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Contents

© Canadian Standards Association Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code

Technical Committee on the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code xxx

Subcommittee on Section 1 — General xxxii

Subcommittee on Section 2 — Durability xxxiii

Subcommittee on Section 3 — Loads xxxiv

Subcommittee on Section 4 — Seismic design xxxv

Subcommittee on Section 5 — Methods of analysis xxxvi

Subcommittee on Section 6 — Foundations xxxvii

Subcommittee on Section 7 — Buried structures xxxviii

Subcommittee on Section 8 — Concrete structures xxxix

Subcommittee on Section 9 — Wood structures xl

Subcommittee on Section 10 — Steel structures xli

Subcommittee on Section 11 — Joints and bearings xlii

Subcommittee on Section 12 — Barriers and highway accessory supports xliii

Subcommittee on Section 13 — Movable bridges xliv

Subcommittee on Section 14 — Evaluation xlv

Subcommittee on Section 15 — Rehabilitation and repair xlvi

Subcommittee on Section 16 — Fibre-reinforced structures xlvii

Code Calibration Task Force xlviii

Editorial Task Force xlix

French Translation Task Force l

Regulatory Authority Committee li

Preface lii

Foreword lv

Section 1 — General 11.1 Scope 21.1.1 Scope of Code 21.1.2 Scope of this Section 21.1.3 Terminology 21.2 Reference publications 2

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1.3 Definitions 101.3.1 General 101.3.2 General administrative definitions 101.3.3 General technical definitions 101.3.4 Hydraulic definitions 151.4 General requirements 161.4.1 Approval 161.4.2 Design 171.4.3 Evaluation and rehabilitation of existing bridges 181.4.4 Construction 181.5 Geometry 201.5.1 Planning 201.5.2 Structure geometry 201.6 Barriers 201.6.1 Superstructure barriers 201.6.2 Roadside substructure barriers 201.6.3 Structure protection in waterways 211.6.4 Structure protection at railways 211.7 Auxiliary components 211.7.1 Expansion joints and bearings 211.7.2 Approach slabs 211.7.3 Utilities on bridges 211.8 Durability and maintenance 221.8.1 Durability and protection 221.8.2 Bridge deck drainage 221.8.3 Maintenance 241.9 Hydraulic design 251.9.1 Design criteria 251.9.2 Investigations 261.9.3 Location and alignment 261.9.4 Estimation of scour 261.9.5 Protection against scour 271.9.6 Backwater 291.9.7 Soffit elevation 291.9.8 Approach grade elevation 301.9.9 Channel erosion control 301.9.10 Stream stabilization works and realignment 311.9.11 Culverts 31

Section 2 — Durability 332.1 Scope 342.2 Definitions 342.3 Design for durability 342.3.1 Design concept 342.3.2 Durability requirements 342.3.3 Structural materials 362.4 Aluminum 362.4.1 Deterioration mechanisms 362.4.2 Detailing for durability 362.5 Polychloroprene and polyisoprene 372.6 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 372.7 Waterproofing membranes 372.8 Backfill material 372.9 Soil and rock anchors 372.10 Other materials 37

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Section 3 — Loads 393.1 Scope 413.2 Definitions 413.3 Abbreviations and symbols 433.3.1 Abbreviations 433.3.2 Symbols 433.4 Limit states criteria 473.4.1 General 473.4.2 Ultimate limit states 473.4.3 Fatigue limit state 473.4.4 Serviceability limit states 473.5 Load factors and load combinations 483.5.1 General 483.5.2 Permanent loads 503.5.3 Transitory loads 513.5.4 Exceptional loads 513.6 Dead loads 513.7 Earth loads and secondary prestress loads 523.7.1 Earth loads 523.7.2 Secondary prestress effects 523.8 Live loads 523.8.1 General 523.8.2 Design lanes 523.8.3 CL-W loading 523.8.4 Application 543.8.5 Centrifugal force 563.8.6 Braking force 563.8.7 Curb load 563.8.8 Barrier loads 563.8.9 Pedestrian load 573.8.10 Maintenance access loads 573.8.11 Maintenance vehicle load 573.8.12 Multiple-use structures 573.9 Superimposed deformations 583.9.1 General 583.9.2 Movements and load effects 583.9.3 Superstructure types 583.9.4 Temperature effects 593.10 Wind loads 613.10.1 General 613.10.2 Design of the superstructure 623.10.3 Design of the substructure 633.10.4 Aeroelastic instability 643.10.5 Wind tunnel tests 653.11 Water loads 653.11.1 General 653.11.2 Static pressure 653.11.3 Buoyancy 653.11.4 Stream pressure 653.11.5 Wave action 663.11.6 Scour action 663.11.7 Debris torrents 663.12 Ice loads 673.12.1 General 67

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3.12.2 Dynamic ice forces 673.12.3 Static ice forces 693.12.4 Ice jams 693.12.5 Ice adhesion forces 693.12.6 Ice accretion 693.13 Earthquake effects 693.14 Vessel collisions 703.14.1 General 703.14.2 Bridge classification 703.14.3 Assessment 703.14.4 Annual frequency of collapse 703.14.5 Design vessel 703.14.6 Application of collision forces 703.14.7 Protection of piers 713.15 Vehicle collision load 713.16 Construction loads and loads on temporary structures 713.16.1 General 713.16.2 Dead loads 713.16.3 Live loads 713.16.4 Segmental construction 713.16.5 Falsework 72

AnnexesA3.1 (normative) — Climatic and environmental data 73A3.2 (normative) — Wind loads on highway accessory supports and slender structural elements 94A3.3 (normative) — Vessel collision 104A3.4 (normative) — CL-625-ONT live loading 113

Section 4 — Seismic design 1154.1 Scope 1174.2 Definitions 1174.3 Abbreviation and symbols 1194.3.1 Abbreviation 1194.3.2 Symbols 1194.4 Earthquake effects 1224.4.1 General 1224.4.2 Importance categories 1224.4.3 Zonal acceleration ratio 1234.4.4 Seismic performance zones 1234.4.5 Analysis for earthquake loads 1234.4.6 Site effects 1254.4.7 Elastic seismic response coefficient 1264.4.8 Response modification factors 1274.4.9 Load factors and load combinations 1284.4.10 Design forces and support lengths 1284.5 Analysis 1324.5.1 General 1324.5.2 Single-span bridges 1324.5.3 Multi-span bridges 1334.6 Foundations 1344.6.1 General 1344.6.2 Liquefaction of foundation soils 1344.6.3 Stability of slopes 1354.6.4 Seismic forces on abutments and retaining walls 1354.6.5 Soil-structure interaction 135

