Cananga odorata by Jayakeerthi KR

Welcome..

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, BANGALORE

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTUREHRT-581 (0+1)

Seminar-1

Jayakeerthi,K.R.

PALB-4220

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, OIL EXTRACTION AND QUALITY ANALYSIS METHODS of CANANGA

ODORATA.

Contents • Introduction

• Production, Imports & Exports • Grades Of Cananga • Uses• Cultural Practice• Harvesting & Yield• Distillation Of Cananga Oil• Research findings• Conclusion

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CANANGA(Ylang-Ylang)

Scientific name: Cananga odorata(Lam) Hook.f. & thomsonFamily: Anonaceae

Origin: Tropical Asia(Indonesia &Malaysia)

IntroductionYlang-ylang tree known as Apurvachampa in Kannada and perfume tree, Ylang-ylang, cananga, cadmia in English is grown in gardens of India for its highly fragrant Cananga oil and well known Ylang-ylang of commercial importance. It is also known as queen of perfumes. In India it is not grown commercially.

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Origin and distributionIt is origin of Malaysia and Indonesia . It is found

distributed from eastern Asia to Australia

Cultivating countries Philippines, Northern Australia, Thailand, Vietnam, Madagascar, Ceylon, Comoros, Mayotte and the French colonies in the Indian

ocean. (Manner and Elevitz, 2006).

Production, imports and exports of cananga oil

Annual global production- 100 tonnes/year.Comoros, 50-65 tonnesMadagascar, 20-25 tonnesMayotte, 10-20 tonnes

Imports from all origins are dominated by France. World import demand of ylang-ylang oil around 100 tonnes/yr. NEX

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

FRANCE (EX-COMOROS) 72.4 73.1 125.1 156.6 117.4 88.0 102.4 107.6

US (EX-MADAGASCAR 62.2 96.2 225.1 213.7 141.1 144.1 177.0 148.8

Table 1: US and France: import prices for ylang ylang oil, 2005-2012, $/kg

Source: Comtrade Trade Map and US FAS

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http://www.intracen.org

Grades of cananga oilIn trade, there are 4 grades

Ylang-ylang extraYlang-ylang firstYlang-ylang secondYlang-ylang third

Ylang-ylang extra super has been recently added (Benini et al., 2012)ylang-ylang oil blends particularly well with bergamot, grapefruit, lavender and sandalwood oil.

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Grade AromaExtra Strong floral, jasmine-likeFirst Floral and jasmine-like

Second DullerThird Dull with sometimes burnt and harsh notes

(Bontin, 2006)

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Table 2: Grades specifications of cananga

Table 3: Main components of the oils of Extra, First, Second and Third grades of ylang ylang oil

(Mallavarapu et al.,2015)

Grade Specific density (at 27°C)

As % of total distilled oil

In Comoros In Madagascar

Extra & Extra “S” 0.950 – 0.970 24% 3%

First 0.934 – 0.945 10% 20%

Second 0.920 – 0.932 8% 17%

Third 0.900 – 0.916 58% 60%

Table 4: Ylang-ylang oil grades specifications and yield of Comoros and Madagascar

(Bontin,2006)

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Geranyl Acetate (18.28%)Benzyl Benzoate (14.42%)Germacrene D (10.92%), Trans-Caryophyllene (10.71%)Linaloöl (6.83%)Eugenol (6.65%)Farnesol (3.36%)Benzyl salicylic acid (0.60%)

Major constituents:

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(Muchjajib and Muchjajib , 2011)

Economic part: Mature yellow flowers.

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Usage and applications :

• Flowers - perfumes, cosmetics, lotions etc..

• Scent used medicinally for its calming effects, quality organic herbal tinctures, creams and oils.

• Oil in Aromatherapy- sedative, antiseptic, aphrodisiac and for treating trauma, acute anxiety and phobias.

• Talcum powder perfumes and for fixation of floral odours.• Flowers are also used to make tea in China.

