Can Multiple Authorship Reduce Scientific Misconduct?

Can Multiple Authorship Can Multiple Authorship Reduce Scientific Reduce Scientific

Misconduct?Misconduct?Sheldon R. Gelman, PhDSheldon R. Gelman, PhD

Yeshiva UniversityYeshiva UniversityWurzweiler School of Social WorkWurzweiler School of Social Work

New York, New YorkNew York, New York

2006 ORI Research on Research Integrity Conference2006 ORI Research on Research Integrity Conference

December, 2006December, 2006Tampa, FloridaTampa, Florida

Table 1: Institutions Reporting Table 1: Institutions Reporting Misconduct Activities to ORI (1996-Misconduct Activities to ORI (1996-

2005)2005) Annual ReportAnnual Report # of Institutions # of Institutions

Reporting ActivityReporting Activity# of Institutions –# of Institutions – New AllegationsNew Allegations

# of New Cases # of New Cases Opened Opened

20052005 8585 133133 114114

20042004 120120 7676 107107

20032003 136136 8282 105105

20022002 9999 7171 8383

20012001 7878 6161 7272

20002000 8282 6060 6262

19991999 7272 4646 6363

19981998 6767 4141 5454

19971997 7373 4848 6464

19961996 8888 5454 7070

Table 2: Types of Misconduct Table 2: Types of Misconduct

Reported to ORI (1996-2005)Reported to ORI (1996-2005) Annual Annual ReportReport

FabricatioFabricationn

FalsificatioFalsificationn

PlagiarisPlagiarismm

OtherOther TotalTotal

20052005 3131 6969 3333 -- 133133

20042004 3636 4848 2222 1414 120120

20032003 3030 4848 3434 2424 136136

20022002 4545 5858 2727 3333 163163

20012001 3737 4646 1717 2727 127127

20002000 3737 2424 1919 2323 103103

19991999 2121 3737 1313 1818 8989

19981998 1515 2222 1010 2222 6969

19971997 2626 3434 88 2424 9292

19961996 3333 3434 1919 4141 127127

““Scientific Misconduct is Scientific Misconduct is ethically unacceptable ethically unacceptable

behavior that undermines the behavior that undermines the integrity of the research, that integrity of the research, that

is, it calls into question the is, it calls into question the validity of the research.” validity of the research.”

(ORI, 2000)(ORI, 2000)

Plagiarism Is A Form Of Scientific Plagiarism Is A Form Of Scientific MisconductMisconduct

Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research or reviewing research, or in reporting research results, (Definition proposed by White House Office results, (Definition proposed by White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, 1999).of Science and Technology Policy, 1999).

Research misconduct is not: “honest error or honest Research misconduct is not: “honest error or honest differences of opinion”.differences of opinion”.

Ryan (1996) offered that scientific misconduct is Ryan (1996) offered that scientific misconduct is “significant misbehavior that improperly “significant misbehavior that improperly appropriates intellectual property or contributions of appropriates intellectual property or contributions of others, that intentionally impedes the progress of others, that intentionally impedes the progress of research, or that risks corrupting the scientific research, or that risks corrupting the scientific record by compromising the integrity or scientific record by compromising the integrity or scientific practice.practice.

Plagiarism: The appropriation Plagiarism: The appropriation of the language, ideas, or of the language, ideas, or thoughts of another and thoughts of another and

representing them as one’s representing them as one’s own original workown original work

(ORI, 2000)(ORI, 2000)

Fabrication and Fabrication and Falsification are Fiction Not Falsification are Fiction Not

ScienceScience (ORI, 2004)(ORI, 2004)

Falsification of Data: Falsification of Data: Ranges from fabrication to Ranges from fabrication to

deceptive or selective deceptive or selective reporting of findings and/or reporting of findings and/or omission of conflicting data, omission of conflicting data, or willful suppression and/or or willful suppression and/or

distortion of datadistortion of data(ORI, 2000)(ORI, 2000)

Falsification and Fabrication Falsification and Fabrication may also involve may also involve

credentials, including credentials, including degrees and publications.degrees and publications.