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4.6.6 Fill settlement and approach slabs 1354.7 Concrete structures 1354.7.1 General 1354.7.2 Seismic Performance Zone 1 1354.7.3 Seismic Performance Zone 2 1364.7.4 Seismic Performance Zones 3 and 4 1364.7.5 Piles 1384.8 Steel structures 1404.8.1 General 1404.8.2 Materials 1404.8.3 Sway stability effects 1404.8.4 Steel substructures 1404.8.5 Other systems 1444.9 Joints and bearings 1444.9.1 General 1444.9.2 Seismic design forces 1444.10 Seismic base isolation 1444.10.1 General 1444.10.2 Zonal acceleration ratio 1454.10.3 Seismic performance zones 1454.10.4 Site effects and site coefficient 1454.10.5 Response modification factors and design requirements for substructure 1454.10.6 Analysis procedures 1454.10.7 Clearance and design displacements for seismic and other loads 1484.10.8 Design forces for Seismic Performance Zone 1 1484.10.9 Design forces for Seismic Performance Zones 2, 3, and 4 1484.10.10 Other requirements 1484.10.11 Required tests of isolation system 1494.10.12 Elastomeric bearings — Design 1514.10.13 Elastomeric bearings — Construction 1524.10.14 Sliding bearings — Design 1534.10.15 Sliding bearings — Construction 1534.11 Seismic evaluation of existing bridges 1534.11.1 General 1534.11.2 Bridge classification 1534.11.3 Damage levels 1534.11.4 Performance criteria 1534.11.5 Evaluation methods 1534.11.6 Load factors and load combinations for seismic evaluation 1544.11.7 Minimum support length 1544.11.8 Member capacities 1544.11.9 Required response modification factor 1554.11.10 Response modification factor of existing substructure elements 1554.11.11 Evaluation acceptance criteria 1554.11.12 Other evaluation procedures 1564.11.13 Bridge access 1564.11.14 Liquefaction of foundation soils 1564.11.15 Soil-structure interaction 1564.12 Seismic rehabilitation 1564.12.1 Performance criteria 1564.12.2 Response modification factor for rehabilitation 1564.12.3 Seismic rehabilitation 1564.12.4 Seismic rehabilitation techniques 157

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Section 5 — Methods of analysis 1595.1 Scope 1615.2 Definitions 1615.3 Abbreviations and symbols 1645.3.1 Abbreviations 1645.3.2 Symbols 1645.4 General requirements 1675.4.1 Application 1675.4.2 Analysis for limit states 1675.4.3 Modelling 1675.4.4 Structural responses 1675.4.5 Factors affecting structural responses 1705.4.6 Deformations 1705.4.7 Diaphragms and bracing systems 1705.4.8 Analysis of deck slabs 1715.4.9 Analysis for redistribution of force effects 1715.4.10 Analysis for accumulation of force effects due to construction sequence 1715.4.11 Analysis for effects of prestress 1715.4.12 Analysis for thermal effects 1715.4.13 Secondary stability effects 1715.5 Requirements for specific bridge types 1715.5.1 General 1715.5.2 Voided slab — Limitation on size of voids 1715.5.3 Deck-on-girder 1725.5.4 Truss and arch 1725.5.5 Rigid frame and integral abutment types 1725.5.6 Transverse wood deck 1725.5.7 Box girder 1725.5.8 Single-spine bridges 1735.6 Dead load 1735.6.1 Simplified methods of analysis (beam analogy method) 1735.6.2 Refined methods of analysis 1745.7 Live load 1745.7.1 Simplified methods of analysis 1745.7.2 Refined methods of analysis 2025.8 Idealization of structure and interpretation of results 2035.8.1 General 2035.8.2 Effective flange widths for bending 2035.8.3 Idealization for analysis 2075.9 Refined methods of analysis for short- and medium-span bridges 2075.9.1 Selection of methods of analysis 2075.9.2 Specific applications 2075.9.3 Model analysis 2075.10 Long-span bridges 2105.10.1 General 2105.10.2 Cable-stayed bridges 2105.10.3 Suspension bridges 2105.11 Dynamic analysis 2105.11.1 General requirements of structural analysis 2105.11.2 Elastic dynamic responses 2115.11.3 Inelastic-dynamic responses 2115.11.4 Analysis for collision loads 2115.11.5 Seismic analysis 2115.12 Stability and magnification of force effects 212

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5.12.1 General 2125.12.2 Member stability analysis for magnification of member bending moments 2125.12.3 Structural stability analysis for lateral sway 2125.12.4 Structural stability analysis for assemblies of individual members 212

AnnexesA5.1 (normative) — Factors affecting structural response 213A5.2 (informative) — Two-dimensional analysis 217

Section 6 — Foundations 2256.1 Scope 2276.2 Definitions 2276.3 Abbreviations and symbols 2296.3.1 Abbreviations 2296.3.2 Symbols 2296.4 Design requirements 2306.4.1 Limit states 2306.4.2 Effects on surroundings 2316.4.3 Effects on structure 2316.4.4 Components 2316.4.5 Consultation 2316.4.6 Inspection and quality control 2316.5 Geotechnical investigation 2316.5.1 General 2316.5.2 Investigation procedures 2326.5.3 Geotechnical parameters 2326.5.4 Shallow foundations 2326.5.5 Deep foundations 2326.5.6 Report 2326.6 Resistance and deformation 2336.6.1 General 2336.6.2 Ultimate limit state 2336.6.3 Serviceability limit state 2346.7 Shallow foundations 2356.7.1 General 2356.7.2 Calculated geotechnical resistance at ULS 2356.7.3 Pressure distribution 2376.7.4 Effect of load inclination 2386.7.5 Factored geotechnical horizontal resistance 2396.8 Deep foundations 2406.8.1 General 2406.8.2 Selection of deep foundation units 2406.8.3 Vertical load transfer 2406.8.4 Downdrag 2406.8.5 Factored geotechnical axial resistance 2406.8.6 Group effects — Vertical loads 2416.8.7 Factored geotechnical lateral resistance 2416.8.8 Structural resistance 2426.8.9 Embedment and spacing 2426.8.10 Pile shoes and splices 2436.9 Lateral and vertical pressures 2436.9.1 General 2436.9.2 Lateral pressures 2436.9.3 Compaction surcharge 2446.9.4 Effects of loads 245

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6.9.5 Surcharge 2456.9.6 Wheel load distribution through fill 2456.10 Ground anchors 2466.10.1 Application 2466.10.2 Design 2466.10.3 Materials and installation 2466.10.4 Anchor testing 2476.11 Sheet pile structures 2476.11.1 Application 2476.11.2 Design 2476.11.3 Ties and anchors 2486.11.4 Cellular sheet pile structures 2486.12 MSE structures 2486.12.1 Application 2486.12.2 Design 2486.12.3 Backfill 2496.13 Pole foundations 2496.13.1 Application 2496.13.2 Design 249