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Table 5:Usage levels of ylang-ylang oil

ITEM USAGE LEVEL (%)

NORMAL MAXIMUM

Soaps 0.020 0.30Detergents 0.002 0.03Creams and lotions 0.010 0.10Perfumes 0.300 1.00

(Burdock and Carabin 2008)

Based on the consumption data, it was estimated that the individual consumption of ylang-ylang oil is 0.006 mg. per day


Table 6: Uses of Ylang-ylang oil in different types of foods and its usage levels

FEMA: Flavour and Extracts Manufacturer’s Association

FOOD TYPE USAGE LEVEL (PPM)

NORMAL MAXIMUM

Alcoholic beverages (FEMA) 0.99 2.91

Non-alcoholic beverages (FEMA) 0.98 2.85

Baked goods (FEMA) 3.03 5.03

Chewing gum (FEMA) 12.04 58.81

Frozen dairy products (FEMA) 2.92 4.89

Gelatin, pudding (FEMA) 1.03 3.00

Hard candy (FEMA) 1.05 1.38

Soft candy (FEMA) 3.00 4.98


Botany: Medium sized, perennial, tropical tree,

10-15m height, branches are pendulous or slightly erect with drooping, leafy twigs. The tree bark is smooth and greyish white to silvery.

Leaves:Dark green, 20 cm in length,

alternate, simple, elliptic-oblong, slightly pubescent, and with prominent midrib, as with most of the members of this family, the leaves are arranged mainly along a plane.

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Flowers: Drooping in nature, axillary clusters(4-12).First they appear green and are without fragrance and covered with white hairs then roughly twenty days later change to white then a very fragrant yellow & brown when mature.

(Martein et al.,1993).

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Twisted young flowers

Drooping mature flowers

Young flower buds

Mature flowers

Ripening bunch

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Seeds: There are 6-12 small, pale brown, flattened ovoid seeds in each fruit.

Fruits: greenish black in colour, 1.5 -2.5 cm in length, containing 6-12 stalked fruitlets, fleshy, olive like and borne in axillary clusters. (Stone,1970)

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Artobotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari (Syn: Annona hexapetalus) Family: AnnonaceaeIt is commonly called as claimbing lang-lang, ylang-ylang vine.It is native to India and Tropical AsiaIn kannada it is called as Manoranjani flower

Other species

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Cultural practiceSoil: Sandy loam to clay loam.

Avoid saline and alkaline soils.• pH 4.5-8.0 Climate : The tree grows well in the equatorial to subtropical climates of Indian and Pacific oceans.• Elevation: 800-1200m above mean sea level.• RF: 700 – 5000mm • Temperature: 5 – 350c

Propagation: Cananga odorata is commonly propagated through seed. Seeds are collected in the month of June/July. It can also propagated by cuttings but success rate is less.

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Seed propagation: • Ripe fruits, which are turn from dark green to black are collected.

Separate the fresh seeds and sieve in running water, and air-dried in shade.

• Seed is orthodox, meaning it remains viable when dried.

• Seeds are sown in light, well drained potting medium.

• The germination of fresh seed is said to be erratic. Seeds of 6-12 months old have higher germination rate.

• Hot water treatment i.e stratification gives better germination rate. (Oyen and Dung 1999)

Transplanting: 30-50cm height seedlings i.e. 2month old, planted at spacing 5×6m (333plants/ha). However care should be taken not to damage the long tap root.

Growth and Development: Cananga is classified as a fast grower, more than 2m per year in its early years.

30-50cm & 2 month old seedling

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Spacing: 5×6m

Flowering starts 5th year onwards and continues upto 30 years.

Flowering is generally low during the periods December to March and July to September and high during April to June and October to December (Bontin, 2006).

The plant was reported to flower throughout the year in the Pacific Islands. (Manner and Elevitz, 2006).

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Flowering:

3 year old tree

30 year old tree

Ylang-Ylang

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Harvest and Yield : The yield of flowers varies depending on the location

where it is cultivated.

In Comoro Islands a yield of 900-1500 kg flowers/hectare plantation producing approximately 18-30 kg essential oil was reported.

In Madagascar, the yield is approximately 1600 kg/hectare plantation producing approximately 40 kg of essential oil (Manner and Elevitz, 2006). The flower yield about 1.5-2% of volatile oil. NEX

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Harvesting of ylang-ylang flowers

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Steam distillation of the flowers. The first yield produces the finest oil, known as “Extra” and is used in aromatherapy.