One-third of (3000) One-third of (3000) scientist acknowledged scientist acknowledged

that they had committed that they had committed some form of research some form of research

misbehaviormisbehavior..(Guterman, 2006 – Chronicle of Higher Education)(Guterman, 2006 – Chronicle of Higher Education)

Table 3: PlagiarismTable 3: PlagiarismYEAYEA

RRINDIVIDUALINDIVIDUAL PLACE OF PLACE OF

EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT DICIPLINEDICIPLINENATURE OF NATURE OF PLAGARISPLAGARIS

MMPENALTYPENALTY

19991999 John J. Schulz*John J. Schulz* Boston University (MA)Boston University (MA) International International communicationscommunications TextText

20002000 Jin QianJin Qian New Dimensions Research New Dimensions Research and Instrumentand Instrument Manager of researchManager of research Research data, Research data,

results, textresults, text

Voluntary Voluntary Exclusion Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)

20002000 President Scott D. President Scott D. Miller*Miller* Wesley College (DEL)Wesley College (DEL) TextText

20012001 David R. JacobyDavid R. Jacoby Harvard Medical SchoolHarvard Medical School Former Instructor, Former Instructor, (Dept. of Neurology)(Dept. of Neurology)

Research data Research data that resulted in that resulted in publicationspublications


20012001 David A. PadgettDavid A. Padgett Ohio State UniversityOhio State University Assistant Professor Assistant Professor (Dentistry) (Dentistry) Research dataResearch data


20012001 Raghoottama S. Raghoottama S. PandurangiPandurangi

University of Missouri – University of Missouri – ColumbiaColumbia

Former Research Former Research Assistant Professor Assistant Professor TextText

Voluntary Voluntary Exclusion Exclusion Agreement (1 Agreement (1 years) oversight years) oversight for 3 yearsfor 3 years

20012001 Dean Winston F. FrostDean Winston F. Frost Trinity International University Trinity International University (CA)(CA) LawLaw TextText

20012001 Joseph J. EllisJoseph J. Ellis Mount Holyoke (MA)Mount Holyoke (MA) HistoryHistory TextText

20022002 Momiao Xiong Momiao Xiong University of Texas Health University of Texas Health Science CenterScience Center Researcher (genetics)Researcher (genetics) TextText

Participate in Participate in course on course on research on research on ethics write ethics write paper on paper on plagiarismplagiarism

* Behavioral scientist

Continuation Of Table 3Continuation Of Table 320020022

Louis RobertsLouis Roberts University of Albany (NY)University of Albany (NY) HumanitiesHumanities TextText

20020022

Doris Kearns Doris Kearns GoodwinGoodwin

TV Commentator: Scholar TV Commentator: Scholar LecturerLecturer HistoryHistory TextText

20020022

Stephen AmbroseStephen Ambrose University of New Orleans University of New Orleans (LA)(LA) HistoryHistory TextText

20020022

President Eugene President Eugene Tobin*Tobin* Hamilton College (NY)Hamilton College (NY) TextText

20020022

David A. LevitskyDavid A. Levitsky Cornell University (NY)Cornell University (NY) NutritionNutrition Text, student’s Text, student’s workwork

20020033

Ilya KoltoverIlya Koltover California Institute of California Institute of TechnologyTechnology

Former Former postdoctoral postdoctoral FellowFellow

Data and Data and imagesimages


20020033

Thonthi Thonthi KarunakarenKarunakaren Boston Medical CenterBoston Medical Center

Former Former Research Research ScientistScientist

Text, Text, falsification & falsification & Fabrication of Fabrication of datadata


20020033

Alvin O. JacksonAlvin O. Jackson National City Christian National City Christian ChurchChurch PastorPastor SermonSermon

20020033

Brian VanDeMarkBrian VanDeMark U.S. Naval Academy (MD)U.S. Naval Academy (MD) HistoryHistory TextText