Section 7 — Buried structures 2517.1 Scope 2527.2 Definitions 2527.3 Abbreviation and symbols 2547.3.1 Abbreviation 2547.3.2 Symbols 2547.4 Hydraulic design 2587.5 Structural design 2597.5.1 Limit states 2597.5.2 Load factors 2607.5.3 Material resistance factors 2607.5.4 Geotechnical considerations 2617.5.5 Seismic requirements 2627.5.6 Minimum clear spacing between conduits 2627.6 Soil-metal structures 2637.6.1 General 2637.6.2 Structural materials 2657.6.3 Design criteria 2667.6.4 Additional design requirements 2717.6.5 Construction 2737.6.6 Special features 2757.6.7 Site supervision and construction control 2757.7 Metal box structures 2767.7.1 General 2767.7.2 Structural materials 2767.7.3 Design criteria 2777.7.4 Additional design considerations 2787.7.5 Construction 2787.7.6 Special features 2797.7.7 Site supervision and construction control 2797.8 Reinforced concrete buried structures 2797.8.1 Standards for structural components 2797.8.2 Standards for joint gaskets for precast concrete units 2807.8.3 Installation criteria 2807.8.4 Loads and load combinations 287

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7.8.5 Earth pressure distribution from loads 2887.8.6 Analysis 2917.8.7 Ultimate limit state 2917.8.8 Strength design 2927.8.9 Serviceability limit state 2957.8.10 Fatigue limit state 2957.8.11 Minimum reinforcement 2957.8.12 Distribution reinforcement 2967.8.13 Details of the reinforcement 2967.8.14 Joint shear for top slab of precast concrete box sections with depth of cover less than 0.6 m 2977.8.15 Construction 297

Section 8 — Concrete structures 3018.1 Scope 3048.2 Definitions 3048.3 Symbols 3078.4 Materials 3138.4.1 Concrete 3138.4.2 Reinforcing bars and deformed wire 3168.4.3 Tendons 3168.4.4 Anchorages, mechanical connections, and ducts 3178.4.5 Grout 3188.4.6 Material resistance factors 3188.5 Limit states 3198.5.1 General 3198.5.2 Serviceability limit states 3198.5.3 Fatigue limit state 3198.5.4 Ultimate limit states 3208.6 Design considerations 3208.6.1 General 3208.6.2 Design 3208.6.3 Buckling 3238.7 Prestressing 3238.7.1 Stress limitations for tendons 3238.7.2 Concrete strength at transfer 3248.7.3 Grouting 3248.7.4 Loss of prestress 3248.8 Flexure and axial loads 3268.8.1 General 3268.8.2 Assumptions for the serviceability and fatigue limit states 3268.8.3 Assumptions for the ultimate limit states 3278.8.4 Flexural components 3278.8.5 Compression components 3288.8.6 Tension components 3318.8.7 Bearing 3318.9 Shear and torsion 3318.9.1 General 3318.9.2 Design procedures 3328.9.3 Sectional design model 3338.9.4 Slabs, walls, and footings 3378.9.5 Interface shear transfer 3378.10 Strut-and-tie model 3388.10.1 General 3388.10.2 Structural idealization 3388.10.3 Proportioning of a compressive strut 339

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8.10.4 Proportioning of a tension tie 3408.10.5 Proportioning of node regions 3408.10.6 Crack control reinforcement 3408.11 Durability 3418.11.1 Deterioration mechanisms 3418.11.2 Protective measures 3418.11.3 Detailing for durability 3468.12 Control of cracking 3478.12.1 General 3478.12.2 Distribution of reinforcement 3478.12.3 Reinforcement 3478.12.4 Crack control in the side faces of beams 3488.12.5 Flanges of T-beams 3488.12.6 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement 3488.13 Deformation 3488.13.1 General 3488.13.2 Dimensional changes 3498.13.3 Deflections and rotations 3498.14 Details of reinforcement and special detailing requirements 3508.14.1 Hooks and bends 3508.14.2 Spacing of reinforcement 3518.14.3 Transverse reinforcement for flexural components 3528.14.4 Transverse reinforcement for compression components 3528.14.5 Reinforcement for shear and torsion 3538.14.6 Maximum spacing of reinforcement for shear and torsion 3538.15 Development and splices 3538.15.1 Development 3538.15.2 Development of reinforcing bars and deformed wire in tension 3558.15.3 Development of reinforcing bars in compression 3568.15.4 Development of pretensioning strand 3578.15.5 Development of standard hooks in tension 3578.15.6 Combination development length 3588.15.7 Development of welded wire fabric in tension 3588.15.8 Mechanical anchorages 3588.15.9 Splicing of reinforcement 3588.16 Anchorage zone reinforcement 3608.16.1 General 3608.16.2 Post-tensioning anchorage zones 3608.16.3 Pretensioning anchorage zones 3638.16.4 Inclined anchorages 3638.16.5 Intermediate anchorages 3638.16.6 Anchorage blisters 3638.16.7 Anchorage of attachments 3638.17 Seismic design and detailing 3668.18 Special provisions for deck slabs 3678.18.1 Design methods 3678.18.2 Minimum slab thickness 3678.18.3 Allowance for wear 3678.18.4 Empirical design method 3678.18.5 Diaphragms 3708.18.6 Edge stiffening 3708.18.7 Distribution reinforcement 3708.19 Composite construction 3728.19.1 General 372

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8.19.2 Flexure 3728.19.3 Shear 3728.19.4 Semi-continuous structures 3728.20 Concrete girders 3738.20.1 General 3738.20.2 Effective flange width for T- and box girders 3738.20.3 Flange thickness for T- and box girders 3738.20.4 Isolated girders 3738.20.5 Top and bottom flange reinforcement for cast-in-place T- and box girders 3738.20.6 Post-tensioning tendons 3748.20.7 Diaphragms 3748.21 Multi-beam decks 3748.22 Segmental construction 3748.22.1 General 3748.22.2 Additional ducts and anchorages 3748.22.3 Diaphragms 3758.22.4 Deviators for external tendons 3758.22.5 Coupling of post-tensioning tendons 3758.22.6 Special provisions for various bridge types 3758.22.7 Precast segmental beam bridges 3778.23 Concrete piles 3788.23.1 General 3788.23.2 Specified concrete strength 3788.23.3 Handling 3788.23.4 Splices 3788.23.5 Pile dimensions 3788.23.6 Non-prestressed concrete piles 3788.23.7 Prestressed concrete piles 379

Section 9 — Wood structures 3819.1 Scope 3849.2 Definitions 3849.3 Symbols 3869.4 Limit states 3889.4.1 General 3889.4.2 Serviceability limit states 3889.4.3 Ultimate limit states 3889.4.4 Resistance factor 3889.5 General design 3899.5.1 Design assumption 3899.5.2 Spans 3899.5.3 Load-duration factor 3899.5.4 Size-effect factors 3899.5.5 Service condition 3899.5.6 Load-sharing factor 3899.5.7 Notched components 3909.5.8 Butt joint stiffness factor 3909.5.9 Treatment factor 3919.6 Flexure 3919.6.1 Flexural resistance 3919.6.2 Size effect 3919.6.3 Lateral stability 3919.7 Shear 3929.7.1 Shear resistance 3929.7.2 Size effect 392

