Canadian Issues During World War I Another French-English Controversy The Changing Role of Women.
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Transcript of Canadian Issues During World War I Another French-English Controversy The Changing Role of Women.
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Canadian Issues During World War I
Another French-English Controversy
The Changing Role of Women
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The Conscription Crisis
• Most of the early volunteers to join into the war effort were English-speaking
• In the first two years, 350,000 Canadians enlisted, but many people still opposed the war
- among these were many French Canadians, farmers, pacifists and certain religious groups
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Decreasing Number of Volunteers
• By 1916 the number of volunteers was decreasing as casualties were mounting overseas
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• Prime Minister Robert Borden seen the need to conscript soldiers
• CONSCRIPTION: forcing men to enroll in the armed forces
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MILITARY SERVICE ACT
• Conscripted (drafted) single men between the ages of 20 and 35
• Many farmers and labourers opposed and even threatened to strike in protest
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The Quebec Issue
• Conscription was most strongly opposed in Quebec
• Henri Bourassa (publisher of Montreal’s Le Devoir) led the campaign against it
• As always, he was concerned with the strengthening of Canadian nationality rather than getting caught up with Britain’s affairs
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Gaining Support for Conscription
• Borden’s Conservative government invited many Liberals to join him in a Union (or Coalition) government to win support for conscription.
• Laurier (leader of the Liberals) opposed, but many other Liberals joined
• The Union Government won the election in 1917 with the majority of votes from English-speaking Canada (particularly Ontario)
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The Results of Conscription
• 120,000 men were conscripted
• 47,000 went overseas
• The war ended before many of them actually faced combat
• Increased the bitter tensions between French and English speaking Canada
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WOMEN AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR
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Women Working Overseas
• Thousands of women served overseas as nurses, ambulance drivers, workers in clubs and canteens and personnel on bases
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Changing Roles at Home• Women filled the void left by
the men who went to serve overseas
• Tens of Thousands of women worked in factories and on farms
• Labour unions even fought against this in fear that they would take jobs away from men after the war
• They were usually paid less than half the rate that men were paid
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Volunteering
• Women were the majority of workers in volunteering roles
• Various groups and patriotic leagues collected money, knitted socks and mittens, packaged parcels and visited grieving families
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Heads of the Household• For the first time, many
women became the heads of their households
• Aside from working and volunteering, they also had the responsibilities of maintaining the house and family
• For many, this became a permanent role when their husbands did not return from the war.
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Influence of War on the Suffrage Movement
• SUFFRAGE: the right to vote in a political election and hold office
• The movement to give women the right to vote had been going on before the outbreak of the war
• Women working alongside each other in factories and on farms had a chance to share their views more regularly
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• The hard work and efficiency of women in non-traditional role strengthened the realization that they were equal to men and deserved the same rights
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• During the war, as an effort to win votes and with much of the voting population overseas, Robert Borden gave more women the right to vote in election
• In 1917 Borden gave voting privileges to mothers, sisters and daughters of soldiers
• Borden also promised that if elected he would extend the right to vote to all women over 21
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• By 1918 all women over 21 could vote (Natives and Asian men nor women, however still could not)
• Although expected to return to their “traditional” jobs after the war, many women began to seek careers in non-traditional professions and took on a more active role in social activism (working conditions, improved housing and equal rights)
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Nellie McClung