20020033

Lindsey S. HamlinLindsey S. HamlinWilliam T. RyanWilliam T. Ryan Florida Atlantic AcademyFlorida Atlantic Academy International International

BusinessBusiness TextText

20020044

Tirunelveli S. Tirunelveli S. RamalingamRamalingam

California Institute of California Institute of TechnologyTechnology

For Post For Post doctoral doctoral Fellow Fellow (biology)(biology)

Text, figures, Text, figures, falsifications & falsifications & Fabrication of Fabrication of datadata


2002004 4

President Richard L. President Richard L. Judge*Judge*

Central Connecticut State Central Connecticut State University University TextText


**

20020055

Ward ChurchillWard Churchill University of University of ColoradoColorado

Ethnic Studies Ethnic Studies ProfessorProfessor Research DataResearch Data DismissalDismissal

20020055

Christopher Christopher Sawyer-Sawyer-LaucannoLaucanno

Massachusetts Massachusetts Institute of Institute of Technology (MIT)Technology (MIT)

LecturerLecturer TextText

20020055

Kathryn EdinKathryn Edin University of University of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania SciologistSciologist Ideas & conceptsIdeas & concepts

20020066

Zack AsackZack Asack DukeDuke StudentStudent TextText SuspensionSuspension

20020066

Liu HuiLiu Hui Tsinghua University Tsinghua University (China)(China)

Dean of Medical Dean of Medical SchoolSchool TextText

20020066

Scott D. MillerScott D. Miller Wesley CollegeWesley College PresidentPresident SpeechSpeech Dismissal from Dismissal from University (?)University (?)

20020066

Jiangyu Zhu & Jiangyu Zhu & Kayoko KimbaraKayoko Kimbara

Harvard Medical Harvard Medical SchoolSchool

Former Postdoctoral Former Postdoctoral FellowsFellows ResearchResearch

20020066

Vaughn Vaughn VandegriftVandegrift

Southern Illinois Southern Illinois UniversityUniversity ChancellorChancellor SpeechSpeech Dismissal from Dismissal from

UniversityUniversity

20020066

Kaavya Kaavya ViswanthanViswanthan Harvard UniversityHarvard University StudentStudent TextText



**

Table 4: Table 4: Falsification/Fabrication Falsification/Fabrication

YEARYEAR INDIVIDUALINDIVIDUAL PLACE OF PLACE OF EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT

POSITION/ POSITION/ DISCIPLINEDISCIPLINE

NATURE OF NATURE OF FALSIFICATION/FALSIFICATION/FABRICATIONFABRICATION

PENALTYPENALTY

19981998 Harry L. June*Harry L. June* Indiana University – Indiana University – PerduePerdue Dept. of PsychologyDept. of Psychology DataData

Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years); ethics years); ethics trainingtraining

19991999 Karrie Recknor*Karrie Recknor* University of University of WashingtonWashington

Former Graduate Former Graduate Research Assistant Research Assistant (Psychology)(Psychology)

Electronic mail Electronic mail responsesresponses

Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (2 Agreement (2 years)years)

19991999 Nellie Briggs-Nellie Briggs-BrownBrown

Rush-Presbyterian – Rush-Presbyterian – St. Luke’s Medical St. Luke’s Medical CenterCenter

Former Employee Former Employee (Neurology)(Neurology)

Monthly Monthly screening logs, screening logs, IRB approval IRB approval formsforms


19991999 Deborah Deborah Arenburg*Arenburg*

University of University of MarylandMaryland

Former Research Former Research Associate (Psychiatric Associate (Psychiatric Researcher)Researcher)

Tests & RecordsTests & RecordsVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)

19991999 Christopher Christopher Leonhard*Leonhard*

Dartmouth Dartmouth UniversityUniversity

Graduate student Graduate student (Psychology)(Psychology) DataData


19991999Rocio del Rocio del Carmen Carmen Restrepo*Restrepo*

University of Illinois University of Illinois (Chicago)(Chicago)