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9.7.3 Shear force and shear load 3929.7.4 Shear modulus 3929.7.5 Vertically laminated decks 3929.8 Compression members 3939.8.1 General 3939.8.2 Compressive resistance parallel to grain 3939.8.3 Slenderness effect 3949.8.4 Amplified moments 3969.8.5 Rigorous evaluation of amplified moments 3969.8.6 Approximate evaluation of amplified moments 3989.9 Tension members 3999.10 Compression at an angle to grain 4009.11 Sawn wood 4019.11.1 Materials 4019.11.2 Specified strengths and moduli of elasticity 4019.12 Glued-laminated timber 4049.12.1 Materials 4049.12.2 Specified strengths and moduli of elasticity 4049.12.3 Vertically laminated beams 4059.12.4 Camber 4059.12.5 Varying depth 4059.12.6 Curved members 4069.13 Structural composite lumber 4069.13.1 Materials 4069.13.2 Specified strengths and moduli of elasticity 4069.14 Wood piles 4069.14.1 Materials 4069.14.2 Splicing 4069.14.3 Specified strengths and moduli of elasticity 4069.14.4 Design 4079.15 Fastenings 4079.15.1 General 4079.15.2 Design 4089.15.3 Construction 4089.16 Hardware and metalwork 4089.17 Durability 4089.17.1 General 4089.17.2 Pedestrian contact 4089.17.3 Incising 4089.17.4 Fabrication 4099.17.5 Pressure preservative treatment of laminated veneer lumber 4099.17.6 Pressure preservative treatment of parallel strand lumber 4099.17.7 Field treatment 4099.17.8 Treated round wood piles 4099.17.9 Untreated round wood piles 4099.17.10 Pile heads 4099.17.11 Protective treatment of hardware and metalwork 4099.17.12 Stress-laminated timber decking 4109.18 Wood cribs 4109.18.1 General 4109.18.2 Member sizes and assembly 4109.18.3 Fastening 4109.18.4 Load transfer to cribs 4109.19 Wood trestles 411

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9.19.1 General 4119.19.2 Pile bents 4119.19.3 Framed bents 4119.19.4 Caps 4119.19.5 Bracing 4119.20 Stringers and girders 4119.20.1 Design details 4119.20.2 Diaphragms 4129.21 Nail-laminated wood decks 4129.21.1 General 4129.21.2 Transversely laminated wood decks 4129.21.3 Longitudinal nail-laminated wood decks 4139.22 Wood-concrete composite decks 4139.22.1 General 4139.22.2 Wood base 4139.22.3 Concrete slab 4149.22.4 Wood-concrete interface 4159.22.5 Factored moment resistance 4169.23 Stress-laminated wood decks 4179.23.1 General 4179.23.2 Post-tensioning materials 4179.23.3 Design of post-tensioning system 4179.23.4 Design of distribution bulkhead 4199.23.5 Laminated decks 4219.23.6 Net section 4229.23.7 Hardware durability 4229.23.8 Design details 4239.24 Wearing course 4239.25 Drainage 4239.25.1 General 4239.25.2 Deck 424

Section 10 — Steel structures 42510.1 Scope 42810.2 Definitions 42810.3 Abbreviations and symbols 43010.3.1 Abbreviations 43010.3.2 Symbols 43010.4 Materials 43710.4.1 General 43710.4.2 Structural steel 43710.4.3 Cast steel 43710.4.4 Stainless steel 43710.4.5 Bolts 43710.4.6 Welding electrodes 43710.4.7 Stud shear connectors 43710.4.8 Cables 43710.4.9 High-strength bars 43810.4.10 Galvanizing and metallizing 43810.4.11 Identification 43810.4.12 Coefficient of thermal expansion 43810.5 Design theory and assumptions 43810.5.1 General 43810.5.2 Ultimate limit states 43810.5.3 Serviceability limit states 438

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10.5.4 Fatigue limit state 43910.5.5 Fracture control 43910.5.6 Seismic requirements 43910.5.7 Resistance factors 43910.5.8 Analysis 43910.5.9 Design lengths of members 43910.6 Durability 44010.6.1 General 44010.6.2 Corrosion as a deterioration mechanism 44010.6.3 Corrosion protection 44010.6.4 Superstructure components 44010.6.5 Other components 44110.6.6 Areas inaccessible after erection 44410.6.7 Detailing for durability 44410.7 Design detail 44410.7.1 General 44410.7.2 Minimum thickness of steel 44410.7.3 Floor beams and diaphragms at piers and abutments 44410.7.4 Camber 44510.7.5 Welded attachments 44510.8 Tension members 44610.8.1 General 44610.8.2 Axial tensile resistance 44710.8.3 Axial tension and bending 44710.8.4 Tensile resistance of cables 44810.9 Compression members 44810.9.1 General 44810.9.2 Width-to-thickness ratio of elements in compression 44810.9.3 Axial compressive resistance 45010.9.4 Axial compression and bending 45110.9.5 Composite columns 45310.10 Beams and girders 45510.10.1 General 45510.10.2 Class 1 and 2 sections 45510.10.3 Class 3 sections 45710.10.4 Stiffened plate girders 45710.10.5 Shear resistance 45810.10.6 Intermediate transverse stiffeners 45910.10.7 Longitudinal web stiffeners 46010.10.8 Bearing stiffeners 46110.10.9 Lateral bracing, cross-frames, and diaphragms 46210.11 Composite beams and girders 46310.11.1 General 46310.11.2 Proportioning 46310.11.3 Effects of creep and shrinkage 46310.11.4 Control of permanent deflections 46310.11.5 Class 1 and Class 2 sections 46310.11.6 Class 3 sections 46710.11.7 Stiffened plate girders 46910.11.8 Shear connectors 47010.11.9 Lateral bracing, cross-frames, and diaphragms 47110.12 Composite box girders 47110.12.1 General 47110.12.2 Effective width of tension flanges 471

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10.12.3 Web plates 47110.12.4 Flange-to-web welds 47110.12.5 Moment resistance 47210.12.6 Diaphragms, cross-frames, and lateral bracing 47410.12.7 Multiple box girders 47510.12.8 Single box girders 47510.13 Horizontally curved girders 47610.13.1 General 47610.13.2 Special considerations 47610.13.3 Design theory 47710.13.4 Bearings 47710.13.5 Diaphragms, cross-frames, and lateral bracing 47710.13.6 Steel I-girders 47810.13.7 Composite box girders 48010.13.8 Camber 48210.14 Trusses 48210.14.1 General 48210.14.2 Built-up members 48210.14.3 Bracing 48310.15 Arches 48410.15.1 General 48410.15.2 Width-to-thickness ratios 48410.15.3 Longitudinal web stiffeners 48410.15.4 Axial compression and bending 48410.15.5 Arch ties 48510.16 Orthotropic decks 48510.16.1 General 48510.16.2 Effective width of deck 48510.16.3 Superposition of local and global effects 48510.16.4 Deflection 48610.16.5 Girder diaphragms 48610.16.6 Design detail requirements 48610.16.7 Wearing surface 48710.17 Structural fatigue 48810.17.1 General 48810.17.2 Live-load-induced fatigue 48810.17.3 Distortion-induced fatigue 50010.17.4 Orthotropic decks 50110.18 Splices and connections 50110.18.1 General 50110.18.2 Bolted connections 50210.18.3 Welds 50410.18.4 Detailing of bolted connections 50510.18.5 Connection reinforcement and stiffening 50810.19 Anchors 50910.19.1 General 50910.19.2 Anchor bolt resistance 50910.20 Pins, rollers, and rockers 51010.20.1 Bearing resistance 51010.20.2 Pins 51010.21 Torsion 51110.21.1 General 51110.21.2 Members of closed cross-section 51110.21.3 Members of open cross-section 512