The same flowers can be distilled a second time for a grade ”1”, first 2 1/2 hours, a third for grade “2”, first three to four hours, and lastly for a grade ”3” which is mostly used for removing varnishes. This process can take up to fourteen hours.

Yield: 1.5-2%.

Distillation

Cananga flowers

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Cananga oil :It is known as every-body’s ylang-ylang. It is

produced by water/steam distillation of flowers

Concrete: It is obtained by “Petroleum ether” extraction of cananga

flowers

Absolute: It is obtained by alcohol washing of concrete of cananga. Yield: 75-82% of absolute, it has a typical balsamic floral

note.

Traditional methods of cananga oil distillation in Comoros and Madagascar

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(Bontin, 2006)

Products of cananga oil

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Table 7: Composition (%) of main components of ylang-ylang flower essential oils from three locations of India

COMPOUND BANGALORE MYSORE VISAKHAPATNAM

P-methyl anisole 10.9 1.0 4.5Methyl benzoate 2.3 1.5 2.0Linalool 0.8 4.2 16.6Benzyl acetate 0.2 17.3 21.4Geraniol 5.4 0.5 0.8Geranyl acetate 8.0 11.3 24.3(E)-Caryophyllene 14.8 0.3 1.3α-Humulene 4.4 0.3 0.1Germacrene D 12.8 0.1 3.3Benzyl benzoate 11.6 23.0 6.6Benzyl salicylate 0.6 14.8 5.5

(Mallavarapu et al.,2015)

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Effect of Picking Time on Essential Oil Yield of Ylang-Ylang

(Cananga odorata)(Muchjajib and Muchjajib , 2011)

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Picking time

Essential oil

yield/300 g

of flowers (μl)

Oil content(%)

8:00 am 1262.50 0.42

12:00 pm 1213.75 0.40

4:00 pm 1036.25 0.35

CV (%) 8.88

Table 8: Essential oil yield of ylang-ylang flowers from different picking time.


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Distilling time Essential oil yield/300 g

of flowers (μl)

Oil content(% )

9:00 am 1352.50 0.45

1:00 pm 1306.25 0.44

5:00 pm 1331.25 0.44

9:00 am of the following day

2008.75 0.67

CV (%) 7.85

Table 9: Essential oil yield of ylang-ylang flowers from different distilling time.


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Table 10: Essential oil yield of ylang-ylang from different stages of flower maturity.

Stages of flower maturity

Essential oil

yield/300 gof flowers

(μl)

Oil content(% v/w)

Green stage(5-6 week after floral bud

initiation)

757.50 0.25

Yellowish Green stage(7-8 week after floral bud

initiation)

1238.75 0.41

Yellow stage(8-9 week after floral bud

initiation)

937.50 0.31

CV (%) 16.13(Muchjajib and Muchjajib , 2011)

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Table 11: Essential oil yield of ylang-ylang from different sizes of flower at the mature stage.

Flower size Essential oil yield/300 g

of flowers (μl)

Oil content(% v/w)

Small, 1.18×5.08 cm 1.10 g/flower

965.00 0.32

Medium, 1.20×5.87 cm 1.56 g/flower

1467.50 0.49

Large, 1.37×7.14 cm 1.91 g/flower

2312.50 0.77

CV (%) 10.42


Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Different Stages of Cananga odorata Flower

Development

(Xiao-Wei Qin., et al 2014)

Figure 1: The morphological characteristics of Cananga odorata flower in seven different stages.

(I) bud stage; (II) display-petal stage; (III) initial-flowering stage; (IV) full-flowering

stage; (V) end-flowering stage; (VI) wilted-flower stage; and (VII) dried flower stage.


Figure 2: Two-dimensional (2D) DFA plots of flower from different stages by electronic nose. (I) bud stage; (II) display-petal stage; (III) initial-flowering stage; (IV) full-flowering stage; (V) end-flowering stage; (VI) wilted-flower stage; (VII)

dried flower stage.