Department of Department of PsychologyPsychology DataData


20002000 Michael K. Michael K. HartzerHartzer

Oakland University Oakland University Eye Institute Eye Institute

Former Associate Former Associate Professor (Biochemical Professor (Biochemical SciencesSciences

Status of 11 Status of 11 manuscriptsmanuscripts


20002000 John L. HoJohn L. Ho Cornell UniversityCornell UniversityAssociate Professor Associate Professor (Medicine & (Medicine & Microbiology)Microbiology)

Data & textData & text

Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years); Ethics years); Ethics training training


Continuation Of Table 4Continuation Of Table 420002000 Evan B. DreyerEvan B. Dreyer

Mass Eye and Ear/ Mass Eye and Ear/ Harvard Medical Harvard Medical SchoolSchool

Former Associate Former Associate Professor Professor (Ophthalmology)(Ophthalmology)

ExperimentsExperimentsVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (10 Agreement (10 years)years)

20002000 Randall P. Randall P. FrenchFrench

Fox Chase Cancer Fox Chase Cancer CenterCenter

Postdoctoral Associate Postdoctoral Associate (Cancer Center)(Cancer Center)

Research Research resultsresults


20002000 Lingxum DuanLingxum Duan Jefferson Medical Jefferson Medical CollegeCollege

Former Research Former Research Assistant Professor Assistant Professor (Infectious Diseases)(Infectious Diseases)

DataDataVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (2 Agreement (2 years)years)

20002000 William A. William A. SimmonsSimmons

University of Texas University of Texas Southwestern Southwestern Medical CenterMedical Center

Graduate StudentGraduate Student DataDataVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (5 Agreement (5 years)years)

20002000 Caroline E. Caroline E. GareyGarey Boston CollegeBoston College Former doctoral Former doctoral

studentstudent DataDataVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (5 Agreement (5 years)years)

20012001 Malabika Malabika Sarker*Sarker*

University of University of Alabama-Alabama-Birmingham Birmingham

Former Doctoral Fellow Former Doctoral Fellow (Epidemiology)(Epidemiology)

Questionnaire Questionnaire datadata


20012001 Ayman SalehAyman Saleh University of University of PittsburghPittsburgh

Former postdoctoral Former postdoctoral research associate research associate (Medicine)(Medicine)

Data Data representatiorepresentationn


20012001 David D. David D. SanchezSanchez

Public Health Public Health Foundation Foundation EnterprisesEnterprises

Former Research Former Research AssistantAssistant

Data time Data time sheetssheets


20012001 Kuie-Fu LinKuie-Fu Lin University of South University of South CarolinaCarolina

Former grad student Former grad student (Biochemistry)(Biochemistry) DataData


(2003(2003))

Violation of Violation of materialmaterialProvisions of Provisions of previous VEAprevious VEA



Continuation Of Table 4Continuation Of Table 420012001 Karen M. Ruggiero*Karen M. Ruggiero* Harvard UniversityHarvard University Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

(Psychology)(Psychology) DataDataVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (5 Agreement (5 years)years)

20012001 Sherman Smith*Sherman Smith*

Division of Division of Occupational and Occupational and Environmental Environmental Medicine – university Medicine – university of California at SFof California at SF

Former research Former research techniciantechnician

Interviews, Interviews, datadata

Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement Agreement (5years)(5years)

20012001 Steven F. ArnoldSteven F. Arnold Tulane University Tulane University Medical CenterMedical Center

Research Assistant Research Assistant ProfessorProfessor DataData


20012001 Vilma Valentin*Vilma Valentin* Boston UniversityBoston University CounselorCounselor RecordsRecordsVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)

20022002 M. Renuka PrasadM. Renuka PrasadUniversity of University of Kentucky School of Kentucky School of MedicineMedicine

Former Research Former Research Professor of SurgeryProfessor of Surgery DataData