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10.22 Piles 51310.22.1 Steel piles 51310.22.2 Effective length 51310.22.3 Splices 51310.22.4 Composite tube piles 51310.23 Fracture control 51310.23.1 General 51310.23.2 Identification 51310.23.3 Fracture toughness 51310.23.4 Welding of fracture-critical and primary tension members 51510.23.5 Welding corrections and repairs to fracture-critical members 51610.23.6 Non-destructive testing of fracture-critical members 51910.24 Construction requirements for structural steel 51910.24.1 General 51910.24.2 Submissions 51910.24.3 Materials 52010.24.4 Fabrication 52010.24.5 Welded construction 52310.24.6 Bolted construction 52410.24.7 Tolerances 52710.24.8 Quality control 52810.24.9 Transportation and delivery 52910.24.10 Erection 529

Section 11 — Joints and bearings 53111.1 Scope 53211.2 Definitions 53211.3 Abbreviations and symbols 53311.3.1 Abbreviations 53311.3.2 Symbols 53411.4 Common requirements 53411.4.1 General 53411.4.2 Design requirements 53511.5 Deck joints 53511.5.1 General requirements 53511.5.2 Selection 53611.5.3 Design 53711.5.4 Fabrication 53711.5.5 Installation 53811.5.6 Joint seals 53811.5.7 Sealed joint drainage 53811.5.8 Open joint drainage 53811.5.9 Volume control joint 53811.6 Bridge bearings 53811.6.1 General 53811.6.2 Metal back, roller, and spherical bearings 53911.6.3 Sliding surfaces 54011.6.4 Spherical bearings 54311.6.5 Pot bearings 54411.6.6 Elastomeric bearings 54511.6.7 Disc bearings 54811.6.8 Guides for lateral restraints 54911.6.9 Other bearing systems 55011.6.10 Load plates and attachment for bearings 550

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Section 12 — Barriers and highway accessory supports 55112.1 Scope 55212.2 Definitions 55212.3 Abbreviations and symbols 55312.3.1 Abbreviations 55312.3.2 Symbols 55312.4 Barriers 55412.4.1 General 55412.4.2 Barrier joints 55412.4.3 Traffic barriers 55412.4.4 Pedestrian barriers 56212.4.5 Bicycle barriers 56312.4.6 Combination barriers 56412.5 Highway accessory supports 56412.5.1 General 56412.5.2 Vertical clearances 56412.5.3 Maintenance 56412.5.4 Aesthetics 56412.5.5 Design 56412.5.6 Breakaway supports 56612.5.7 Foundations 56612.5.8 Corrosion protection 56712.5.9 Minimum thicknesses 56712.5.10 Camber 56712.5.11 Connections 567

Section 13 — Movable bridges 56913.1 Scope 57213.2 Definitions 57213.3 Symbols 57213.4 Materials 57313.4.1 General 57313.4.2 Structural steel 57313.4.3 Concrete 57313.4.4 Timber 57413.4.5 Carbon steel 57413.4.6 Forged steel 57413.4.7 Cast steel or iron 57413.4.8 Bronze 57413.4.9 Bolts 57413.4.10 Wire rope 57413.5 General design requirements 57413.5.1 General 57413.5.2 Type of deck 57413.5.3 Piers and abutments 57413.5.4 Navigation requirements 57413.5.5 Vessel collision 57413.5.6 Protection of traffic 57513.5.7 Fire protection 57513.5.8 Time of operation 57513.5.9 Aligning and locking 57513.5.10 Houses for machinery, electrical equipment, and operators 57513.5.11 New devices 57513.5.12 Access for routine maintenance 57513.5.13 Durability 576

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13.6 Movable bridge components 57613.6.1 General features 57613.6.2 Swing bridge components 58013.6.3 Bascule bridge components 58313.6.4 Rolling lift bridge components 58313.6.5 Vertical lift bridge components 58413.7 Structural analysis and design 58913.7.1 General 58913.7.2 Design theory and assumptions 58913.7.3 Wind loads 58913.7.4 Seismic loads 59013.7.5 Reaction due to temperature differential 59013.7.6 Hydraulic cylinder connections 59113.7.7 Loads on end floor beams and stringer brackets 59113.7.8 Swing bridges — Ultimate limit states 59113.7.9 Bascule (including rolling lift) bridges — Ultimate limit states 59213.7.10 Vertical lift bridges — Ultimate limit states 59313.7.11 Dead load factor 59313.7.12 All movable bridges — Ultimate limit states 59413.7.13 Special types of movable bridges 59413.7.14 Load effects 59413.7.15 Fatigue limit state 59413.7.16 Friction 59413.7.17 Machinery supports 59413.7.18 Vertical lift bridge towers 59413.7.19 Transitory loads 59413.8 Mechanical system design 59413.8.1 General 59413.8.2 Operating machinery 59513.8.3 Power sources 59513.8.4 Prime mover 59513.8.5 Power requirements for main machinery 59613.8.6 Wedges 59613.8.7 Brakes 59713.8.8 Frictional resistance 59813.8.9 Torque 59913.8.10 Application of worker power 60113.8.11 Machinery loads 60113.8.12 Allowable stresses for machinery and allowable hydraulic pressures 60113.8.13 Bearing pressures (moving surfaces) 60313.8.14 Line-bearing pressure 60513.8.15 Design of wire ropes 60513.8.16 Shafting 60713.8.17 Machinery fabrication and installation 60813.8.18 Lubrication 61413.8.19 Power equipment 61513.8.20 Quality of work 61713.9 Hydraulic system design 61813.10 Electrical system design 61913.10.1 General 61913.10.2 Canadian Electrical Code, Part I 61913.10.3 General requirements for electrical installation 61913.10.4 Working drawings 62013.10.5 Motor and generator tests 620

