño nocturno y limitan las horas de descanso. Los pacientes que no puedan dormir de noche, ya sea por no conciliar el sueño o al desvelarse, deben levantarse y realizar una actividad agradable que les ayude a sentir sueño y volver a la cama. Las pantallas de computadora y televisores tienden a ser estimulantes, y suelo aconsejarles que no miren

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to watch TV if they wake-up in the night, to do something more restful, listen to very relaxing music, read, or do something that may be helpful in getting them to feel sleepy again and then lying back in bed. Certainly, education and counseling on sleep hygiene is very helpful. Spending that time may be a wise investment. At times, patients need pharmacologic therapy for sleep and this may be necessary. Certainly, considering all their drugs, when making this choice, is necessary.

televisión de noche sino que hagan algo más apacible, como escuchar música suave, leer o realizar otra actividad que ayude a devolverles el sueño antes de acostarse. La educación y el asesoramiento sobre la higiene del sueño ayudan mucho; son medidas prudentes y redituables. En ocasiones, los pacientes pueden necesitar terapia farmacológica para el sueño. Si se opta por esta alternativa, será necesario tener en cuenta todos sus medicamentos.

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Nutrition ConsultationNutrition ConsultationNutrition ConsultationNutrition Consultation

• Education

• Appropriate referral to nutritionist

• Pharmacologics as appropriate

(antiemetics)

As far as nutritional aspects, educating patients about good nutrition, appropriate referral to a nutritionist or web sites, that may be helpful in educating them, especially those patients that may have underlying comorbidities that also impact such as: diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure. It may be appropriate if they have not visited with the nutritionist. Those patients that are very underweight or overweight certainly may benefit from a visit with a nutritionist. And at times we need pharmacologics to control other symptoms. Patients that are on active treatment commonly have nausea or diarrhea and other patients that have had treatments that promote malabsorption, may need other pharmacologics to help them cope with the side effects of those symptoms.

En cuanto a los aspectos nutricionales, es útil educarlos sobre una buena nutrición, referirlos a un buen nutricionista o recomendarles sitios web, especialmente a aquellos con comorbilidades subyacentes y concomitantes, como diabetes, hipertensión e insuficiencia cardíaca. Consultar a un nutricionista puede resultar beneficioso para los pacientes con peso muy bajo o con sobrepeso. A veces necesitamos fármacos para controlar otros síntomas. Los pacientes con un tratamiento activo suelen tener náuseas o diarrea, mientras que los pacientes con tratamientos que promueven la malabsorción pueden necesitar otros fármacos para ayudarlos a lidiar con los efectos secundarios de estos síntomas.

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• Stimulants

• Antidepressants

• Steroids

Pharmacologic InterventionsPharmacologic InterventionsPharmacologic InterventionsPharmacologic Interventions

Another aspect is pharmacologic interventions and this would include stimulants, antidepressants, and steroids. These are three general classes and I will talk specifically about each. None of the pharmacologic interventions have a Category 1 of evidence.

Otro aspecto es la intervención farmacológica, la cual incluye estimulantes, antidepresivos y esteroides. Estas son las tres clases generales y trataré específicamente cada una. Ninguna de las intervenciones farmacológicas está dentro de la Categoría 1.

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• Methylphenidate

• Pemoline

• Modafinil

• Armodafinil

StimulantsStimulantsStimulantsStimulants

The stimulants we commonly think about include methylphenidate, pemoline, modafinil, and now armodafinil, a newer one. Pemoline is really not used anymore. It has promoted hepatic dysfunction and has really never... the risks are much higher than the benefit of using this stimulant and the other stimulants are available and helpful, and so pemoline does not really need to be used, but I mention it because it is in the early literature for cancer-related fatigue. Methylphenidate is very common. It has been used for years in children with attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorders, and so we have a lot of experience. There is a short-acting methylphenidate that should be dosed twice daily, morning and around noontime. The doses may range from very low doses of 5 mg. in the morning and at noon to much higher doses. The most common side effect may be anxiety, certainly patients with... or any of the stimulants that have uncontrolled hypertension or significant cardiac disease that must be considered. However, when you