20022002 Matthew A. LipskiMatthew A. Lipski Washington Washington University (St. Louis)University (St. Louis)

Former Research Former Research AssistantAssistant DataData


20022002 Joao Carlos de Joao Carlos de Sales*Sales*

San Francisco Dept. San Francisco Dept. Public HealthPublic Health

Former study Former study counselorcounselor DataData


20022002 Atsushi HandaAtsushi Handa National Institutes of National Institutes of HealthHealth

Former visiting Former visiting FellowFellow DataData


20022002 Michael ShishovMichael Shishov Bingham and Bingham and Women’s HospitalWomen’s Hospital

Former Laboratory Former Laboratory Technician Technician (Physiology)(Physiology)

Data, testsData, testsVoluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 Agreement (3 years)years)

20022002 Tatsumi ArichiTatsumi Arichi National Cancer National Cancer InstituteInstitute

Former Visiting Former Visiting FellowFellow DataData




Continuation Of Table 4Continuation Of Table 420022002 James C. James C.

PenningtonPennington Brown UniversityBrown UniversityFormer Graduate Former Graduate Student (Cognitive & Student (Cognitive & Linguistic Sciences)Linguistic Sciences)


20022002 Heather J. Heather J. MuenchenMuenchen

University of University of MichiganMichigan

Former Post doctoral Former Post doctoral fellowfellow DataData


20022002 Robert B. TraceyRobert B. Tracey

University of University of California at DavisCalifornia at Davis University of University of Southern CaliforniaSouthern California

Former doctoral Former doctoral studentstudentFormer Post DoctoralFormer Post Doctoral


20022002 Aaron J. MorrowAaron J. Morrow Saint Louis Saint Louis UniversityUniversity Former research fellowFormer research fellow Data, Data,

experimentsexperiments


20022002 Shaan F. MungeeShaan F. Mungee Wake Forest Wake Forest UniversityUniversity Former research fellowFormer research fellow ExperimentsExperiments


20022002 Jason ElsterJason Elster Saint Louis Saint Louis UniversityUniversity

Undergrad research Undergrad research assistantassistant DataData


20022002 Zhenhai YoZhenhai YoUniversity of North University of North Carolina at Chapel Carolina at Chapel HillHill

Associate Professor Associate Professor (Anesthesiology)(Anesthesiology) DataData


20032003 Jianhua XuJianhua Xu University of AlbertaUniversity of Alberta Former TechnicianFormer Technician Data, Data, experimentsexperiments


20032003 Timothy R. SmithTimothy R. Smith Michigan State Michigan State UniversityUniversity

Former postdoctoral Former postdoctoral fellow (Biochemistry & fellow (Biochemistry & Molecular Biology)Molecular Biology)


20032003Lajuane WoodardLajuane WoodardKhalilah CreekKhalilah CreekSheila BlackwellSheila Blackwell

University of University of MarylandMaryland

Former Contractual Former Contractual Employee (Dept of Employee (Dept of Pediatrics) Pediatrics)

Interview Interview recordsrecords


**


John W. RooneyJohn W. Rooney Columbia UniversityColumbia University Former postdoctoral fellow Former postdoctoral fellow (Molecular and Cell Biology)(Molecular and Cell Biology) DataData Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion

Agreement (3 years)Agreement (3 years)

20020044

Regina D. HorvatRegina D. Horvat Northwestern Northwestern UniversityUniversity

Former postdoctoral fellow Former postdoctoral fellow ( Molecular Biology)( Molecular Biology) DataData Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion


20020044

Charles N. Charles N. RudickRudick

Northwestern Northwestern UniversityUniversity

Graduate Student (Neurobiology & Graduate Student (Neurobiology & Physiology)Physiology) DataData Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion


20020044

Nancy J. Strout*Nancy J. Strout* University of Southern University of Southern MaineMaine Former InterviewerFormer Interviewer Interview dataInterview data Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion


20020044

Pat J. Palmer*Pat J. Palmer* University of IowaUniversity of Iowa Former Assistant Research ScientistFormer Assistant Research Scientist Credentials, Credentials, interviewsinterviews

Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (3 years)Agreement (3 years)

20020044

Bernd HoffmanBernd HoffmanNew Jersey University New Jersey University of Medicine and of Medicine and DentistryDentistry

Former Postdoctoral Fellow Former Postdoctoral Fellow (Pharmacology)(Pharmacology) DataData Voluntary Exclusion Voluntary Exclusion


20020055

Brad ViceBrad Vice University of University of MississippiMississippi ProfessorProfessor TextText Short Fiction Award Short Fiction Award

RevokedRevoked

20020066

Hwang Woo SukHwang Woo Suk

(Gerald Shatten)(Gerald Shatten)

Seoul National Seoul National UniversityUniversity(University of (University of Pittsburgh)Pittsburgh)

ScienceScience(Embrionic Stem Cells)(Embrionic Stem Cells) Research dataResearch data

FIRED/FIRED/Withdrew name from Withdrew name from paperpaper

20020066

Dalibor SamesDalibor Sames Columbia UniversityColumbia University Professor (Chemistry)Professor (Chemistry) Research dataResearch data

20020066

UMDNJ (NJ Dental UMDNJ (NJ Dental School)School) 20 students20 students CheatingCheating Barred from Barred from

GraduationGraduation

20020066

Kazunari TairaKazunari Taira University of TokyoUniversity of Tokyo Professor (Chemistry)Professor (Chemistry) Research dataResearch data

20020066

Chen JinChen Jin Shanghai Jiaotong Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityUniversity Former Dean and ProfessorFormer Dean and Professor

Fabrication of Fabrication of Research (on Research (on computer computer chip)chip)

DismissalDismissal


**

20020066

Eric T. PoehlmanEric T. Poehlman University of University of VermontVermont

Former Medical Former Medical ProfessorProfessor Research DataResearch Data

One year in Prison, One year in Prison, two years of two years of ‘supervised ‘supervised release’release’

20020066

Gerald P. SchattenGerald P. Schatten University of University of PittsburghPittsburgh BiologyBiology Research Research

MisbehaviorMisbehavior

20020066

Luk Van ParijsLuk Van Parijs MITMIT Professor (Biology)Professor (Biology) Research Research MisbehaviorMisbehavior

20020066

Rusi P. TaleyarkhanRusi P. Taleyarkhan Perdue UniversityPerdue University PhysicsPhysics Research DataResearch Data

20020066

Steven Anthony Steven Anthony LeadonLeadon

University of North University of North Carolina Carolina

Former Professor Former Professor (radiation oncology)(radiation oncology) Research DataResearch Data ResignationResignation

20020066

Meira WeissMeira Weiss Hebrew UniversityHebrew University ProfessorProfessor ResearchResearch



Data Sources for CasesData Sources for Cases Chronicle of Higher EducationChronicle of Higher Education

New York TimesNew York Times

Washington PostWashington Post

Lexis-NexisLexis-Nexis

ProQuestProQuest

ORI Reports and PublicationsORI Reports and Publications

(Full citations for cases are provided in the formal paper)(Full citations for cases are provided in the formal paper)

Possible ExplanationsPossible Explanations Psychological FactorsPsychological Factors

Predisposition or propensity toward Predisposition or propensity toward wrongdoing personality characteristics wrongdoing personality characteristics (status, power, entitlement)(status, power, entitlement)

EnvironmentalEnvironmental Pressure (Competition for Pressure (Competition for

funding/publication expectations)funding/publication expectations) CultureCulture

Opportunity (ease/lack of oversight)Opportunity (ease/lack of oversight)

Calculating risk of detectionCalculating risk of detection

ConsequencesConsequences

While there are serious adverse While there are serious adverse consequences to some individuals consequences to some individuals who face allegations of FFP which who face allegations of FFP which have included loss of position, have included loss of position, incarceration and death (suicide), incarceration and death (suicide), most demonstrate a general lack of most demonstrate a general lack of remorse.remorse.

Being found guilty does not Being found guilty does not necessarily end ones career.necessarily end ones career.