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13.10.6 Motors — General requirements 62113.10.7 Motor torque for span operation 62113.10.8 Motor temperature, insulation, and service factor 62213.10.9 Number of motors 62213.10.10 Synchronizing motors for tower-drive vertical lift bridges 62213.10.11 Speed of motors 62213.10.12 Gear motors 62213.10.13 Engine-generator sets 62213.10.14 Automatic electric power transfer 62313.10.15 Electrically operated motor brakes 62413.10.16 Electrically operated machinery brakes 62513.10.17 Design of electrical parts 62513.10.18 Electrical control 62513.10.19 Speed control for span-driving motors 62713.10.20 Master switches and relays for span-driving motors 62813.10.21 Programmable logic controllers 62813.10.22 Resistances and reactors 62813.10.23 Limit switches 62913.10.24 Interlocking 62913.10.25 Switches 62913.10.26 Circuit breakers and fuses 63013.10.27 Contact areas 63013.10.28 Magnetic contactors 63013.10.29 Overload relays 63013.10.30 Shunt coils 63013.10.31 Instruments 63013.10.32 Protection of electrical equipment 63113.10.33 Cast iron in electrical parts 63113.10.34 Position indicators and meters 63113.10.35 Indicating lights 63113.10.36 Control console 63113.10.37 Control panels 63213.10.38 Enclosures for panel boards 63213.10.39 Electrical wires and cables 63213.10.40 Tagging of wires 63313.10.41 Wire splices and connections 63313.10.42 Raceways, metal conduits, conduit fittings, and boxes 63313.10.43 Electrical connections between fixed and moving parts 63413.10.44 Electrical connections across the navigable channel 63513.10.45 Service lights 63513.10.46 Navigation lights 63613.10.47 Aircraft warning lights 63613.10.48 Circuits 63613.10.49 Grounding and lightning protection 63613.10.50 Spare parts 63613.11 Construction 63713.11.1 Shop assemblies 63713.11.2 Coating 63713.11.3 Erection 63713.12 Training and start-up assistance 63913.13 Operating and maintenance manual 63913.14 Inspection 640

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Section 14 — Evaluation 64114.1 Scope 64314.2 Definitions 64314.3 Symbols 64314.4 General requirements 64614.4.1 Exclusions 64614.4.2 Expertise 64614.4.3 Future growth of traffic or future deterioration 64714.5 Evaluation procedures 64714.5.1 General 64714.5.2 Limit states 64714.5.3 Condition data 64714.5.4 Procedures 64814.5.5 Bridge posting 64814.6 Condition inspection 64814.6.1 General 64814.6.2 Plans 64814.6.3 Physical features 64814.6.4 Deterioration 64914.7 Material strengths 64914.7.1 General 64914.7.2 Review of original construction documents 64914.7.3 Analysis of tests of samples 64914.7.4 Strengths based on date of construction 65014.7.5 Deteriorated material 65114.8 Permanent loads 65114.8.1 General 65114.8.2 Dead load 65114.8.3 Earth pressure and hydrostatic pressure 65214.8.4 Shrinkage, creep, differential settlement, and bearing friction 65214.8.5 Secondary effects from prestressing 65214.9 Transitory loads 65214.9.1 Normal traffic 65214.9.2 Permit — Vehicle loads 65614.9.3 Dynamic load allowance for permit vehicle loads and alternative loading 65714.9.4 Multiple-lane loading 65714.9.5 Loads other than traffic 65814.10 Exceptional loads 65914.11 Lateral distribution categories for live load 65914.11.1 General 65914.11.2 Statically determinate method 65914.11.3 Sophisticated method 65914.11.4 Simplified method 65914.12 Target reliability index 65914.12.1 General 65914.12.2 System behaviour 66014.12.3 Element behaviour 66014.12.4 Inspection level 66014.12.5 Important structures 66014.13 Load factors 66114.13.1 General 66114.13.2 Permanent loads 66214.13.3 Transitory loads 66214.14 Resistance 665

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14.14.1 General 66514.14.2 Resistance adjustment factor 67214.14.3 Effects of defects and deterioration 67314.15 Live load capacity factor 67414.15.1 General 67414.15.2 Ultimate limit states 67414.15.3 Serviceability limit states 67514.15.4 Combined load effects 67514.16 Load testing 67514.16.1 General 67514.16.2 Instrumentation 67614.16.3 Test load 67614.16.4 Application of load test results 67614.17 Bridge posting 67714.17.1 General 67714.17.2 Calculation of posting loads 67714.17.3 Posting signs 67814.18 Fatigue 679

AnnexesA14.1 (normative) — Equivalent material strengths from tests of samples 680A14.2 (normative) — Evaluation Level 1 (vehicle trains) in Ontario 682A14.3 (normative) — Evaluation Level 2 (two-unit vehicles) in Ontario 683A14.4 (normative) — Evaluation Level 3 (single-unit vehicles) in Ontario 684

Section 15 — Rehabilitation and repair 68715.1 Scope 68815.2 Symbols 68815.3 General requirements 68815.3.1 Limit states 68815.3.2 Condition data 68815.3.3 Rehabilitation loads and load factors 68815.3.4 Analysis 68815.3.5 Factored resistances 68815.3.6 Fatigue 68815.3.7 Bridge posting 68915.3.8 Seismic upgrading 68915.4 Special considerations 68915.5 Data collection 68915.6 Rehabilitation loads and load factors 68915.6.1 Loads 68915.6.2 Load factors and load combinations 69115.7 Analysis 69215.8 Resistance 69215.8.1 Existing members 69215.8.2 New members 692

Section 16 — Fibre-reinforced structures 69316.1 Scope 69516.1.1 Components 69516.1.2 Fibres 69516.1.3 Matrices 69516.1.4 Uses requiring Approval 69516.2 Definitions 69516.3 Abbreviations and symbols 697

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16.3.1 Abbreviations 69716.3.2 Symbols 69816.4 Durability 70116.4.1 FRP tendons, primary reinforcement, and strengthening systems 70116.4.2 FRP secondary reinforcement 70116.4.3 Fibres in FRC 70116.4.4 Cover to reinforcement 70216.4.5 Protective measures 70216.4.6 Allowance for wear in deck slabs 70216.4.7 Detailing of concrete components for durability 70216.4.8 Handling, storage, and installation of fibre tendons and primary reinforcement 70216.5 Fibre-reinforced polymers 70216.5.1 Material properties 70216.5.2 Confirmation of the specified tensile strength 70216.5.3 Resistance factor 70316.6 Fibre-reinforced concrete 70316.6.1 General 70316.6.2 Fibre volume fraction 70316.6.3 Fibre dispersion in concrete 70416.7 Externally restrained deck slabs 70416.7.1 General 70416.7.2 Full-depth cast-in-place deck slabs 70516.7.3 Cast-in-place deck slabs on stay-in-place formwork 70616.7.4 Full-depth precast concrete deck slabs 70616.8 Concrete beams and slabs 71116.8.1 General 71116.8.2 Deformability and minimum reinforcement 71116.8.3 Non-prestressed reinforcement 71216.8.4 Development length for FRP bars and tendons 71216.8.5 Development length for FRP grids 71216.8.6 Tendons 71216.8.7 Design for shear 71316.8.8 Internally restrained cast-in-place deck slabs 71416.9 Stressed wood decks 71516.9.1 General 71516.9.2 Post-tensioning materials 71516.9.3 Post-tensioning system 71516.9.4 Stressing procedure 71616.9.5 Design of bulkheads 71616.9.6 Stressed log bridges 71616.10 Barrier walls 71816.11 Rehabilitation of existing concrete structures with FRP 71916.11.1 General 71916.11.2 Flexural and axial load rehabilitation 72016.11.3 Shear rehabilitation with externally bonded FRP systems 72216.12 Rehabilitation of timber bridges 72416.12.1 General 72416.12.2 Strengthening for flexure 72516.12.3 Strengthening for shear 726