Los estimulantes que solemos considerar incluyen el metilfenidato, la pemolina, el modafinilo y ahora el armodafinilo, que es más reciente. La pemolina casi no se usa, pues promueve la insuficiencia hepática y los riesgos de usarla son más altos que sus beneficios. Además, se dispone de otros estimulantes, por lo que ya no es necesaria, pero la menciono porque está en las primeras publicaciones sobre fatiga oncológica. El metilfenidato es muy común. Ha sido utilizado durante años en niños con déficit de atención y problemas de hiperactividad, por lo que tenemos mucha experiencia. Hay un metilfenidato de acción rápida que debe recetarse en dos dosis al día, por la mañana y alrededor del mediodía. Estas pueden variar entre dosis bajas —5 mg por la mañana y a mediodía— y otras mucho más altas. El efecto secundario más común es la ansiedad, sobre todo en los pacientes con hipertensión no controlada o con enfermedades cardíacas que toman

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look at the literature of the stimulants as far as hypertension, in all of the literature that has been documented, it really only increases the blood pressure very small amounts from what has been documented in the literature, but certainly should be considered and patient should have well-controlled blood pressures prior to initiating this. Modafinil is a stimulant that is approved and commonly used for patients with narcolepsy or shift work disorders, as far as sleep. It is also a short-acting stimulant and should be dosed twice daily, generally in the morning and around noontime. Most of the stimulants are not dosed later in the evening because of the fear that it may interfere with nighttime sleepiness. Although there has been a study using methylphenidate that did dosing every two hours and seemed to be effective. And this was, of course, done with methylphenidate, not necessarily modafinil. Armodafinil is a once-a-day stimulant also used for narcolepsy and sleep disorders. The benefit is that it is a slow release, about a 12-hour span, and may replace the twice daily dosing, which some patients may like better. Methylphenidate also has a long acting once-a-day counterpart that can be used for those patients that prefer to have a once-a-day dosing. The stimulants have helped some patients and may need to be considered for patients that need a fatigue intervention more rapidly. They do work much more quickly than exercise, which may take several weeks to months to see a benefit. And, of course, it depends upon the level of the fatigue and the activities of the patients so that many times there are multiple interventions that are done and sometimes these interventions need to be staged depending upon what is going on with the patient.

estimulantes. Sin embargo, de acuerdo con la literatura sobre estimulantes e hipertensión, estos sólo aumentan levemente la presión arterial, pero debe tenerse en cuenta y los pacientes deben tener la presión arterial controlada antes de iniciar el tratamiento. El modafinilo es un estimulante aprobado y usado comúnmente en los pacientes con narcolepsia o trastornos del sueño por cambios de horario laboral. También es un estimulante de rápida acción que debe dosificarse dos veces al día, generalmente por la mañana y alrededor del mediodía. La mayor parte de los estimulantes no se dosifican en horas de la tarde para evitar que interfieran con la somnolencia nocturna, aunque un estudio indica que el metilfenidato dosificado cada dos horas parece ser efectivo. Este es el caso del metilfenidato y no necesariamente del modafinilo. El armodafinilo es un estimulante de dosificación diaria y también se usa para tratar la narcolepsia y las alteraciones del sueño. Una ventaja es que tiene liberación lenta en un lapso de unas 12 horas y puede reemplazar la dosificación de dos veces al día, lo cual puede ser más conveniente para algunos pacientes. El metilfenidato también tiene su equivalente de acción prolongada y dosificación diaria, que puede usarse en pacientes que prefieren una sola dosis al día. Los estimulantes han ayudado a algunos pacientes y deben ser tenidos en cuenta cuando se necesita una intervención más rápida para tratar la fatiga. Tienen un efecto mucho más rápido que el ejercicio, cuyos beneficios pueden demorar semanas o incluso meses. Desde ya, depende del nivel de fatiga y actividad del paciente, por lo que muchas veces son necesarias múltiples intervenciones, que a veces deben estadificarse según la situación individual.

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• Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors

• Secondary amine tricyclics

• Bupropion

AntidepressantsAntidepressantsAntidepressantsAntidepressants

Antidepressants have been used for cancer-related fatigue, but have shown only to be effective for those patients that have depression with fatigue. So that if the patient only has fatigue, we do not use an antidepressant alone. There has been a study with the selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors looking at this aspect and certainly if the patient has depression, then they may be helpful. A secondary amine tricyclics in patients with fatigue and depression may be helpful for those patients that have sleep problems because they can promote sleep and should be taken in the evenings. There is a small study that has been done with bupropion. Bupropion tends to have a stimulant-type antidepressant effect and so this may be beneficial for some patients with significant fatigue and depression as well. Again, there is no Category 1 evidence for any of these -- this category.