Longevity in an academic career is Longevity in an academic career is directly linked to the tenure directly linked to the tenure system and the granting of system and the granting of

tenure, in most institutions of tenure, in most institutions of higher education, depends on higher education, depends on

publishing.publishing.(Berger, 1990)(Berger, 1990)

The emphasis on scholarly The emphasis on scholarly productivity has brought with it productivity has brought with it the concomitant obligation to the concomitant obligation to

conduct research.conduct research.(Gibelman & Gelman, 2000)(Gibelman & Gelman, 2000)

In the United States the emphasis In the United States the emphasis on scholarly production appears on scholarly production appears

to have contributed to an to have contributed to an increase in collaboration among increase in collaboration among faculty members, resulting in an faculty members, resulting in an

increase in multiple authored increase in multiple authored publications.publications.

(Gibelman and Gelman, 1999a; 1999b; 2000)(Gibelman and Gelman, 1999a; 1999b; 2000)

Table 5: Trends in Table 5: Trends in AuthorshipAuthorship

Single Single authoautho

rr

MultiplMultiple e

authorauthorss

Single Single authorauthor

MultiplMultiple e

authorauthorss

Single Single authorauthor

MultiplMultiple e

authorauthorss

Single Single authoautho

rr

MultiplMultiple e

authorauthorss

British Journal of Social British Journal of Social WorkWork 8686 1818 109109 6060 109109 7777 101101 8686

Social WorkSocial Work 222222 9191 168168 129129 162162 134134 8686 118118

Social Work EducationSocial Work Education 3131 1616 6565 5656 6464 5858

Journal of Social Work Journal of Social Work EducationEducation 143143 7272 7979 6868 5454 9797 5252 100100

TotalTotal 451451 181181 387387 273273 390390 364364 303303 362362

1973-771973-77 1983-871983-87 1993-971993-97 2001-052001-05

Benefits of Collaborations and Benefits of Collaborations and Multiple Authorship:Multiple Authorship:

Creates a system of checks and balances Creates a system of checks and balances among collaborators that may help among collaborators that may help ensure research integrity.ensure research integrity.

The quality of the product may be The quality of the product may be increased because of complimentary increased because of complimentary expertise, integration of multiple expertise, integration of multiple perspectives, intellectual exchange, perspectives, intellectual exchange, cross-editing, and oversight.cross-editing, and oversight.

Provides an opportunity for the Provides an opportunity for the development of a mentoring relationship.development of a mentoring relationship.

Mentoring can be viewed as an Mentoring can be viewed as an exercise in accountability and exercise in accountability and

contribute to responsible research contribute to responsible research conduct. conduct.

Mentoring provides input to and Mentoring provides input to and oversight of research activity oversight of research activity and creates a process through and creates a process through

which responsible research which responsible research conduct can be modeled. conduct can be modeled.

Prevention StrategiesPrevention StrategiesMentoringMentoring as a mechanism for research oversight as a mechanism for research oversight

Positive Positive faculty role modelingfaculty role modeling (“do as I do”) (“do as I do”)

Encouraging faculty Encouraging faculty collaborationcollaboration in research and writing; creates checks and in research and writing; creates checks and balancesbalances

Interdepartmental and institutional Interdepartmental and institutional education on responsible research education on responsible research conductconduct

““WhistleWhistle blowingblowing” as acceptable behavior without retribution” as acceptable behavior without retribution

Enriched Enriched curriculacurricula on ethical behavior on ethical behavior

Open discussionOpen discussion about academic integrity about academic integrity

Honor codesHonor codes; development of group norms; development of group norms

EnforcementEnforcement of honor codes and policies and procedures related to academic of honor codes and policies and procedures related to academic integrityintegrity

Written guidelinesWritten guidelines of academic behavioral expectations for faculty and of academic behavioral expectations for faculty and students students

Real Real penaltiespenalties; zero tolerance; zero tolerance

Can Multiple Authorship Reduce Scientific Misconduct?

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