AnnexesA16.1 (normative) — Installation of FRP strengthening systems 729A16.2 (normative) — Quality control for FRP strengthening systems 732

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Tables1.1 — Highway classes 173.1 — Load factors and load combinations 493.2 — Permanent loads — Maximum and minimum values of load factors for ULS 503.3 — Unit material weights 513.4 — Number of design lanes 523.5 — Modification factor for multi-lane loading 553.6 — Loads on traffic barriers 573.7 — Maximum and minimum effective temperatures 593.8 — Wind exposure coefficient, Ce 623.9 — Modification of wind loads on superstructure with skew angle 643.10 — Longitudinal drag coefficient, CD 663.11 — Lateral load coefficient, CL 664.1 — Seismic performance zones 1234.2 — Minimum analysis requirements for multi-span bridges 1244.3 — Regular bridge requirements 1254.4 — Site coefficient, S 1254.5 — Response modification factor, R 1274.6 — Modification factor, K 1314.7 — Site coefficient for seismic isolation design, Si 1454.8 — Damping coefficient, B 1474.9 — Minimum analysis requirements for evaluation 1545.1 — Structural responses 1685.2 — Superstructure categories for simplified methods of analysis for live load 1755.3 — F and Cf for longitudinal bending moments in shallow superstructures corresponding to ultimate

and serviceability limit states 1775.4 — F and Cf for longitudinal bending moments in shallow superstructures corresponding to the fatigue

limit state 1855.5 — Ce for longitudinal bending moments in shallow superstructures corresponding to the fatigue and

vibration limit state 1875.6 — F and Cf for longitudinal moments in multi-spine bridges 1895.7 — F for longitudinal vertical shear corresponding to ultimate and serviceability limit states, m 1915.8 — F for longitudinal vertical shear corresponding to fatigue limit state, m 1925.9 — F for longitudinal vertical shear in multi-spine bridges 1935.10 — Maximum cantilever moments, My , due to unfactored CL-625 Truck wheel loads (DLA included),

kN•m/m 1965.11 — Effective deck plate width for a longitudinal rib 2055.12 — Selection of methods of analysis 2086.1 — Geotechnical resistance factors 2346.2 — Equivalent fluid pressure per metre width, kPa/m 2447.1 — Requirements for cut ends 2587.2 — Specific limit states 2607.3 — Material resistance factors 2617.4 — Soil classifications 2657.5 — Secant modulus of soil, Es , for various soils 2667.6 — Values for k4 for calculating equivalent line loads 2707.7 — Minimum transverse distance of backfill in single-conduit soil-metal structures 2757.8 — Standards for precast buried concrete structures 2807.9 — Classification of placed soils 2807.10 — Soils and compaction requirements for standard installations for circular precast concrete

pipes 2837.11 — Soils and compaction requirements for standard installations for concrete boxes 2847.12 — Vertical and horizontal arching factors for circular concrete pipes in standard installations 2877.13 — Vertical and horizontal arching factors for box sections in standard installations 288

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7.14 — Force factors for earth loads 2897.15 — Earth pressure factors 2897.16 — Length factors for earth pressures 2907.17 — Crack-control coefficient, C1 2957.18 — Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement 2968.1 — Material resistance factors 3198.2 — Prestressing tendon stress limits 3248.3 — Friction factors 3258.4 — Maximum water to cementing materials ratio 3418.5 — Minimum concrete covers and tolerances 3448.6 — Maximum crack width 3478.7 — Minimum bend diameter, mm 3508.8 — Minimum development length of reinforcing bars and deformed wire in tension 3558.9 — Modification factors for development length 3568.10 — Modification factors for hook development length 3578.11 — Classification of lap splices in tension 3598.12 — Construction tolerances 3779.1 — Resistance factor for wood components, φ 3899.2 — Load-sharing factor for bending, shear, and tension for all species and grades 3909.3 — Values of De 3909.4 — Size-effect factors ksb for flexure and ksv for shear for all species and grades 3919.5 — Modification factor for lateral stability, kls 3929.6 — Minimum values of the effective length factor, k 3959.7 — A, S, and eo for piles at 0.55 of the effective length below the butt joint 3979.8 — η to be used in calculating Pcr for piles 3999.9 — Size-effect factor, kst , for tension at net section in dimension lumber 4009.10 — Size-effect factor for bearing, ksq 4009.11 — Permitted species and species combinations for sawn wood 4019.12 — Specified strengths and moduli of elasticity for structural joists and planks, MPa 4029.13 — Specified strengths and moduli of elasticity for beam and stringer grades, MPa 4039.14 — Specified strengths and moduli of elasticity for post and timber grades, MPa 4049.15 — Specified strengths and moduli of elasticity for glued-laminated Douglas fir timber, MPa 4059.16 — Typical specified strengths and moduli of elasticity for structural composite lumber, MPa 4069.17 — Specified strengths and moduli of elasticity for round wood piles, MPa 4079.18 — Limiting pressure perpendicular to grain, fql, MPa 4199.19 — Minimum section properties for steel channel bulkheads 42010.1 — Corrosion protection for superstructure components 44210.2 — Corrosion protection for other components 44310.3 — Width-to-thickness ratio of elements in compression 44910.4 — Fatigue life constants and constant amplitude threshold stress ranges 48910.5 — Values of Nd 49010.6 — Average daily truck traffic 49010.7 — Detail categories for load-induced fatigue 49110.8 — Detail categories for load-induced fatigue of orthotropic decks 49810.9 — Values of ks and c1 50310.10 — Matching electrode classifications for CSA G40.21 and CSA W59 steels 50410.11 — Minimum edge distance for bolt holes 50710.12 — Impact test temperatures and Charpy impact energy requirements for fracture-critical

members 51410.13 — Impact test temperatures and Charpy impact energy requirements for primary tension

members 51510.14 — Impact test temperatures and Charpy impact energy requirements for weld metal 51510.15 — Preheat and interpass temperature for steel grades 51810.16 — Minimum elapsed time for acceptance testing 519

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10.17 — Minimum bend radii for bent plates 52110.18 — Nut rotation from snug-tight condition 52510.19 — Facing of bearing surfaces roughness requirements 52711.1 — Dimensions for confined sheet PTFE 54111.2 — Dimensions for stainless steel 54111.3 — Maximum average contact pressure for PTFE, MPa 54211.4 — Design coefficient of friction 54311.5 — Physical properties of polyisoprene and polychloroprene 54612.1 — Highway type factors, Kh 55512.2 — Highway curvature factors, Kc 55512.3 — Highway grade factors, Kg 55612.4 — Superstructure height factors, Ks 55612.5 — Optimum performance levels — Barrier clearance less than or equal to 2.25 m 55712.6 — Optimum performance levels — Barrier clearance greater than 2.25 m and less than or equal to

