Cancer is the natural end-state of multicellular organisms Any population of organisms that shows...

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Cancer is the natural end-state of multicellular organisms Any population of organisms that shows hereditary variation in reproductive capacity will evolve by natural selection. Genotypes that reproduce faster or more extensively will come to dominate later generations, only to be supplanted in turn by yet more efficient reproducers. Exactly the same applies to the population of cells that constitutes a multicellular organism like man. Cellular proliferation is under genetic control, and if somatic mutation creates a variant that proliferates faster, the mutant clone will tend to take over the organism. Thus people have a natural tendency to turn into tumors.

Transcript of Cancer is the natural end-state of multicellular organisms Any population of organisms that shows...

Page 1: Cancer is the natural end-state of multicellular organisms Any population of organisms that shows hereditary variation in reproductive capacity will evolve.

Cancer is the natural end-state of multicellular organisms

Any population of organisms that shows hereditary variation in reproductive capacity will evolve by natural selection. Genotypes that reproduce faster or more extensively will come to dominate later generations, only to be supplanted in turn by yet more efficient reproducers. Exactly the same applies to the population of cells that constitutes a multicellular organism like man. Cellular proliferation is

under genetic control, and if somatic mutation creates a variant that proliferates faster, the mutant clone will tend to take over the organism. Thus people have a

natural tendency to turn into tumors.

Page 2: Cancer is the natural end-state of multicellular organisms Any population of organisms that shows hereditary variation in reproductive capacity will evolve.

No single mutation can escape these mechanisms and convert a normal cell into a malignant one. Long ago, studies of the age-dependence of cancer suggested that on average 6–7 successive mutations are needed to convert a normal cell into an invasive carcinoma. In other words, only if half a dozen independent defenses are disabled by mutation can a normal cell convert into a malignant tumor.

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Genes afetados em células cancerosas

• Oncogenes: Oncogenes (Sections 18.3 and 18.4). These are genes whose normal activity promotes cell proliferation. Gain of function mutations in tumor cells create forms that are excessively or inappropriately active. A single mutant allele may affect the phenotype of the cell. The non-mutant versions are properly called proto-oncogenes.

• Tumor suppressor (TS) genes (Section 18.5). TS gene products inhibit events leading towards cancer. Mutant versions in cancer cells have lost their function. Some TS gene products prevent cell cycle progression, some steer deviant cells into apoptosis, and others keep the genome stable and mutation rates low by ensuring accurate replication, repair and segregation of the cell's DNA. Both alleles of a TS gene must be inactivated to change the behavior of the cell.

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A multiplicação celular é controlada

Apoptose (morte celular)

G1 (START/restriction point): o DNA deve ser replicado ?

G2 : controle qualidade: o DNA replicado está em boas condições?

M: os cromossomos estão corretamente alinhados?

Gene p53

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Controle do ciclo celular

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Controle do ciclo celularCiclinas G2 (A e então B): atuam sobre proteínas que regulam a divisão da célula, tais como aquelas que controlam condensação do DNA, quebra do envelope nuclear e montagem do aparato mitótico

Ciclinas G1 (ciclina D e então E): atuam sobre proteínas que regulam a iniciação da replicação do DNA

Ciclinas S (E e então A): atuam sobre proteínas envolvidas na regulação da replicação do DNA

A concentração de cinase dependente de ciclina é constante !

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Controle da expressão gênica

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A multiplicação celular é controlada

Prêmio Nobel em Fisiologia ou Medicina (2001)

Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt

and Paul M. Nurse

Apoptose

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Tumor e câncer

Tumor (neoplasma): conjunto de células que se multiplicam sem controle

Tumor benigno: células neoplásicas permancem unidas (podem ser removidas cirugicamente)

Tumor maligno (câncer): células podem colonizar outros tecidos

Células cancerosas:Não têm regulação do crescimentoSão imortais (crescem ativamente sempre)Invadem outros tecidos

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Câncer

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Câncer

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Genética do câncer

Alteram o controle do ciclo celular

Alteram a morte celular

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Mutações em genes que controlam o ciclo celular

Oncogenes:Mutações que causam hiperatividade levam a divisões sem interrupçãoMutação é dominante.

Proto-oncogene: é a forma não mutada, normal, que estimula a divisão, mas não é hiperativa.

Gene supressor de tumor: - inibe a divisão celular- leva à apoptose (morte celular)- mantém taxas de mutação baixasMutações podem causar divisões celulares “sem freio”- mutação é recessiva

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Controle da expressão gênica

Câncer da mama: genes que codificam D1-Cdk4 estão amplificados

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Alteração na apoptose causa câncer

Apoptose (morte celular)

G1 (START/restriction point): o DNA deve ser replicado ?

G2 : controle qualidade: o DNA replicado está em boas condições?

M: os cromossomos estão corretamente alinhados?

Proteína Bcl-2 bloqueia apoptose. Em linfomas (câncer das células do sangue) o gene é translocado para outro cromossomo, próximo a um promotor muito ativo.

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p53: gene supressor de tumor

Apoptose (morte celular)

Gene mutado em metade dos tipos de câncer humanos.

Proteína p53: ativada por dano no DNA

Bloqueia progressão para fase S pela indução da expressão do gene p21. Proteína p21 bloqueia ação do complexo cdk/ciclina necessária para passagem para fase S

Estimula a apoptose

Em câncer de pele e colorretal está mutado

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Conseqüências da progressão com danos no DNA

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Hipótese de “two hits” para formação de tumor

Retinoblastoma (1971, Knudson)

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Vírus podem induzir tumores

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Papiloma

Proteínas E7 e E6 do vírus inativam as proteínas Rb e p53

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Human adenovirus

Human papillomavirus

SV40

Diversos vírus que causam tumores codificam proteínas

que se ligam e inativam a proteína Rb

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Oncogenes e supressores de tumor

oncogene

Supressor de tumor

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Conversão de proto-oncogene em oncogene

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Alterações genéticas e oncogenes

Superprodução de proteínas do proto-oncogene oncogeneProto-oncogene atividade normal oncogene (hiperatividade)

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Câncer de cólon

Pólipo adenomatoso

Carcinoma

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Evolução do câncer: vários estágios

1. Mutações para aumentar a proliferação celular, aumentando os “alvos” para novas mutações

2. Mutaçõs que afetam a estabilidade do genoma como um todo, aumentando a taxa de mutação.

3. Mutações que afetam diversas atividades celulares

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Progressão do câncer de cólon

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Câncer no mundo

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Probabilidade de desenvolver câncer em alguma fase da vida (EUA 1997-1999)

Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1973-1999, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2002.

Risco

Todos lugares 1 in 2

Próstata 1 in 6

Pulmão e brônquios 1 in 13

Colo e reto 1 in 17

Bexiga urinária 1 in 29

Linfoma Non-Hodgkin 1 in 47

Melanoma 1 in 57

Leucemia 1 in 69

Cavidade oral 1 in 71

Rim 1 in 72

Estômago 1 in 79

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*Age-adjusted to 2000 US standard population.

Source: Death rates: US Mortality Public Use Tapes, 1960-1999, US Mortality Volumes, 1930-1959, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001. Cigarette consumption: Us Department of Agriculture, 1900-1999.

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Morte por câncer de pulmão em homens

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Cigarro e câncer de pulmão

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Telômeros e câncer

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