Initial-flowering stage

Full-flowering stage

End-flowering stage

Bud stage

Display-petal stage

Discriminant factor 1

Dis

crim

inan

t fac

tor

2


Figure 3: The composition of volatile compounds in different stages of C. odorata flower development by HS-SPME-GC-MS. (I) bud stage; (II) display-petal stage;

(III) initial-flowering stage; (IV) full-flowering stage; (V) end-flowering stage;(VI) wilted-flower stage; and (VII) dried flower stage.

(Head space-solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)


Figure 5: Principal components analysis biplot showing relationship between the different stages of C. odorata flower development and the volatile compounds(of combined variance): PC1 vs. PC2 plots

(I) bud stage, (II) display-petal stage, (III) initial-flowering stage, (IV) full-flowering stage, (V) end-flowering stage, (VI) wilted-flower stage, and (VII) dried flower stage.

Black dots represent distribution of 92 volatile compounds in C. odorata flower.

PC 1 includeα-caryophyllene, D-germacrene, α-farnesene, δ-cadinene,α-citral,β-caryophyllene

PC 2 include benzyl benzoate, methylbenzoate, α-methoxybenzeneacetic acid,neryl acetate, geraniol acetate, β-pinene, β-cubebene,(Z,E)-α-farnesene,


Morphological stages of cananga flower

Volatile compounds Different chemical classes Major compound

Bud stage 28 Hydrocarbons(80.01%) Β-caryophyllene(35%)α-caryophyllene(13.98%)

Display-petal stage 26 Alcohols(4.12%) Β-caryophyllene(32%)D-germacrene(13.73%)

Initial-flowering stage 28 Acids(6.63%) Β-caryophyllene(26.87%)α-farnesene(11.86%)

Full-flowering stage 51 Hydrocarbons (66.17%)Esters(17.62%)

Β-caryophyllene(17.03%)B-cubenane(11.79%)

End-flowering stage 40 Esters(26.38%) Β-caryophyllene(15.05%)Geraniol acetate(13.78%)

Wilted flower stage 27 Aldehydes(19.30%) Β-caryophyllene(21.15%)D-germacrene(19.50%)

Dried flower stage 32 Hydrocarbons(84.88%) Β-caryophyllene(27.90%)

Table 12:The composition of volatile compounds in different stages of C. odorata flower

Xiao-Wei Qin., et al 2014

Distillation Assisted by Microwave for Extracting Essential Oil from Java

Cananga Flowers(Mahafud et al., 2015)

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1. Three-neck flask2. Microwave oven3. Power Setting4. Time setting5. Temperature indicator6. Condenser7. Separation funnel8. Conicalflask

Figure 4: Experimental Apparatus of Hydro distillation assisted by Microwave

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(Mahafud et al., 2015)

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Table 13:The amount of oil obtained from hydro distillation assisted by microwave

Flower conditions

Mass(grams)

Weight of oil obtained(%) 264W 400W

Fresh 100 1.0 1.1150 1.3 1.5200 1.6 1.8

withered100 0.9 1.0150 1.2 1.4200 1.5 1.7


160 min

%yield in function time (P=264W)

%yield in function time (P=400W)

Figure 5& 6: Effect of distillation time on oil yield for hydro distillation assisted by microwave (MHD)


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Figure 7: Comparison of oil yield in time function for Hydro-distillation vs Microwave Hydro-

distillation (100g fresh flower, power 400W )


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Propertieses (SNI/EOA) 264 W 400 WSpecific gravity 25oC

0,904 - 0,920 0.9065 - 0.911 0.9122 - 0.9157

Refractive Index 20oC

1,495 - 1,505 1.4997 - 1.5001 1.5001 - 1.5004

Table 14:Physical and chemical properties of oil obtained in the present work


conclusion• Ylang-ylang oil has been approved by US FDA and

FEMA for use as a flavouring agent in processed food products.

• So, cultivation of ylang ylang gives more economic value.

• Not only found usage in food, it also reported that usage in pharmacy.

• In India commercial cultivation of ylang ylang not yet reported. So go for this type of crop to get maximum income.

Thank you all.. Jayakeerthi KR

PALB4220

Cananga odorata by Jayakeerthi KR

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