3.75 m 55812.7 — Optimum performance levels — Barrier clearance greater than 3.75 m 55912.8 — Minimum barrier heights, H 56012.9 — Strengths for aluminum castings 56513.1 — Maximum tensile strength for Grade 1770 bright wire 58613.2 — Maximum tensile strength for Grade 110/120 bright wire 58613.3 — Swing bridges — Special load combinations and load factors 59113.4 — Bascule (including rolling lift) bridges — Special load combinations and load factors 59213.5 — Vertical lift bridges — Special load combinations and load factors 59313.6 — Dead load factor, αD 59313.7 — Coefficients of friction 59813.8 — Machinery losses and efficiency coefficients 59913.9 — Coefficients of friction for sliding span locks and end and centre wedges 59913.10 — Maximum allowable stresses in trunnions, MPa (psi) 60213.11 — Maximum allowable stresses for machinery parts other than trunnions, MPa (psi) 60213.12 — Maximum bearing pressures 60413.13 — Ultimate stress and ultimate strength of steel wire rope of 6 × 19 classification and 6 × 25 filler

construction 60613.14 — Permissible stresses in gear teeth 61213.15 — Fits and finishes 61814.1 — Properties of structural steel 65014.2 — Minimum yield strengths of reinforcing steel, MPa 65114.3 — Modification factors for multiple-lane loading 65814.4 — Fraction of CL1-W loading to be applied in the other lanes 65814.5 — Target reliability index, β , for normal traffic and for PA, PB, and PS traffic 66114.6 — Target reliability index, β , for PC traffic 66114.7 — Maximum dead load factors, αD 66214.8 — Live load factors, α L, for normal traffic (Evaluation Levels 1, 2, and 3) for all types of analysis 66214.9 — Live load factors, α L, for normal traffic (alternative loading) for all types of analysis 66314.10 — Live load factors, α L, for PA traffic 66314.11 — Live load factors, α L, for PB traffic 66414.12 — Live load factors, α L, for PC traffic 66414.13 — Live load factors, α L, for PS traffic 66414.14 — Specified strengths and moduli of elasticity for beam and stringer grades and post and timber

grades, MPa 67214.15 — Resistance adjustment factor, U 67315.1 — Rehabilitation design live loads for restricted normal traffic 69016.1 — Conditions of use for FRP tendons and primary reinforcement 70116.2 — φFRP for pultruded FRP and aramid fibre rope 70316.3 — Minimum values of Ri for various applications 704

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16.4 — Maximum permissible stresses in FRP tendons at jacking and transfer for concrete beams and slabs for pretensioning and post-tensioning systems 713

16.5 — Values of KbFRP 725

Figures3.1 — Deflection limits for highway bridge superstructure vibration 483.2 — CL-W Truck 533.3 — CL-W Lane Load 543.4 — Maintenance vehicle load 583.5 — Modifications to maximum and minimum effective temperatures 593.6 — Temperature differentials for Type A and C superstructures 603.7 — Pier nose angle and subtended nose angle for calculating forces due to moving ice 684.1 — Dimensions for minimum support lengths 1315.1 — DVE for slab-on-girder bridges 1885.2 — Calculation of A 1955.3 — Notation for cantilever moments 1965.4 — Values of k for calculating transverse vertical shear in shear-connected beam bridges 2005.5 — be and b for various cross-sections 2045.6 — Effective width of orthotropic deck 2066.1 — Failure mechanism for footing 2366.2 — Footing under eccentric load 2366.3 — Bearing coefficients 2376.4 — Eccentricity limit 2386.5 — Load inclination reduction factors for bearing resistance, φ’ = 30° 2396.6 — Compaction effects 2457.1 — Dh and Dv for various shapes of pipe 2647.2 — Values of Af 2677.3 — Depth of cover, H and Hmin , for soil-metal structures and metal box structures 2727.4 — Trench reinforcement for the foundation of pipe-arches 2737.5 — Longitudinal seam bolting arrangements 2747.6 — Metal box structure dimensional limits 2767.7 — Minimum extent of structural backfill for metal box structures 2797.8 — Terminology and standard installations for circular precast concrete pipes on embankments 2817.9 — Terminology and standard installations for circular precast concrete pipes in trenches 2827.10 — Standard installations for concrete box sections on embankments 2857.11 — Standard installations for concrete box sections in trenches 2867.12 — Earth pressure distribution for standard installations of circular concrete pipes (force diagram) 2897.13 — Lateral earth loads and pressure distribution on concrete box sections due to approaching wheel

loads 2918.1 — Magnitude of thrust 3228.2 — Eccentricity of curved tendons 3238.3 — Influence of reinforcement on spacing of diagonal cracks 3348.4 — Influence of anchorage conditions on effective cross-sectional area of strut 3398.5 — Reinforcement in cast-in-place deck slab 3688.6 — Reinforcement for cast-in-place deck slabs designed using the empirical method 3698.7 — Reinforcement for cast-in-place deck slabs on precast panels 3698.8 — Edge stiffening at transverse free edges 3719.1 — Connection of nail-laminated deck to steel beam 4139.2 — Spliced butt joint 4149.3 — Details of wood-concrete interface 4159.4 — Alternative details of wood-concrete interface 4169.5 — External post-tensioning system 4189.6 — Internal post-tensioning system 4189.7 — Protection for external post-tensioning system 423

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10.1 — Class 1 and 2 sections in positive moment regions 46510.2 — Class 1 and 2 sections in negative moment regions 46610.3 — Class 3 Sections in positive moment regions 46810.4 — Class 3 Sections in negative moment regions 46910.5 — Detailing requirements for orthotropic decks 48710.6 — Detail categories for load-induced fatigue 49411.1 — Maximum average pressure on a layer of elastomeric bearing at SLS without rotation 54812.1 — Application of traffic design loads to traffic barriers 56212.2 — Application of pedestrian and bicycle design loads to barriers 56314.1 — Level 1 evaluation loads with CL1-W Truck 65314.2 — Level 2 evaluation loads with CL2-W Truck 65414.3 — Level 3 evaluation loads with CL3-W Truck 65514.4 — Deck punching shear for composite slabs 66714.5 — Deck punching shear for non-composite slabs 66814.6 — Spacing requirements for minimum reinforcement, mm 67014.7 — Spacing requirements for minimum reinforcement as a fraction of shear depth 67114.8 — Posting loads for gross vehicle weight 67816.1 — Distance between the deck slab and the top of the supporting beam 70716.2 — Detail of transverse edge stiffening 70716.3 — Detail of transverse edge stiffening 70816.4 — Detail of transverse edge stiffening 70816.5 — Detail of transverse edge stiffening 70916.6 — External transverse restraining system consisting of connected straps 70916.7 — External transverse confining system consisting of indirectly connected partially studded

straps 71016.8 — External transverse confining system in longitudinal negative moment regions 71016.9 — Post-tensioning system for stressed log bridges 71616.10 — Spliced butt joint for logs 71716.11 — Cross-section of a barrier wall reinforced with GFRP 71916.12 — Anchorage methods in the compression zone of externally bonded FRP shear reinforcement 72316.13 — Cross-section of a timber beam with GFRP NSMR 72616.14 — Elevation of timber beam with GFRP sheets for shear strengthening 72716.15 — Elevation of timber beam with GFRP bars for shear strengthening 728