Los antidepresivos se han usado para la fatiga oncológica, pero sólo han demostrado ser efectivos en pacientes que suman depresión a la fatiga. Si el paciente sólo padece fatiga, no debemos usar sólo antidepresivos. Un estudio de inhibidores selectivos de recaptación de serotonina consideró este aspecto y concluyó que, si el paciente padece depresión, pueden ser muy útiles. Las aminas triclíclicas secundarias para la fatiga y la depresión ayudan a los pacientes con problemas de sueño, ya que pueden fomentarlo y deben ser ingeridas por la tarde. Un estudio reducido del bupropión indica que tiene un efecto antidepresivo de tipo estimulante, por lo que también puede beneficiar a algunos pacientes con fatiga y depresión considerables. No hay resultados de la Categoría 1 para ninguno de estos fármacos.

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• Dexamethasone

• Prednisone

LowLowLowLow----Dose CorticosteroidsDose CorticosteroidsDose CorticosteroidsDose Corticosteroids

Low-dose steroids have been used for cancer-related fatigue mostly in patients with advanced disease and in the latter stages of their treatment. Dexamethasone and prednisone have been used. Of course, because of the side effects in patients that have longer life spans, it may not be appropriate. And in these studies that have been done with steroids, the endpoint was not fatigue, but looking at muscular activity, muscular measurements. So fatigue may be a surrogate in these, and again, I think it may be considered in those patients near end of life that have significant fatigue that may be taking these drugs for shorter periods of time.

Los esteroides en dosis bajas han sido utilizados para tratar la fatiga oncológica, sobre todo en los pacientes con enfermedad avanzada y en las últimas etapas del tratamiento. Se han utilizado dexametasona y prednisona. Debido a sus efectos secundarios, pueden no ser adecuados en los pacientes con una esperanza de vida más prolongada. En los estudios de esteroides, el criterio de valoración no fue la fatiga, sino la actividad muscular, las medidas musculares. La fatiga puede ser un indicador indirecto y creo que puede tenerse en cuenta en los pacientes con sobrevida limitada que tienen fatiga considerable y tomarán estos medicamentos por períodos más breves.

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SummarySummarySummarySummary

• CRF is a significant issue for cancer patients

and cancer survivors

• Evaluation and treatment requires a

multidisciplinary approach

• Continued opportunities in research:

- Lack of well designed clinical trials evaluating

pharmacologic agents and sleep dysfunction

- Further research to identify physiologic causes for

CRF so that targeted interventions can be developed

So, in summary, cancer-related fatigue is a very prevalent and significant issue for both our active cancer patients that are undergoing treatment, as well as our survivors or those patients that have completed treatment and are cancer free. The evaluation and treatment should consider multiple aspects and may require a multidisciplinary approach, as I have described. And certainly we should consider both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions, customizing the intervention depending upon the patient’s abilities and needs. I do believe that there are continued opportunities in research. Presently, as I have described, there are multiple small studies for some interventions and minimal studies for other interventions. We do need well-designed clinical trials for many of the pharmacologic agents and for the sleep dysfunction. And we certainly need to delve into more research looking at physiologic causes, because perhaps in the future, this may be the key to addressing fatigue and understanding fatigue and getting more target-related interventions for our patients. Thank you.

En resumen, la fatiga oncológica es una cuestión muy prevalente y significativa para los pacientes con cáncer activo y para los sobrevivientes, o para quienes han concluido su tratamiento y ya no tienen cáncer. La evaluación y el tratamiento deben contemplar múltiples aspectos y pueden requerir un enfoque multidisciplinario, como el descrito. Ciertamente, debemos considerar las intervenciones farmacológicas y no farmacológicas, y adaptar la intervención a la capacidad y las necesidades del paciente. Creo que hay oportunidades continuas para la investigación. Hasta hoy, como señalé, solo se han realizado estudios reducidos para algunas intervenciones y estudios mínimos para otras. Necesitamos ensayos clínicos bien estructurados para varios de los agentes farmacológicos y los problemas del sueño. Sin duda debemos ahondar la investigación y considerar las causas fisiológicas de la fatiga, ya que quizá en el futuro sean la clave para tratarla y comprenderla, y para crear intervenciones más enfocadas. Gracias.